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7 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH). A 75 -ear-old male presented with progressive gait ataxia and memory loss. a axial CT section of the brain shows dilated lateral ventricles with effaced sulci. b & c axial T2W images of brain at the level of ventricles demonstrate dilatation of all the ventricles with prominent CSF flow void in the fourth ventricle (black arrow). d paramedian sagittal T1W section reveals ballooned corpus callosum with effacement of sulci towards vertex (white arrow)
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Dementia is defined as chronic deterioration of intellectual function and cognitive skills significant enough to interfere with the ability to perform daily activities. Recent advances in the treatment of dementia have renewed interest in the use of various neuroimaging techniques that can assist in the diagnosis and differentiation of various subt...
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Background: Neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) is a surrogate biomarker of neurodegeneration that has never been systematically tested, either alone or in combination with other biomarkers, in atypical/rapidly progressive neurodegenerative dementias (NDs).
Methods: Using validated, commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit...
Citations
... There are various ways to look at this issue, therefore it is possible that all parties involved will need to work together to find a solution. (38,39) With a multidisciplinary team, broad approaches to MCI are required, encompassing pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological interventions from prevention to rehabilitation. (40)(41)(42) To improve patient-centered care and present a viable strategy for providing patients and families with integrated health and medical care, the collaborative care model should be established and put into practice concurrently. ...
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition that is experienced by most elderly in the world. Although there has been a huge rise in research on developing brain imaging tests that can identify and evaluate MCI early on, a bibliometric analysis of this issue is still lacking. The purpose of this review is to determine the pattern and growth of research trends related to MCI and brain imaging using bibliometric analysis, based on Scopus data from 1996 to 2021. The data was converted to Comma Separated Values (CSV) and exported to VOSviewer to bibliometrically analyze the origin by country, keywords, frequently cited articles, author, and journals. Over a 25-year period, 5081 articles were discovered, with the number rising, particularly in the past four years, and significantly in 2022 when 561 articles (11.04%) were found. The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (19.22%) and Neuroimage Clinical (10.22%) published the largest number of articles on this subject. The United States (24.31%) led all other countries in the number of publications, followed by China (14.84%) and UK (6.5%). The most cited article was by Petersen RC in 1999 (41 citations) about MCI and its clinical characterization. The keywords that appeared the most frequently were mild cognitive impairment (984 occurrences) associated with biomarkers, brain scanning procedures, brain part, age, and human subject. The most frequently cited authors were Petersen RC (1365 citations) and Jack CR (1103 citations). Neuroimage (4164 citations), and Neurology (3268 citations) are the most repeatedly cited journals. This bibliometric study displays the trend in the last 25 years for MCI and brain imaging.
... [21,22] The bicaudate, Evans and bifrontal indices are obtained in axial CT and MRI slices with orbito-meatal orientation, being used to measure physiological aging and to quantify the degree of brain atrophy (Tables 2, 3 and 4). [22,23,24] A) Bicaudate index: The minimum distance between the lateral ventricles and the level of the head of the caudate nucleus was divided by the cranial diameter at that level (Fig. 4). A value greater than 0.30 indicates ventricular hypertrophy, which may be considered pathological, but the cause cannot be distinguished by atrophy or other entities. ...
... A value greater than 0.30 indicates ventricular hypertrophy, which may be considered pathological, but the cause cannot be distinguished by atrophy or other entities. [22,23,24] C) Bifrontal index: it is calculated by dividing the maximum diameter of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and the intracranial diameter at the same level (Fig. 6). [22,23,24] The bifrontal index (such as that of Evans), should be obtained in axial CT or MRI slices, as shown in this T1weighted MRI, in which the distance between the frontal extensions of the lateral ventricles is measured, divided by the maximum intracranial diameter at that level. ...
... [22,23,24] C) Bifrontal index: it is calculated by dividing the maximum diameter of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and the intracranial diameter at the same level (Fig. 6). [22,23,24] The bifrontal index (such as that of Evans), should be obtained in axial CT or MRI slices, as shown in this T1weighted MRI, in which the distance between the frontal extensions of the lateral ventricles is measured, divided by the maximum intracranial diameter at that level. In our example, it would be: 3.9% × 12.6 = 0.30, indicating a normal value for a 63-year-old patient. ...
