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A. Anthracnose symptoms on the leaves of a naturally infected mango. Dark brown to black lesions coalesce forming large patches that lead to apical and marginal scorching. B. Symptoms on a detached artificially inoculated mango leaf. C, D. Acervuli and conidia of Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. ciggaro. E, F. An acervulus and conidia of C. karstii. G, H, I. Acervuli, setae and co- nidia of C. gloeosporioides . Scale bars = 20 μm.
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Anthracnose symptoms consisting of necrotic spots on the leaves, twigs and branches were observed on mango trees of cv. Kensington Pride in orchards located in the countryside of Palermo and Milazzo (southern Italy). Based on morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis of the β-tubulin (benA) and histone H3 (HIS3) genes, three Colletotrich...
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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major plant pathogen worldwide. It is known to cause anthracnose in many crop plants, which ultimately leads to significant yield loss. In the present study, a fungus was isolated from the infected mango leaf and identified by 28S rDNA sequencing as C. gloeosporioides. Seventy-five different essential oils (EOs)...
Citations
... (Aiello et al., 2022), and fruit decay and stem-end rot caused by Colletotrichum spp. (Ismail et al., 2015). Stem-end rot of fruit caused by Neofusicoccum spp. ...
Mango trees (Mangifera indica) showing symptoms of twig and branch die-back, internal wood necroses, and decline, were surveyed in an orchard in Palermo province (Western Sicily, Italy). A Pleurostoma-like fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic wood tissues. Based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of ITS and tub2 sequences, the fungus was identified as Pleurostoma richardsiae. A patho-genicity test was conducted by inoculating stems of 2-year-old mango seedlings with mycelium plugs and conidium suspensions of a representative isolate. Two months after inoculation, necrotic lesions were observed around the inoculation points, and P. richardsiae was reisolated from the necrotic tissues. This is the first report of P. richardsiae causing dieback and decline of mango trees.
... In addition, C. kahawae subsp. cigarro has been reported to cause anthracnose on Olea europaea (Weir et al., 2012), Mangifera indica (Ismail et al., 2015), Citrus reticulata (Perrone et al., 2016) and Lonicera macranthoides (Xiao et al., 2023). Being an airborne pathogen, once established in Indian arecanut plantations, managing this pathogen becomes exceedingly challenging. ...
... Colletotrichum spp. infect a wide range of ornamental plants and tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops (Bernstein et al., 1995;Freeman and Shabi, 1996;Freeman et al., 1998;Polizzi et al., 2011;Aiello et al., 2015;Ismail et al., 2015;Guarnaccia et al., , 2019Guarnaccia et al., , 2021Vitale et al., 2021). Numerous species of Colletotrichum are recognized to affect citrus and allied genera (Atlantia, Fortunella, Microcitrus, Murraya, Poncirus), and are included in four species complexes (SCs), namely gloeosporioides SC (Cannon et al., 2008;Phoulivong et al., 2011;Weir et al., 2012), acutatum SC (Marcelino et al., 2008;Shivas and Tan, 2009;Damm et al., 2012b;Baroncelli et al., 2015), boninense SC (Moriwaki et al., 2003;Yang et al., 2009;Damm et al., 2012a) and truncatum SC (Damm et al., 2009;Cannon et al., 2012). ...
Citrus fruit crops are important in many countries. Anthracnose, post bloom fruit drop, fruit stem-end rot, twig and branch dieback and gummosis, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are diseases that seriously threaten citrus production. Surveys of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) orchards were conducted in Eastern Sicily, Southern Italy, during 2022-23. Fungi isolated from twig and branch dieback of F. margarita were identified as Colletotrichum karsti through multi-locus (gapdh, tub2 and act) phy-logeny. Pathogenicity and aggressiveness on detached apple fruit and kumquat plants were confirmed for a selection of representative isolates, although with different levels of disease incidence observed. This is the most comprehensive study on identification of C. karsti as the causal agent of twig and branch dieback of kumquat.
