Figs 85-88 - uploaded by Antonio Carlos Marques
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Eudendrium vaginatum Allman, 1863. Fig. 85, hydranth with typical pseudo-hydrotheca (RMNH-Coel. 284023); 86, detail of ringed perisarc, internal and external view (RMNH-Coel. 28437); 87, fragment of colony; 88, two hydranths of E. annulatum with pseudo-hydrothecae (both RMNHCoel. 28436, syntype series of E. annulatum Norman, 1864).
Source publication
microscopy. The morphology of 25 species of the family Eudendriidae was studied, with special regard to their reproductive organs, using techniques of SEM and optical microscopy. Whenever possible a re-analy-sis of the diagnostic characters of these species was carried out. Furthermore, several synonymies were confirmed or discussed and remarks on...
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Citations
... Eudendrium species are dioecious, since simultaneous hermaphrodites occur rarely (e.g., E. simplex), and their life cycle is characterized by the absence of a medusa stage (Bouillon et al. 2004). The Eudendriidae is one of the athecate families in which identification at species level is most difficult (Totton 1930;Mammen 1963;Millard 1975;Marinopoulos 1992;Vervoort 2006) and, in addition, the inappropriate use of some characters, such as colony size, led to a confused state in the Eudendriidae taxonomy (Marques et al. 2000a). ...
... Up to 18 nominal species of Eudendriidae have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea (Marques et al. 2000a;Bouillon et al. 2004;Schuchert 2008;González-Duarte 2011Megina et al. 2016), whose validity has been discussed by different authors for more than a century. Motz-Kossowska (1905) carried out the first review of Mediterranean eudendriid species, while Picard (1951) was the first to include the use of nematocysts as a useful taxonomic criterion of the group. ...
... Also, the belt of nematocysts is absent in some specimens. Eudendrium arbuscula was initially characterized by the band of nematocysts on the hydranth body and the terminal nematocyst button of male sporosacs (Wright 1859;Hincks 1868;Marques et al. 2000a;Schuchert 2008). However, E. arbuscula presents polysiphonic colonies with numerous terminal branches. ...
Eudendrium capillaroides Schuchert, 2008 has not been reported since its original description. The new and abundant material found in Ceuta, southern coast of the Strait of Gibraltar, allows us to refine the morphological diagnosis of this species. Eudendrium capillaroides is characterized by small monosiphonic colonies, a dense ring at the base of the hydranth, and it seems to have a preference for growing on other hydroids. Male gonophores on atrophied polyps, two-chambered (occasionally one chamber), and female gonophores on reduced polyps in the initial stages of development but hydrants later completely atrophied. Nematocysts are heterotrichous microbasic euryteles of two size classes, a larger size densely distributed in a band on the hydrant body basally and a smaller size abundant mainly on the tentacles. Furthermore, we carried out molecular analyses to assess the status of E. capillaroides and its most similar congener E. capillare within the genus Eudendrium . The use of few morphological characters or incomplete descriptions may thus lead to an incorrect wide distribution of a nominal species that actually represents a species complex. This can particularly be the case in less conspicuous species, such as many hydroids, where the degree of diversity might be underestimated. The accurate description of tiny, inconspicuous and/or cryptic species is important in order to better estimate global marine diversity as well as to understand marine communities and the relationships between their components.
... In particular, no known macroscopic alga consists of branches that are hollow and open at their tips, or that exhibit a pair of marginal thickenings. In contrast, the hypothesis that DPNM 329 is a colonial hydrozoan polyp is supported by similarities in gross morphology with species such as Eudendrium ramosum Linnaeus, 1758, colonies of which exhibit multiple branches bearing a single opening located at the distal end of the tube (see for example Marques et al. 2000). DPNM 329 also resembles the extant scyphozoan Stephanoscyphus racemosus Komai, the polyps of which exhibit a whorl-like arrangement, though with each "whorl" arising from a member of the preceding (ontogenetically) "whorl" (see for example Werner 1979: fig. ...