On daily practice, during the making of reports, anatomical variants often appear, as well as injuries and different pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) in which it is necessary to take some kind of measurements, to make an accurate diagnosis. These measurements allow the practicing physician to program and perform minimally invasive therapeutic methods or others that request a surgery of greater relevance. In this paper, we describe the most common measurements in the CNS by using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
... 50 Amyloid and (less frequently) t imaging is positive. 51 The principal nuclear medicine study used to evaluate PD is 123 Iioflupane/DaTSCAN (GE Healthcare) SPECT (Fig 9) showing decreased putamen and caudate uptake. 51 There are 3 PD variants: PSP, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and MSA. ...
... 51 The principal nuclear medicine study used to evaluate PD is 123 Iioflupane/DaTSCAN (GE Healthcare) SPECT (Fig 9) showing decreased putamen and caudate uptake. 51 There are 3 PD variants: PSP, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and MSA. PSP (possibly an FTD variant) demonstrates anterior-midbrain convexity loss on sagittal views (hummingbird sign) with interpeduncular cistern widening, and patients demonstrate upward gaze paralysis. ...
This article will familiarize neuroradiologists with the pathophysiology, clinical findings, and standard MR imaging and PET imaging features of multiple forms of dementia as well as new emerging techniques. Cases were compiled from multiple institutions with the goal of improved diagnostic accuracy and improved patient care as well as information about biomarkers on the horizon. Dementia topics addressed include the following: Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson disease and Parkinson disease variants, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multisystem atrophy, Huntington disease vascular dementia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
... Regarding the cognitive domains and the affected tracts, we found an association between FA and orientation (left cerebral peduncle) in patients with a diagnosis of AD; this anatomical structure is considered a vulnerable area from the vascular point of view 34 , in addition, it is related to changes in AD 29 . An association was also observed between FA and the orientation domains (left cingulate), as well as in-memory and phonological fluency (left cerebral peduncle) in patients with MixD; these findings show that there is a disconnection of areas related to cortical memory (left cingulate) since this structure is a fundamental part of the limbic system and one of the main fascicles of white matter that connects areas of cortical association 35 . ...
Objective:
The objective of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of white matter tracts by diffusion tensor imaging (tractography) in elderly people with dementia type Alzheimers disease (AD) and mixed dementia through the measurements of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD).
Methods:
Eight patients with AD and eight patients with mixed dementia were studied. Clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging evaluation was carried out. Variables are described using the arithmetic mean, standard deviations, and frequencies. Chi-square and U MannWhitney tests were used. Correlation analysis was performed between neuropsychological characteristics and the degree of affection by tractography (FA and MD).
Results:
Significant differences were found between the groups of AD versus mixed dementia in FA: right cerebral peduncle 0.5733 versus 0.5557 (p < 0.05), left cerebral peduncle 0.5744 versus 0.5476 (p < 0.01), right external capsule 0.3619 versus 0.3346 (p < 0.01), and left cingulum gyrus 0.4049 versus 0.3756 (p < 0.05). MD: right thalamic posterior radiation 0.0016 versus 0.0010 (p < 0.03) and left external capsule 0.0015 versus 0.0012 (p < 0.03).
Conclusion:
Using tractography, it is possible to quantify the extent of damage to the white matter tracts (vascular and neurodegenerative).
... 8). 25,26 Esa medida se obtiene en cortes axiales ponderados en T2 o sagitales ponderados en T1 de RM, trazando una línea desde el borde ventral del mesencéfalo, a la altura de los colículos superiores, hasta el borde dorsal. 25 El diámetro antero-posterior aproximado del mesencéfalo en pacientes con SSRO suele ser menor a 14 mm; valores superiores permiten descartar SSRO. 25 Valoración del ancho del asta temporal en la enfermedad de Alzheimer Existen diversos parámetros en imágenes para valorar el grado de atrofia o involución del parénquima encefálico en las diversas enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como por ejemplo en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. ...
Resumen
En la práctica diaria, durante la realización de informes, suelen presentarse variantes anatómicas, lesiones y diversas patologías del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en las que es necesario realizar algún tipo de mediciones con la finalidad de formular un diagnóstico preciso.
Esas mediciones permiten al médico derivante o tratante programar y realizar procedimientos terapéuticos mínimamente invasivos o que requieran una intervención quirúrgica de mayor relevancia.
Realizamos una descripción de las mediciones más frecuentes en el SNC empleando tomografía computada (TC) e imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM).
