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A 3D cross section through the double skin elevation proposed on south and west elevations. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 25
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The introduction of parametric tools has made a strong shift within a traditional approach to urban planning and building design, including the creation of a design awareness zone where environmental issues are concerned. This approach also uses sufficient data to be used already at the concept stage and provides initial interdisciplinary solutions...
Citations
... However, of these types of energy, the solar energy [46][47][48] and wind energy [49][50][51][52] are mentioned most frequently in the category of the so-called fluctuating RESs. ...
Sustainable campus management includes energy-saving measures and waste reduction and has become important to many universities, being part of the institution’s societal responsibility. Smart energy systems (SESs), as part of campus energy management, can bring many benefits, including increased efficiency, reduced energy consumption, reduced emissions, increased reliability, and real-time control, and facilitate the integration of the renewable energy systems (RES). Despite the growing interest in energy efficiency and for the initiatives and projects to implement SESs, there are no universally accepted standards for assessing the performance of SESs, with most techniques being dedicated to subsystems. A KPI (key performance indicator) framework for evaluating the SESs’ performance from university campuses is proposed, starting from the current findings and priorities from the scientific literature, energy standards, legislation, and university rankings. The framework can support the implementation, operation, and evaluation of the SESs from university campuses, based on SES requirements and the stakeholders’ goals. Unlike previously developed solutions, the framework is focused not only on the technical side of SESs but also on the role that education, research, and innovation should have in sustainable development, making universities key contributors to achieving these goals.
... To respond to the above challenges, the research aims to explore multidisciplinary (MDC) and transdisciplinary collaboration (TDC) in the nature-based design (NBD) of the sustainable built environment (SBE). NBD entails learning from nature to develop sustainable solutions, including the integration of nature in buildings [6], multidisciplinary collaboration and approaches for building design and improvement [7][8][9][10], innovative building materials [11][12][13], vegetation on and in buildings [14][15][16], planning of settlements [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and infrastructures [25], as well as collaboration management [26][27][28][29] and related tools [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Nature-based solutions (NBS) are defined as actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems, which address societal challenges (e.g., climate change, food, and water security or natural disasters) effectively and adaptively while supporting human wellbeing and providing biodiversity benefits [39]. ...
... Parametric tools have a considerable impact at the concept stage [27][28][29] on developing design awareness regarding environmental issues in building design and urban planning for providing initial interdisciplinary solutions [34]. The study identifies Antoni Gaudí, Frei Otto, and Sergio Musmeci as pioneers of the use of gravity modeling as the single independent parameter in the analysis of structural shapes. ...
... The study identifies Antoni Gaudí, Frei Otto, and Sergio Musmeci as pioneers of the use of gravity modeling as the single independent parameter in the analysis of structural shapes. Their analysis included algorithmic models that dealt with building form optimization, urban scale, sun radiation levels, shadow, and wind analyses, indicating the use of solar and wind energy as alternative energy sources [34]. ...
Multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary collaboration (TDC) continue to address complex societal problems such as sustainable development, global environmental change, and public health challenges. Nature-based design (NBD) methods including biomimicry, biomorphism, biophilia, bio-utilization and zoomorphism are essential for the design of the sustainable built environment (SBE). Currently, there is no transdisciplinary collaboration framework (TCF) to support the NBD of the SBE. The first step to fill this gap is through systematically exploring the applications of multidisciplinary research (MDR) in building design and by conducting a case study on the challenges to the MDR in the application of NBD methods for the SBE in the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Science at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. The systematic literature review and the survey results of academics on MDR collaboration showed a lack of transdisciplinary research (TDR) due to limited communication between disciplines. The research findings showed a lack of communication between academia and the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry to advance NBD innovations for the SBE. The findings indicated that a TCF for research on NBD is needed to support knowledge exchange within academia and with industry for reducing the negative impacts of the building industry. Findings from the current research and future research will be used to develop and test a general TCF and then to develop a TCF for the NBD of the SBE aligned with the RIBA Plan of Work.
... Among various proenvironmental approaches, the strive at reducing the environmental impact of architectural solutions is especially notable. Designing sustainable buildings should be supported by appropriate analyzes performed at various stages of the design process (Ryńska 2012). The present study focuses on digital methods in conjunction with environmental analyzes to improve the design process. ...
... The primary energy (PE) was accepted as the preferable parameter and calculated as the final energy multiplied by the chosen energy carrier's non-renewable primary energy input coefficient wi. For electric energy, the wi coefficient equals 3.0, and for the Warsaw heating network, it is 0.79 [39]. The total primary requirement for the designed building was estimated at 5,127,843.01 ...