The fossil record of polypoid cnidarians includes a number of taxa that were incorrectly identified as either tubiculous worms or plants. The holotype of the putative alga Euzebiola clarkei (Ponta Grossa Formation, Lower Devonian, Brazil), originally described under the name Serpulites sica, is re-described and re-figured as a species of Sphenothallus, a medusozoan cnidarian. Unlike Sphenothallus from other localities, the black, organic-walled Ponta Grossa specimen consists of a single parent tube that is confluent with the apical ends of at least 18 daughter tubes. The pattern of arrangement of the daughter tubes, which are arrayed in single file along the exposed face and the two thickened margins of the parent tube, partly resembles the whorl-like pattern of arrangement of colonial polyps of certain scyphozoan cnidarians. For these reasons, the Ponta Grossa Formation material figures prominently in the argument that Sphenothallus was a medusozoan cnidarian capable (in at least one species) of clonal budding.
... Eudendriidae had lower support values even though its monophyly is supported by several autapomorphies (cf. Marques, 1996Marques, , 2001Marques, Mergner, Höinghaus, Santos, & Vervoort, 2000). Both ML and BI analyses found the same clades with similar and strong support (bootstrap; Figures 2, SMC1; Table SMB3). ...
We present phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) for 69 lineages of anthoathecate hydroids based on 18 morphological characters (12 proposed for the first time) plus mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (18S and 28S) molecular markers. This study aims to test the monophyly of the present
concept of the family Bougainvilliidae, assessing its phylogenetic position within
Hydroidolina. Our working hypothesis is used as a context for inferring the evolution
of certain morphological characters, focusing on the exoskeleton. Our results shed
light on some phylogenetic uncertainties within Hydroidolina, delimiting eight well supported linages, viz. Hydroidolina, Siphonophorae, Leptothecata, Aplanulata,
Filifera II, Filifera III, Capitata and Pseudothecata taxon novum, the latter supported by
four morphological synapomorphies. The monophyly of several families was not supported, viz. Bougainvilliidae, Cordylophoridae, Oceaniidae, Rathkeidae and Pandeidae.
Some of the genera typically considered in Bougainvilliidae, including Bougainvillia,
fell into the clade Pseudothecata, which is consistently reconstructed as the sister group
of Leptothecata. We formally suggest that Dicoryne be removed from Bougainvilliidae
and placed in the resurrected family Dicorynidae. The exoskeleton was a key feature in
the diversification of Hydroidolina, especially with the transition from the bare hydranth
to one completely enveloped within the exoskeleton. In this context, bougainvilliids
exhibit several intermediate states in the development of the exosarc. Although
the concatenated analysis unravels some interesting hypotheses, taxon sampling is still
deficient and therefore more data are necessary for achieving a more complete understanding of the evolution and ecology of bougainvilliids and their allies.
... Reproductive period. Fertile colonies from the Mediterranean have been found in the months January, April, September (Marques et al. 2000b;Schuchert 2008b), June-September ); November ). ...
The majority of Hydrozoa is represented by not readily noticeable, small species. In recent decades, however, taxonomic knowledge of the group has increased worldwide, with a significant number of investigations focused on the Mediterranean Sea. Over more than two decades, 115 species of hydrozoans were recorded from coastal waters along nearly 300 km of the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, Italy). For each species, records from different collections were merged into single sheets of a general database. For each species, the following information is reported: description, cnidome, biology, occurrence in Salento, worldwide distribution, and bibliography. Descriptions refer to the benthic hydroid stage and, when present, also to the planktonic medusa stage. The 115 species of Hydrozoa, recorded along the Salento coastline, represent 25% of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa fauna (totaling 461 species), and nearly 3% of 3,702 world's known species covered in a recent monograph. Four species are non-indigenous, three of them with invasive behavior (Clytia hummelincki, Clytia linearis, and Eudendrium carneum), and one species now very common (Eudendrium merulum) in Salento. The complete life cycle of Clytia paulensis (Vanhöffen, 1910) is described for the first time.