... For example, C. kahawae also appears to be host-specific to Coffea species and geographically restricted and widespread in the African continent or in low altitudes [8,11,15]. However, C. kahawae has been reported to cause anthracnose disease on different hosts in Australia, Europe, South Africa, and USA [8,56]. Furthermore, other members of the C. gloeosporioides complex, such as C. siamense and C. fructicola, are widely reported in coffee in several countries and are known to have a broader host range. ...
Several Colletotrichum species are able to cause anthracnose disease in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and occur in all coffee production areas worldwide. A planned investigation of coffee plantations was carried out in Southwest Saudi Arabia in October, November, and December 2022. Various patterns of symptoms were observed in all 23 surveyed coffee plantations due to unknown causal agents. Isolation from symptomatic fresh samples was performed on a PDA medium supplemented with streptomycin sulfate (300 mg L−1) and copper hydroxide (42.5 mg L−1). Twenty-seven pure isolates of Colletotrichum-like fungi were obtained using a spore suspension method. The taxonomic placements of Colletotrichum-like fungi were performed based on the sequence dataset of multi-loci of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), chitin synthase I (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), and partial mating type (Mat1–2) (ApMat) genes. The novel species are described in detail, including comprehensive morphological characteristics and colored illustrations. The pathogenicity of the isolated Colletotrichum species was assessed on detached coffee leaves as well as green and red fruit under laboratory conditions. The multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the six-loci, ITS, ACT, CHS-1, TUB2, GAPDH and ApMat, revealed that 25 isolates were allocated within the C. gloeosporioides complex, while the remaining two isolates were assigned to the C. boninense complex. Six species were recognized, four of them, C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. phyllanthi, and C. karstii, had been previously described. Based on molecular analyses and morphological examination comparisons, C. saudianum and C. coffeae-arabicae represent novel members within the C. gloeosporioides complex. Pathogenicity investigation confirmed that the Colletotrichum species could induce disease in coffee leaves as well as green and red fruits with variations. Based on the available literature and research, this is the first documentation for C. aeschynomenes, C. siamense, C. karstii, C. phyllanthi, C. saudianum, and C. coffeae-arabicae to cause anthracnose on coffee in Saudi Arabia.
... Rich.) Joy Thomps., Leucospermum sp., Mangifera indica L., Miconia sp., Olea europaea L., Persea americana Mill., Rubus glaucus Benth., and Vaccinium species [23,[73][74][75][76][77]. In the gloeosporioides complex, several species were characterized by the formation of perithecia in culture-four species in the musae clade (C. ...
Colletotrichum species are among the most devastating plant pathogens in a wide range of hosts. Their accurate identification requires a polyphasic approach, including geographical, ecological, morphological, and genetic data. Solanaceous crops are of significant economic importance for Bulgarian agriculture. Colletotrichum-associated diseases pose a serious threat to the yield and quality of production but are still largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize 26 pathogenic Colletotrichum isolates that threaten solanaceous crops based on morphological, pathogenic, and molecular data. DNA barcodes enabled the discrimination of three main taxonomic groups: C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides, and C. coccodes. Three different species of acutatum complex (C. nymphaeae, C. godetiae, and C. salicis) and C. cigarro of the gloeosporioides complex were associated with fruit anthracnose in peppers and tomatoes. The C. coccodes group was divided in two clades: C. nigrum, isolated predominantly from fruits, and C. coccodes, isolated mainly from roots. Only C. salicis and C. cigarro produced sexual morphs. The species C. godetiae, C. salicis, and C. cigarro have not previously been reported in Bulgaria. Our results enrich the knowledge of the biodiversity and specific features of Colletotrichum species, which are pathogenic to solanaceous hosts, and may serve as a scientific platform for efficient disease control and resistance breeding.
... Rich.) Joy Thomps., Leucospermum sp., Mangifera indica L., Miconia sp., Olea europaea L., Persea americana Mill., Rubus glaucus Benth., and Vaccinium species [23,[73][74][75][76][77]. In the gloeosporioides complex, several species were characterized by the formation of perithecia in culture-four species in the musae clade (C. ...