... The primary energy (PE) was accepted as the preferable parameter an calculated as the final energy multiplied by the chosen energy carrier's non-renewabl primary energy input coefficient wi. For electric energy, the wi coefficient equals 3.0, an for the Warsaw heating network, it is 0.79 [39]. The total primary requirement for the de signed building was estimated at 5,127,843.01 ...
Daylight is of utmost importance and should be the main source of light in most areas dedicated to working and living. When considering our contemporary way of living, it can be easily discerned that most of our life is spent indoors, yet in a typical architectonic design approach, daylight is too often hardly of consequence. Hence daylight becomes a critical factor. Designers comply with the legal requirements of the solar hours required for areas subjected to constant use. Simultaneously for electrical engineers’ daylight is only an additional source of light valued only where energy efficiency is concerned. The basic idea of this research is to, starting from the concept level, design the building’s volume in line with energy efficiency requirements and user expectations using daylight access strategy as the main parameter. This scope of research has been a subject of various scientific theses conducted within the last years at the Faculty of Architecture Warsaw University of Technology. This paper is dedicated to the latest and most developed outcomes. The presented solution is an architectonic point of view dedicated to the use of the daylight factor in office areas located in a dense city district that may support efficient energy requirements, including the requirements of the electric lighting system. Illumination values were set according to the BREEAM daylight and PN-EN 17037 Daylight of Buildings standard. The presented strategy is unconventional for Poland, but has the potential to be included in practice and should be developed further, together with electrical engineers, as a part of energy-saving solutions. Possibly, it should be followed simultaneously with the development of the compact cities ideas. It is hoped that it might be a starting point for discussion, and for a more detailed interdisciplinary research in the future.
... Architects need more tools that can help them during the decision process in the area of sustainable design as "analyses from the very initial stages allow the inclusion of smart energy choices influencing the massing, architectural features, proportions, flexibility of design, and economics" [4]. It has been observed that architecture students, when assisted with a tool that can facilitate their understanding of the effect their choices exert on the environment, create better architectural designs in terms of global warming and other environmental impacts [5]. ...
The analyzed research issue provides a model for Carbon Footprint estimation at an early design stage. In the context of climate neutrality, it is important to introduce regenerative design practices in the architect's design process, especially in early design phases when the possibility of modifying the design is usually high. The research method was based on separate consecutive research works-partial tasks: Developing regenerative design guidelines for simulation purposes and for parametric modeling; generating a training set and a testing set of building designs with calculated total Carbon Footprint; using the pre-generated set to train a Machine Learning Model; applying the Machine Learning Model to predict optimal building features; prototyping an application for a quick estimation of the Total Carbon Footprint in the case of other projects in early design phases; updating the prototyped application with additional features; urban layout analysis; preparing a new approach based on Convolutional Neural Networks and training the new algorithm; and developing the final version of the application that can predict the Total Carbon Footprint of a building design based on basic building features and on the urban layout. The results of multi-criteria analyses showed relationships between the parameters of buildings and the possibility of introducing Carbon Footprint estimation and implementing building optimization at the initial design stage.
It is becoming increasingly important to consider access to the sun in the early stages of a new building's design process. A Solar Envelope is an architectural form that meets required levels of density, whilst also assuring solar access to neighbourhood surfaces, thereby making it feasible to implement active and passive solar technologies there. This preliminary study investigated the cross-cutting intersection between urban morphology, Solar Envelope forms, and a Random Forest algorithm to predict the Solar Envelope's Floor Space Index. Recognizing that Solar Envelope forms depend on various spatiotemporal contexts, mainly the solar exposure cut-off period (equinoxes/solstices) and various neighbourhood geometrical attributes, simulations varying only the rooftop typologies (flat, gable, hip, sled, mansard, and pyramid) and façade orientations (south, east, west, and north) were conducted to evaluate how solar access to those surfaces affect the Floor Space Index of the Solar Envelope. Architectural tools were used to conduct simulations reflecting varying spatiotemporal scenarios. The data was extracted and represented geometrically, involving polar loci, and this synthetic dataset was subsequently utilized to train and evaluate a Random Forest algorithm. The results of this study show that the Random Forest algorithm was able to predict the Floor Space Index of the Solar Envelope with about 90.18% accuracy, though the only parameter influencing the regression model was the solar exposure cut-off period and not any other morphological features. Therefore, the study sheds insight into the need for the development of a more robust dataset through the simulation of randomized and diversified neighbourhood morphologies.