... HYDROIDS OF THE WEST COAST OF SWEDEN Other contributions to knowledge of hydroids from western Sweden exist in various faunal surveys (Lönnberg 1898, 1899b, 1902, 1903; Michanek 1967; Lundin et al. 2007, 2009), in accounts of one or two species (Lönnberg 1899a; Kramp 1935a, 1941; Hult 1941; Westblad 1947), and in the classic studies on Gullmarfjord biocoenoses by Gislén (1930). Species from western Sweden are also mentioned in certain works dealing largely with hydroids from other areas (Winther 1880a; Fenchel 1905; Kramp 1935b; Edwards 1965, 1973a; Cornelius 1975b, 1979, 1982, 1990, 1995a, b, 1998; Cornelius & Ryland 1990; Marques et al. 2000; and Schuchert 2004, 2007, 2008b, 2010). Finally, studies on nematocysts and isozymes of campanulariid hydroids obtained in Swedish waters were undertaken by Östman (1979a, b, 1982a, b, 1983, 1987, 1999) and Östman et al. (1987, 1995). ...
... West coast of Sweden.—Bohuslän (Marques et al. 2000) to Malösund (Jäderholm 1909, as E. wrighti). ...
An account is given of 48 species identified in a small collection of hydroids from the west coast of Sweden. Assigned to 39 genera and 18 families, most are well-known from boreal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Campanulina panicula G.O. Sars, 1874 is referred to Racemoramus, a new genus of leptothecates distinguished in part by having monopodial growth, rigid and non-segmented hydrocauli, and grape-like clusters of hydrothecae that arise at irregular intervals from the stem. The name Sertularia dumosa (now Lafoea dumosa) is taken to have been made available by Fleming (1820), not Fleming (1828). As such, it is not threatened by a virtually unused subjective synonym (Lafoea cornuta Lamouroux, 1821). Aselomaris michaeli Berrill, 1948 and Rhizorhagium navis Millard, 1959 are regarded as synonyms and combined under the binomen Pachycordyle michaeli (Berrill, 1948). Confusion in the literature over the identity of Sertularia tenera G.O. Sars, 1874 is addressed, and distinctive characters of the species are discussed. A species often misidentified as S. tenera is assigned to Sertularia spitzbergensis (Jäderholm, 1909); the name spitzbergensis is elevated in rank from subspecific to specific, and assigned priority over its simultaneous synonym siberica Jäderholm, 1909 under the First Reviser Principle. Gonothecae of Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866) (type locality: Lamlash Bay, UK) are reported for the first time in material from Europe. Although much like Clytia hemisphaerica, this species is retained as valid due to its remarkably robust colony form, elongate and gradually tapered hydrothecae, and linguiform rather than wavy or pointed marginal cusps. Eudendrium album Nutting, 1896, Pachycordyle michaeli (Berrill, 1948), and the hydroid stage of Halitholus cirratus Hartlaub, 1913 are reported for the first time from the study area. A checklist of hydroids from the study area is included.
... Remarks. The taxonomy, nomenclature, and general biology of Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859a have been reviewed in a number of previous works, including Calder (1988), Hirohito (1988), Genzano & Zamponi (1999), Marques, Mergner et al. (2000), Vervoort (2006), and Schuchert (2007). Although small and inconspicuous, it has been reported over a wide area geographically and is considered to be essentially circumglobal in shallow, warm to temperate waters. ...
... The number of valid species of eudendriids has been estimated at about 85 (Daly et al. 2007), all of them having fixed gonophores. The family and its two genera are thought to be monophyletic (Marques, Mergner et al. 2000). A detailed review of the family, and of species occurring in European waters, has been given recently by Schuchert (2008b). ...
