FIGS 1-8 - uploaded by Diana Wrigley de Basanta
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Didymium umbilicatum. 1. Sporocarps (dwb 2554). Bar 5 1 mm. 2. Capillitium and spores (dwb 2554). Bar 5 20 mm. 3. Spores LM (dwb 2554). Bar 5 10 mm. 4. Top view of a partially dehisced sporocarp showing the central hollow by SEM (Lado 11206). Bar 5 300 mm. 5. Peridium showing smooth inner surface by SEM (dwb 2554). Bar 5 10 mm. 6. Crystals (dwb 2665). Bar 5 10 mm. 7. Undulating capillitium (dwb 2554). Bar 5 30 mm. 8. Detail of capillitium by SEM (dwb 2665). Bar 5 10 mm.
Source publication
A new species of myxomycete, Didymium umbilicatum, isolated from the bark of Agavaceae, is described from arid zones of Mexico. This species was obtained from moist chamber cultures of Yucca spp. bark, collected in four different years from two states (Puebla and Querétaro) in central Mexico and found in the field from Hidalgo, Oaxaca and Puebla on...
Citations
... Resultan significativos los hallazgos de nuevas especies de protistas derivados de la investigación científica en la entidad. En éstas sobresale la descripción del mixomiceto Didimium umbilicatum, el cual ha encontrado sobre agaves muertos en Tepelmeme, en el distrito Coixtlahuaca (Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008 ...
Diversidad microbiana de la fermentación del mezcal artesanal en el estado de Oaxaca
... Research has been dedicated to the biology and taxonomy of these introduced cacti in Australia and their impact on ecosystems, but there appear to be no previous studies of the myxomycetes associated with these plants. In North and South America, studies have demonstrated that there are distinct assemblages of myxomycetes associated with native cacti (Blackwell and Gilbertson 1980;Lado et al. 1999Lado et al. , 2007aLado et al. , 2007bWrigley de Basanta et al. 2008, 2009Estrada-Torres et al. 2009;Ndiritu et al. 2009;Ferreira and Cavalcani 2011). Some of the same species of myxomycetes have been reported from cacti in other regions of the world where they were introduced, including the Hawaiian Islands (Eliasson 1991), the Canary Islands (Mosquera et al. 2003) and Ascension Island (Stephenson 2009). ...
Context. Cacti are endemic to North and South America, but numerous species have been spread all over the world after Europeans visited the Americas. Their global spread has impacted various aspects of terrestrial ecosystems, including the distributions of succulenticolous myxomycetes.
Aims. In this study, we examine the association of myxomycetes (also known as plasmodial slime moulds or myxogastrids) with three introduced species of cacti in Australia.
Methods. Using the moist chamber culturing technique we prepared 33 cultures from dead portions of three species of cacti collected in New South Wales and Queensland.
Key results. Eighty-eight percent of moist chamber cultures yielded evidence of myxomycetes (either plasmodia or fruiting bodies). A total of 12 species representing six genera were recorded. Physarum compressum was the most abundant species (appearing in 20 of the 33 cultures), with species such as Perichaena depressa also relatively common. We also report the first records of Perichaena luteola in Australia.
Conclusions. This is the first study to investigate the assemblages of myxomycetes associated with members of the Cactaceae in Australia, and we highlight the occurrence of succulenticolous myxomycetes on the continent.
Implications. This study leads to a better understanding of the biogeography, distribution and ecology of succulenticolous myxomycetes. We also add a new species record for Australia.
... Notes.-This species, described from Mexico in succulent plants(Wrigley de Basanta & al. 2008b), is reported for the first time in South America. The only collection from Peru has collapsed spores of a diameter of around 12 µm, but the rest of the characters agree with the original description. ...
The results obtained from a second survey for Myxomycetes in the arid areas of Peru are reported. A total of 37 localities from the cactus belt (‘cardonal’), between 1500 and 3000 m a.s.l., were sampled over six years. This survey is based on 601 identifiable collections of myxomycetes, developed in the field under natural conditions or those that were recovered from moist chamber cultures. In total, 84 taxa representing 19 genera were recorded. One new species, Cribraria spinispora Lado & D.Wrigley sp. nov., is described, three species new to South America and 22 additional new species for Peru are reported as well. Endemic plants, expecially cacti, had a particular relevance as myxomycete substrates. The predominance of the order Physarales T.Macbr. in arid areas is reinforced. Comments are included on some collections, as well as SEM micrographs of several species. A statistical evaluation of the diversity of myxomycetes in the cardonal area and a comparison of this area with the dry coastal desert of Peru and other Neotropical xeric environments are also included. Results show that the arid areas are rich in myxomycetes, and that each area has a unique assemblage. The differences appear to be related to the host plants.