Fungi of the genus Colletotrichum are causal agents of plant diseases with constantly growing economic importance. Accurate pathogen identification is a significant prerequisite for effective disease control. The aim of the present investigation was to clarify the species affiliation of Colletotrichum isolates obtained from different hosts in Bulgaria and to determine the phylogenetic relationships between them by applying DNA barcoding. Thirty-five fungal isolates obtained from five botanical families (Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Musaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Caryophyllaceae) were morphologically characterized and subjected to molecular analysis based on four fungal barcode markers – the primary ITS barcode and the secondary marker regions ACT, EF-1a and TUB2 (Fig. 1). Three of the barcodes (ITS, ACT and TUB2) showed complete success rate of PCR amplification and sequencing and proved efficient for reliable identification at species level. BLAST analyses identified eleven Colletotrichum species assigned to five different complexes – C. coccodes , C. acutatum , C. gloeosporioides , C. dematium and C. spaethianum . The resolution power of ITS region was not sufficient to discriminate interspecies variations within C. coccodes , C. dematium and C. spaethianum complexes confirming the requirement for secondary barcodes in order to resolve the genetic variability of the Colletotrichum isolates. DNA barcoding analyses revealed that the highest species variation was observed among the isolates from pepper ( Capsicum annuum ). Interestingly, an isolate from the same host identified as C. truncatum on the basis of morphological characters appeared to be C. circinans when applying DNA barcode markers. According to our knowledge, this species has not been reported as a causal agent of pepper anthracnose. Data obtained in this study improve our understanding of the genetic diversity within the Colletotrichum population pathogenic on cultivated plants in Bulgaria.
... Although many Colletotrichum spp. have been identified affecting different plants in Sicily (Faedda et al., 2011;Polizzi et al., 2011, Aiello et al., 2015Ismail et al., 2015;Guarnaccia et al., 2017), knowledge of the Colletotrichum spp. in Sicilian olives is inconsistent and unclear. As well, susceptibility of the local varieties to these fungi is unknown. ...
... The sporadic detection of C. gloeosporioides in the present study confirms the occasional presence of this fungus in Sicilian olives, but it has not been associated with severe disease (Agosteo et al., 2002;Talhinhas et al., 2009;Faedda et al., 2011;Cacciola et al., 2012). However, this species was previously reported affecting sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) (Aiello et al., 2015) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees in this region (Ismail et al., 2015). ...
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is the most damaging olive fruit
disease in many countries, including Italy. This disease has been sporadically detected
in Sicily, but new agronomic practices can increase risk of olive anthracnose in this
region. An etiological study of the disease focused on local olive cultivars growing at
the International Olive Germplasm Collection (IOGC) in Villa Zagaria, Enna, Sicily
has been undertaken. During 2018 and 2019, 137 Colletotrichum strains were isolated
from olives. Colony morphology, conidium characteristics, and multilocus sequence
analyses aided identification of three species: C. acutatum (affecting 70% of symptomatic
olives), C. gloeosporioides, and C. cigarro. Three C. acutatum strains (B13-
16, P77, and P185), and one strain of each C. gloeosporioides (C2.1) and C. cigarro
(Perg6B) were evaluated for pathogenicity on olive fruits from 11 Sicilian cultivars,
known for their high-quality oil. Differences in virulence were detected among strains
and their pathogenicity to the cultivars. The C. acutatum isolates were more virulent
than those of C. gloeosporioides or C. cigarro. The Sicilian olive cultivars Cavaliera,
Carolea, Calatina, and Nocellara del Belice were the most susceptible to the pathogen,
while the cultivars Biancolilla and Nocellara Etnea were the most tolerant. Cultivar
response under field conditions showed that anthracnose severity and fruit-rot incidence
were positively correlated. This is the first report of C. acutatum and C. cigarro
affecting olive trees in Sicily. Control measures for anthracnose depend on accurate
characterization of the etiological agents and host cultivar resistance.