... Significant phenotypic variation also exists in certain species of Eudendrium, and the existence of sibling species is possible (Oliveira et al. 2000). Characters currently considered important in distinguishing species of the genus include reproductive structures, fate of reproductive hydranths, and nematocyst complement (cnidome), in addition to general morphology (Watson 1985;Calder 1988;Marques, Mergner et al. 2000, Marques, Peña Cantero et al. 2000Schuchert 2008b). A detailed discussion of the utility of the cnidome in the taxonomy of Eudendrium, together with the morphology, size, location, and relative abundance of nematocyst categories present, was given by Watson (1985). ...
A systematic account is given of 17 families, 25 genera, and 32 species of anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps reported from Hawaii. Applying Reversal of Precedence provisions in zoological nomenclature, the familiar hydrozoan genus names Hydractinia Van Beneden, 1844a, Bimeria Wright, 1859a, and Porpita Lamarck, 1801 are designated as valid and as nomena protecta, while seldom-used older names threatening them (the synonyms Echinochorium Hassall, 1841 and Manicella Allman, 1859a, and the homonym Porpita Soldani, 1789 respectively) are relegated to nomena oblita. Also designated a nomen oblitum is the name Pyxidium Leuckart, 1856, threatening its junior but widely used synonym Ectopleura L. Agassiz, 1862. The species name Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859a is rendered valid and a nomen protectum, while its virtually unused senior synonym Manicella fusca Allman, 1859 becomes a nomen oblitum. Hydrodendrium Nutting, 1905 is reinstated as a valid genus, distinct from Hydractinia and replacing its junior objective synonym Nuttingia Stechow, 1909. The spelling of Hydrodendridae Nutting, 1905 is emended to Hydrodendriidae, but that family name is retained as a synonym of Hydractiniidae. Usage of the familiar generic name Sphaerocoryne Pictet, 1893 is upheld by recognizing it and its former senior subjective synonym Corynetes Haeckel, 1879 as valid. The correct spelling of the family name originally founded as Olindiadae Haeckel, 1879 is taken to be Olindiidae, and spelling of the species name Solanderia misakinensis (Inaba, 1892), first established as Dendrocryne (sic) misakii, is stabilized. One new species, Stylactaria munita, is described from shallow waters at Hawaii Kai, Oahu. Lectotypes are designated for Corydendrium corrugatum Nutting, 1905 and Corydendrium minor Nutting, 1905 (=Turritopsis minor), both originally described from Hawaii. Type material of Balea mirabilis Nutting, 1905 (=Balella mirabilis), originally described from waters between the islands of Molokai and Maui, could not be located. Six anthoathecate species [Corydendrium parasiticum (Linnaeus, 1767), Bimeria vestita, Amphinema sp., Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882, Ectopleura viridis (Pictet, 1893), and Sphaerocoryne bedoti Pictet, 1893] are recorded from Hawaii for the first time.
... nov. (Watson 1985, Marques et al. 2000b, Marques 2001). The nematocyst type of E. magnificum was not identified (Yamada 1954 1959, Hirohito 1988), but their arrangement in discontinuous warts at the apical 3rd of the hydranth clearly differs from that of E. garis sp. ...
... Watson (1985) commented about similarities between E. aylingae and E. infundibuliforme Kirkpatrick (1890), stressing differences in the shape of the nematocyst capsules and the morphology of their shafts. Subsequently, Marques et al. (2000b) also pointed out the uniqueness of E. infundibuliforme, which has several traits that distinguish it from any other species of Eudendrium. The Indonesian material of E. aylingae allows us to provide the first description of the female gonophores of the species. ...
Three species of the genus Eudendrium were recorded from the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). The new species Eudendrium garis sp. nov. is well characterized by the aggregation of microbasic euryteles in vertical stripes, in which the nematocysts are generally also vertically oriented, and by the eggs which are linked to the blastostyle by a small concave perisarcal support. The female gonophores of the Australian E. aytingae, unknown hitherto, are herein described. They are characterized by having a simple and curved spadix with the distal end free, turning away from the egg, forming a prominent nose. The 3rd recorded species is E. racemosum. Its presence in Indonesian water confirms the other Indo-Pacific records and indicates a Tethyan distribution for the species. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.4/616.pdf.