... Three major plasmodial morphotypes have been described in the Myxogastria-phaneroplasmodium, aphanoplasmodium, and protoplasmodium (Alexopoulos et al. 1996). Of the species of myxogastria with their life cycle completed, all 13 species belonging to Stemonitales reported till date possessed an aphanoplasmodium (Chen et al. 2013;Clark 1995;Dai et al. 2018;Gao et al. 2017;Kalyanasundaram 1974;Lado et al. 2007;Li et al. 2017;Liu et al. 2010;Song et al. 2014;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008, 2009, 2011Zhu et al. 2019). Similarly, the plasmodial characteristics of both Ste. ...
Myxogastria is a group of protozoa characterized by cellular uninucleate amoeboflagellates (myxamoebae and flagellated swarm cell), acellular multinucleate plasmodia and stationary spore‐bearing sporocarps. The Stemonitales is a large order in the Myxogastria and contains approximately 230 species, but only 13 species have their completed life cycles observed so far. Here, we described the life cycles of two species in Stemonitales, Stemonitopsis typhina and Stemonitis fusca by culturing in water agar medium and observing the morphogenesis of their spore germination, plasmodium, and sporocarp development. The spore‐to‐spore life cycles of Ste. typhina and S. fusca were completed in approximately 67 days and 12 days respectively. Both species possessed an aphanoplasmodium. However, the spores of Ste. typhina and S. fusca germinated by the V‐shape split and pore methods respectively. Unlike S. fusca with an evanescent peridium, Ste. typhina produced a shiny persistent peridium which was continuous with the membrane surrounding its stalk. The information will contribute to a better understanding of their taxonomy and phylogeny. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Desert in Chile and the coastal desert of Peru and almost 20% from the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley in Mexico belonged to this genus ( Lado et al. 2007Lado et al. , 2016Estrada-Torres et al. 2009). Several other recently described species from warm or cold xeric environ- ments of the Neotropics were also from the genus Didymium (Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008Basanta et al. , 2015. ...
A new species of Didymium (Myxomycetes), D. azorellae is described, isolated from plant debris in a moist chamber, collected during studies of cold arid areas of Argentina and Peru. It can be distinguished by its small size, the tightly packed layer of lime crystals on the peridium, the very scant, or absent, capillitium, and the unique spore ornamentation, especially by scanning electron microscope The species developed on dead leaves of cushion plants growing in the extremely harsh environments of the central Andean puna at almost 5000 m elevation, and the Andino-Patagonian steppe. Morphology was examined with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and micrographs of relevant details are included here. In order to confirm the identity of the new species described in this paper, a molecular study was conducted based on partial sequences of both the 18S rRNA and the elongation factor 1-alpha gene. Phylogenetic analysis including two specimens from different countries of the newly described species, Didymium azorellae, strongly support the grouping of these specimens as a separate clade from the rest of the analyzed species.
... In connection with the pivotal role of life cycle, agar culture makes it possible for researchers to observe each stage of life cycle. Spore-to-spore culture is also an important addition to the description of new species (Haskins and Wrigley de Basanta 2008;Lado et al. 2007;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008, 2011. ...
... Additional efforts have been made to culture plasmodial slime molds using different culture media, and the complete life cycle were reported in 109 species. However, only a few species had their morphogenesis described in details (Clark 1995;Clark and Landolt 2001;Clark et al. 2004;Haskins and Clark 2002;Ishibashi et al. 2001;Lado et al. 2007;Song et al. 2014;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008, 2011. In most of previous studies, plasmodia were fed with living bacteria or yeast which induced serious difficulty in culturing and purification. ...