... Among these, woody cankers and stem-end rot of fruit caused by Neofusicoccum spp. and decay and stem-end rot of fruit caused by some species of Colletotrichum are the major diseases limiting the production of mango [7,8]. These pathogens lead to substantial crop losses, quality changes, market value decreases, and in some cases post-harvest losses, especially during ripening and storage. ...
In recent years, the cultivation of tropical fruit crops has increased in the Mediterranean
basin, especially in southern Italy. In surveys conducted from 2014 to 2019 woody canker and shoot blight were observed on mango plants (cvs. Kent, Keitt, Sensation, Osteen, and Kensington Pride) and litchi plants (cvs. Way Chee and Kwai Mai Pink) cultivated in Sicily. Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae were consistently isolated from symptomatic samples. Morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenies using three genomic loci (a portion of translation elongation factor 1-α gene, a portion of the β-tubulin gene, and an internal transcribed spacer) identified these fungi as Neofusicoccum parvum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diaporthe foeniculina, and
Diaporthe baccae on mango and Diaporthe foeniculina and Diaporthe rudis on litchi. Pathogenicity
tests on healthy mango (cv. Kensington Pride) and litchi (cv. Way Chee) plants demonstrated the pathogenicity of the isolates used in the study, and Koch’s postulates were fulfilled for all pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae, B. dothidea, and Diaporthe species on mango in Italy and the first report worldwide of woody canker and shoot blight caused by D. foeniculina and D. rudis on litchi plants.
... Pathogenicity test was conducted on apparently healthy detached mango leaves of cv. Keitt as described by Ismail et al. (2015). Three leaves were used for each isolate. ...
Mango anthracnose has been frequently occurred in Egypt during spring season. Disease symptoms were clearly observed on young leaves of mango cv. Keit, in Ismailia governorate. Isolation was done on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. The isolated fungi were initially identified as C. fructicola based on morphological criteria and their identity were confirmed based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined data set of ITS, GAPDH and ACT gene regions. Five isolates of C. fructicola were pathogenic to detached mango leaves cv. Keit. This species is a member of C. gloeosporioides species complex and previously misidentified as C. gloeosporioides in Egypt. The current study highlighted the importance of accurate identification of species in the context of disease management.
... Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. cigarro has been reported on various hosts including coffee (Coffea arabica L.), Proteaceae cut-flowers, tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.), blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.), olives (Olea europaea L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.) and mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) (Liu et al. 2013;Afanador-Kafuri et al. 2014;Mosca et al. 2014;Ismail et al. 2015;Perrone et al. 2016;Rojas et al. 2018). Previous studies have reported C. fructicola causing anthracnose lesions on other hosts including spotted laurel (Aucuba japonica Thunb.), chilli (Capsicum spp.), pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder), apple (Malus pumila Miller), tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and fatsia (Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) ...
The cost of Eucalyptus seed and adoption of strict phytosanitary regulations in seed trade makes it imperative to monitor the quality and ensure supply of pathogen-free seeds for both forestry regeneration and research. Based on seed health tests, two species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex were found to be naturally associated with seeds of Eucalyptus dunnii, E. nitens and E. macarthurii produced in South Africa. Multiloci phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated sequences of the ITS regions, β-tubulin, actin, glutamine synthetase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes, identified representative isolates PPRI 24,314 as C. fructicola and PPRI 24,315 as C. kahawae subsp. cigarro (C. cigarro). Subsequent biochemical tests showed that isolate PPRI 24,315 was able to utilise either ammonium tartrate or citric acid as a sole carbon source, confirming its identity as C. cigarro. Pathogenicity tests showed that both C. fructicola and C. cigarro caused anthracnose leaf spots on E. camaldulensis, E. dunnii, E. nitens and E. viminalis seedlings. Disease symptoms included irregular dark-brown leaf spots on seedlings six days after inoculation. The two fungi were exclusively re-isolated from disease spots, thereby fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Sowing Eucalyptus spp. seed artificially inoculated with either of the two pathogens showed the seed-transmissibility of C. fructicola and C. cigarro in E. camaldulensis, E. dunnii and E. nitens seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fructicola and C. cigarro associated with Eucalyptus.