... MRI is an important tool in the diagnostic assessment of patients with suspected neurodegenerative disease and dementia, especially since the early clinical signs and symptoms are often non-specific [24][25][26]. We noted several patients with typical MRI appearances of NIID at our hospital, and our hypothesis is that the images stored within the clinical picture archive and communication system (PACS) of our hospital may represent a potential source of NIID patients and knowledge discovery [27]. ...
Purpose
Adult-onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder described mainly in the Japanese population, with characteristic DWI abnormalities at the junction between gray and white matter. We identify possible cases of NIID in the picture archive and communication system (PACS) of a tertiary neurological referral hospital in Singapore and describe their radiological features.
Methods
The neuroradiology imaging database was reviewed using keyword search of radiological reports to identify patients who had “subcortical U fibre” abnormalities on DWI. MRI were retrospectively reviewed, and those fulfilling inclusion criteria were invited for skin biopsy to detect nuclear inclusions by light and electron microscopy.
Results
Twelve Chinese patients (nine female; median age 70.5 years) were enrolled. Seven patients were being assessed for dementia and five for other neurological indications. In all patients, DWI showed distinctive subcortical high signal with increased average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), involving frontal, parietal, and temporal more than occipital lobes; the corpus callosum and external capsule were affected in some patients. On T2-weighted images, cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and white matter hyperintensity of Fazekas grade 2 and above were seen in all patients. Three patients underwent skin biopsy; all were positive for intranuclear hyaline inclusion bodies on either p62 staining or electron microscopy, which are pathognomonic for NIID.
Conclusion
Previously undiagnosed patients with NIID can be identified by searching for abnormalities at the junction between gray and white matter on DWI in PACS and subsequently confirmed by skin biopsy. Radiologists should recognize the distinctive neuroimaging pattern of this dementing disease.
... MRI is the most suitable neuroimaging technique in the diagnosis of CJD, with T2W, FLAIR, and diffusion-weighted imaging sequences being the most essential sequences of the MRI protocol. 12 The key MRI features in CJD are T2W/FLAIR hyperintensity in the caudate, putamen, anterior cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. Widespread involvement of the cerebral cortex is also a characteristic feature. ...
... Widespread involvement of the cerebral cortex is also a characteristic feature. 12,18 Brain MRI is a critical diagnostic tool with higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional biomarkers such as CSF 14-3-3 protein and electroencephalogram. 15,17,21 Definitive diagnosis of CJD requires detection of abnormal prion proteins in neurologic tissue. A recent test for analysis of olfactory mucosal brushings with real-time quaking-induced conversion provides the highest sensitivity and specificity (97% and 100%, respectively) for detection of CJD. ...
A 71-year-old man was referred to neuro-ophthalmology for evaluation of reading problems associated with pituitary adenoma. Perimetry showed a right temporal crescent syndrome ("half moon" syndrome) suggesting left occipital disease. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, and cerebrospinal fluid examination (14-3-3 protein) were consistent with a diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. His neurologic condition rapidly deteriorated with memory problems, myoclonus, and apathy followed by death, 4 months later. This case shows how visual problems may be the first manifestation of this rare prion disease (Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease).
... The reduction of the anteroposterior diameter of the midbrain at the level of the superior quadrigeminal tubercles (colliculi) is characteristic of ORS, giving rise to a typical "Mickey Mouse head" configuration ( Figure 8) [25,26] . This measurement is obtained in axial T2-weighted or sagittal T1-weighted MRI slices, drawing a line from the ventral border of the midbrain, at the level of the superior colliculi, to the dorsal border [25] . ...
In daily practice, during the performance of reports, anatomical variants, lesions and various pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) are often encountered in which it is necessary to perform some kind of measurements in order to formulate an accurate diagnosis. These measurements allow the referring or treating physician to schedule and perform minimally invasive therapeutic procedures or those requiring major surgical intervention. We performed a description of the most frequent measurements in the CNS using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Neurodegenerative non-Alzheimer’s dementias (NADs) are an increasingly relevant problem on the global scale, due to the progressive aging of the world’s population. Diagnosis of NADs remains a challenge due to the overlap of clinical and neuroimaging features of different NADs. In this chapter, after showing the conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding, the pathologies of different NADs along with studies that have applied the advanced MRI neuroimaging techniques to study different NADs will be presented. The NADs discussed here, include Huntington's Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Multiple System Atrophy, CorticoBasal Dementia, Parkinson's Disease with Dementia, and Dementia with Lewy bodies.
