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This paper aims at giving a case study example of a reinforced concrete building to practicing structural engineers i n regions of low-to-moderate seismicity who have not considered earthquake actions in the past and have little experience in earthquake code compliant design. A worked example of a 9-story medium rise building located in Malaysia is...
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... block of the residential staff quarters in this anonymous project site is presented. Figure 3 shows the architectural perspectives of the 9-storey RC building. The RC building corresponds to a Class III importance level, i.e. building of large occupancies (condominiums, shopping centres, schools and public buildings) according to Table B1 in the drafted Malaysia NA (MS EN1998-1:2015), with an importance factor of 1.2, arriving at a notional peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.08g. ...
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Citations
... The GFM may be applied at three different levels depending on the building (see Figure 11): GFM-1 is suitable for use in the 2D analysis of low-rise buildings; GFM2 has been enhanced to handle taller buildings, as higher mode effects have been taken into account (whilst generalised mode shapes and default modal period ratios are made use of to eliminate the need of modal analysis); and GFM3, which is structured into three tiers (Quick, Refined or Detailed methods), has been enhanced further to handle 3D phenomena [45]. Interested readers are recommended to read into recent publications presenting the GFM [45][46][47]. ...
... The GFM may be applied at three different levels depending on the building (see Figure 11): GFM-1 is suitable for use in the 2D analysis of low-rise buildings; GFM2 has been enhanced to handle taller buildings, as higher mode effects have been taken into account (whilst generalised mode shapes and default modal period ratios are made use of to eliminate the need of modal analysis); and GFM3, which is structured into three tiers (Quick, Refined or Detailed methods), has been enhanced further to handle 3D phenomena [45]. Interested readers are recommended to read into recent publications presenting the GFM [45][46][47]. The GFM has been demonstrated to provide reliable predictions on the deflection behaviour in buildings, including high-rise buildings and torsion-sensitive buildings (see Figure 12). ...
In late 2017, the Malaysian National Annex (NA) to Eurocode 8 (EC8) was released and enacted following some 13 years of deliberations and preparations. The authors of this paper aim to use this article to share their experiences and reflections during this period of developing the first national standard for the seismic design of buildings for Malaysia. To begin with, there were major challenges in implementing the 20-year-old EC8 framework for a country so far away from Europe. The first challenge was adapting the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) methodology in a low-to-moderate seismicity region where the paucity of representative seismic data presented a great deal of uncertainties. To address this situation, imposing a minimum level of seismic hazard was recommended. The second challenge was about dealing with the outdated EC8 site classification scheme, which poorly represents the potential effects of soil amplification in certain geological settings. To address this situation, an alternative site classification scheme in which the site natural period is an explicit modelling parameter was introduced. The third challenge was concerned with difficulties generated by the EC8 provisions mandating Ductility Class Medium (DCM) detailing in certain localities where the level of seismic hazard is predicted to exceed a certain threshold. To address this situation, the viable option of using strength to trade off for ductility was recommended, or in cases where ductility design is needed, a simplified set of code-compliant DCM designs was presented. The fourth challenge was about handling the requirements of EC8 that the majority of buildings are to involve dynamic analysis in their structural design when the majority of practising professionals did not have the skills of exercising proper use of the requisite software. To address this situation, a generalized force method was introduced to control the use dynamic analysis in commercial software. It is hoped that, through sharing the lessons learnt, code drafters for the future would be able to find ways of circumventing the multitude of challenges with clear thinking and pragmatism.