... (Mims 1971 employed pore germination. However, both of the two types were reported in the Physarales (Chen et al. 2013;Ishibashi et al. 2001;Lado et al. 2007;Liu et al. 2010;Song et al. 2014;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008, 2011. Phylogenetic relationships confirmed that Columellidia is composed of the paraphyletic Stemonitales and the monophyletic Physarales, with Echinosteliales as a sister group of both (Fiore-Donno et al. 2009;Kretzschmar et al. 2015). ...
The plasmodial slime moulds is the largest group in the phylum Amoebozoa. Its life cycle includes the plasmodial trophic stage and the spore-bearing fruiting bodies. However, only a few species have their complete life cycle known in details so far. This study is the first reporting the morphogenesis of Didymium laxifilum and Physarum album. Spores, from field-collected sporangia, were incubated into hanging drop cultures for viewing germination and axenic oat agar plates for viewing plasmodial development and sporulation. The spores of D. laxifilum and P. album germinated by method of V-shape split and minute pore, respectively. The amoeboflagellates, released from spores, were observed in water film. The phaneroplasmodia of two species developed into a number of sporangia by subhypothallic type on oat agar culture. The main interspecific difference of morphogenesis was also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Research carried out in the Patagonian steppe registered 133 different species (Lado & al., 2014), almost the 15% of the total number of species known worldwide. These arid regions have become even more interesting because of the number of new species that have been discovered and described from them (Lado & al., 1999(Lado & al., , 2007(Lado & al., , 2013(Lado & al., , 2014Estrada-Torres & al., 2001, 2009Wrigley de Basanta & al., 2008b, 2009, 2010a, 2015. These new species represent four different orders, and the genera Cribraria, Didymium, Licea, Macbrideola, Perichaena and Physarum. ...
... vs 12.5-14 µm) and the spores have scattered prominent spines (Kowalski, 1972). Short stalked species that could be confused with D. peruvianum include D. umbilicatum, D. mexicanum and D. nigrisporum but they all have calcareous stalks not very short and brownish stalks or merely a restricted base to the sporotheca (Wrigley de Basanta & al., 2008b;Moreno & al., 1997;Nannenga-Bremekamp & al., 1984). The first two are also umbilicate above, but both have a single membranous peridium and scattered lime crystals, and are not covered with a continuous layer of eggshell like lime. ...
Results obtained from the first survey for myxomycetes in the hyperarid areas of Peru are reported. Sampling over three consecutive years was carried out at 96 localities between 0 and 1500 m elevation. A total of 78 species from 23 genera in all 6 myxomycete orders were determined from 723 collections of myxomycetes. One new species, Didymium peruvianum, is described, 2 species new to the Neotropics, 4 new records for South America and 41 additional new species for Peru are reported, increasing the country catalogue by over 50%. Results show that arid areas are rich in myxomycetes, and that each area has a unique species assemblage. Endemic plants had a particular relevance as myxomycete substrates. The predominance of the order Physarales in arid areas is reinforced, and the ecological importance of coastal fogs (garúas) is evident from the results. Comments are included on interesting or rare collections, as are SEM micrographs of several species and statistical evaluation of the results.
... Even though that observation was not surprising on the basis of distributional results from other myxomycete surveys in Costa Rica (Schnittler & Stephenson 2000) or other dry tropical or subtropical areas of the world (e.g. Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2008, Estrada-Torres et al. 2009, Beltrán-Tejera et al. 2010, it does provide relevant information about the activity of dry ecosystems in the Neotropics. ...
Lignicolous myxomycetes comprise an ecological guild that has been extensively studied in temperate areas. However, there is still incomplete information about the group for the tropics. Myxomycete assemblages associated with bark and wood from two different tropical life zones and two different forest stages were studied using a combination of basic ecological assessment methods and functional ecological approaches. Results showed that diversity, richness and evenness are all higher in dry forests than in wet ones, but almost no differences in the general structure of assemblages were found between old growth and successional forest patches. Abundance models for the assemblages studied seem to show, at least based on fruiting body information, narrower niche breadth values and a higher level of coexistence in dry areas. Differences were found across the two areas in the average number of fruiting bodies per fructification as well as on the characteristics of the spores and lignicolous substrates were myxomycetes were recorded. The information generated herein provides some support for the idea that there are differences in the dynamics of the reproductive stage of tropical lignicolous myxomycetes between dry and wet areas and that these differences may be documented through a functional trait-based approach showing differential characteristics in reproductive structures across areas.