... Yamada 1954Yamada , 1959Hirohito 1988, although the latter gave the dimensions of these large nematocysts). The muddled state of the taxonomy of E. glomeratum was also highlighted by Marques et al. (2000b). They compared the sexual female features of the species with those of Eudendrium cyathiferum Jäderholm, 1904, and noted the eventual broader distribution of E. glomeratum due to misidentification of the species particularly compared with E. rameum and E. ramosum. ...
... In fact, the two species share some characters heretofore considered diagnostic of E. glomeratum, such as the presence of large euryteles arranged in warts around the body of hydranth and on the immature unbranched female spadix, and the mature eggs encapsulated by perisarc scattered along the pedicel of completely reduced blastostyles, linked to those pedicels by short concave perisarc bases (cf. Marques et al. 2000aMarques et al. , 2000b. ...
... The feature is also present in certain other species of Eudendrium (cf. Marques et al. 2000b). ...
Marques, Antonio C., Oliveira, Otto M. P. (2003): Eudendrium caraiuru sp. n. (Hydrozoa; Anthoathecata; Eudendriidae) from the southeastern coast of Brazil. Zootaxa 307: 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156612
... Several studies using these characters have been conducted in different parts of the world ( Picard 1951;Millard 1975;Watson 1985Watson , 1987Marinopoulos 1992). Recently, Marques et al. (2000) compared, by microscopic and SEM analysis, the gonophores of 25 species of Eudendrium, including some Antarctic species (E. antarcticum, E. tottoni, E. cyathiferum). ...
... The colonies observed by Millard (1957) in South Africa had no large nematocysts and the onechambered male gonophores have a terminal tubercle, arising on the blastostyles, in which the tentacles are completely atrophied. These have recently been documented in SEM photographs ( Marques et al. 2000). The literature is rather confused about this species because Totton used the same name for a different species, later re-named E. tottoni by Stechow (1932). ...
The taxonomy of the genus Eudendrium was critically reviewed by Picard (in 1951), who introduced the type and disposition of the nematocysts as the most important character for species identification. Until now, all descriptions of Antarctic Eudendrium lacked an analysis of the cnidome, and the poor state of preservation of the specimens deposited in the museums often makes the description of this character impossible. Moreover, the gonophores were only known for a few species. This lack of data makes the taxonomic position of the greater part of Antarctic Eudendrium uncertain. In this paper, we report on three Antarctic species of the genus Eudendrium: Eudendrium scotti sp. nov. and E. generale von Lendenfeld, recorded from the material collected during the XV Italian Antarctic Expedition (1999-2000) at Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, and E. jaederholmi sp. nov., derived during the examination of material deposited at the Swedish Museum, classified as E. rameum by Jderholm in 1905.
Despite the great advances in research on the taxonomy and ecology of hydroids of the Brazilian coast, those studies are concentrated in the Southeast and South regions of the country, leaving a gap in knowledge from the North and Northeast regions. Aiming to fill part of this gap, we studied the hydroids communities in the state of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, in the continental shelf and in three estuarine regions. In the continental shelf, samplings with fishing trawls took place during the dry and rainy seasons of 1999-2003 (8 campaigns), from 18 stations distributed at depths of 10, 20, and 30 m. In the estuaries of the rivers Japaratuba, Sergipe and Vaza-Barris three ropes with six polyethylene plates were installed in each place and left submerged for three months in the dry and rainy periods of 2017. Seventy-nine hydroid species of 26 families were identified. Sixteen of these have been assigned to nine Anthoathecata families and the remaining 63 species to 17 Leptothecata families. Among the identified species, 60 are new records from Sergipe and among those, nine are also new records from the Northeast region and two from the Brazilian coast. Our results increase the hydroid records from Sergipe and extend the range of some species inside the Brazilian coast and the Atlantic Ocean, showing the potential for future studies in other environments of the Sergipe coast.
KEY WORDS:
Anthoathecata; Atlantic Ocean; biodiversity; ecology; Leptothecata; new records