... This large collection of typical ellipsoid sporocarps of this small myxomycete was isolated from moist chamber culture of cactus remains. Reported in South America from Chile and Ecuador (Lado & Wrigley de Basanta, 2008; Lado & al., 2013). ...
... This is different from the crack, widening into a narrow slit with jagged edges, described by Keller & Eliasson (1992) for Perichaena depressa, and also different from the V-shaped split common in the Physarales or the smooth edged pore common in the germination of Licea spp. Amoebae (Fig. 10J) were transferred to either weak malt yeast agar (wMY, see Haskins & Wrigley de Basanta 2008) or to 1,5% WA, each enriched with drops of an extract of the natural substratum Azorella sp. (25 g in 1L) as described in Wrigley de Basanta & al. (2012). ...
Biodiversity surveys for myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) were carried out in three consecutive years (2009 to 2011) in the cold arid Patagonian Steppe, Argentina. The surveys, the first to cover such an extensive area in South America, form part of the Myxotropic project funded by the Spanish Government. Specimens were collected in 174 localities in four different provinces (Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz), between 36° and 52° S latitudes. The most common types of substrate investigated were the dominant shrubs and grasses of the Patagonian steppe, and the Nothofagus forests, characteristic of the transition areas, but other plants such as small cacti and cushion plants were also included in the survey. A total of 133 different species and 5 varieties of myxomycetes representing 31 genera were identified in the 1134 specimens collected either in the field, or from moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of plant material obtained from the same collecting sites. The results include one species new to science, Perichaena nigra, and 17 species and two varieties that were previously unknown for either the Neotropics or South America, Badhamia armillata, Dianema mongolicum, Didymium annulisporum, D. leptotrychum, D. orthonemata, D. sturgisii, Echinostelium coelocephalum, Licea deplanata, L. nannengae, Macbrideola argentea, M. oblonga, Oligonema aurantium, Perichaena luteola, P. madagascariensis, Physarum luteolum, Protophysarum phloiogenum, Trichia contorta var. attenuata, T. contorta var. iowensis, T. erecta. An additional 19 species are new records for Argentina. These additions make Argentina the country in South America, at present, with the greatest number of myxomycetes catalogued having more than 50% of the species cited from the whole Neotropics. Diversity and biogeographic distribution of these organisms are discussed, and taxonomic comments on rare or unusual species are included and illustrated with photographs by LM and SEM. The results indicate that the myxomycetes, are widely distributed and are a normal component of Patagonian biota. Many of the substrates investigated were endemic plants from the region and are new substrates for a number of species of myxomycete. Differences between the variety of species in this area and others in Argentina and Chile, suggest a certain regional specialization of these organisms, the assemblage of which appear to depend on plant substrate species.
... The Myxotropic Project includes intense surveys of myxomycetes from arid areas in several countries of the Neotropics (Lado et al. 2007a(Lado et al. , 2011(Lado et al. , 2013Estrada-Torres et al. 2009;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2010. In some areas of Argentina and Peru, a myxomycete identified as a species of Didymium, which did not correspond to any described species, was collected several times. ...
... The Myxotropic Project includes intense surveys of myxomycetes from arid areas in several countries of the Neotropics (Lado et al. 2007a(Lado et al. , 2011(Lado et al. , 2013Estrada-Torres et al. 2009;Wrigley de Basanta et al. 2010. In some areas of Argentina and Peru, a myxomycete identified as a species of Didymium, which did not correspond to any described species, was collected several times. ...
A new species of Didymium (Myxomycetes), D. xerophilum, is described, and some details of its life cycle are provided. The new species was collected during studies of arid areas of Argentina and Peru. It can be distinguished by the persistent funnel-shaped invagination of the peridium, the top of which appears as a deep umbilicus in closed sporothecae, and the calcareous hypothallus shared among several sporocarps. This combination of characters, with a circumscissile dehiscence of the sporotheca and a cream stalk packed with rhombic lime crystals, is unknown in other described species. Morphology was examined with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and micrographs of relevant details are included here. Phylogenetic analysis with 18S rDNA sequences of different species of Didymium supports the distinct identity of this new species. Some collections of this myxomycete were made at of up to 4600 m, an altitude almost unknown for this group of microorganisms.
