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![Figure 1.1: Principles of laser scanning [9].](profile/Fanar-M-Abed/publication/340117697/figure/fig5/AS:872580231749633@1585050747324/Principles-of-laser-scanning-9_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 1.2: MRI Scanner[13].](profile/Fanar-M-Abed/publication/340117697/figure/fig6/AS:872580231729158@1585050747389/MRI-Scanner13_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2. 1: Pixel coordinate system and image coordinate system[17].](profile/Fanar-M-Abed/publication/340117697/figure/fig8/AS:872580231745539@1585050747628/1-Pixel-coordinate-system-and-image-coordinate-system17_Q320.jpg){kind=tracking}
In recent years low cost CRP technique is used in a wide range of applications, including
architecture, archaeology, medical applications, movie industry, etc. In medical application,
CRP has acquired clinical acceptance, due to low cost, high accuracy, non-irradiating dose,
non-invasiveness, and for many other reasons. In this research, 3D digital...
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... 4. The reference points with the same depth value causes error in Zcoordinates and therefore can affect the total root mean square error value 7. RE technique has proven its efficiency for medical purpose, especially for symmetrical features, which avoids the need for skilled hands for sculpting. 8. Modify the restored model manually through FFD approach was necessary to get best matching between the restored eye model and the original model. ...
... However, the precise reason for this research was not always stated. This could be owing to the numerous advantages that photogrammetry can offer humanity as a non-invasive and painless technique of providing medical practitioners with spatial measurements of the human body(Awda et al., 2019). In this chapter, the potential of Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) will be presented in delivering accurate 3D human body measurements for later use in the rehabilitation of maxillofacial deformities. ...
Many people may suffer from maxillofacial defects as a result of wars, accidents, cancer surgery removal, or birth defects. The Prostheses (in prosthetic surgery) represent an acceptable surgical alternative solution to rehabilitating people with such deformities in terms of functionality and aesthetics. In order to fabricate the prosthesis digitally, various sensors are used in data acquisition from the patient such as computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), laser scanning, and others. To overcome the risks that may face the patient as a result of exposure to MRI or CT-scan as well as periodic calibrations of laser scanning devices, this thesis suggests using another non-contact method, which is close-range photogrammetry (CRP), as a safe and non-destructive technique. The main aim of this research is to show the potential of CRP in delivering accurate 3D human facial measurements that should be exported for prototyping as a 3D model (prosthesis) using 3D printing technology for plastic surgical or biomechanical applications. Two case studies have been selected to achieve the aim of the study, the first case (a female with a missed eye) which is the main focus in this study. The other case (a male with a flawless face) has been offered as part of the scientific cooperation between University of Baghdad and University Paulista (UNIP) postgraduate program based in São Paulo/ Brazil. His involvement was solely to evaluate the +IDonBlender model. To achieve the research aim, an optimized image-acquisition framework of human face has been designed to deliver optimal CR images and process them using professional photogrammetric software (e.g., Agisoft Metashape and Blender). The effect of selected camera sensors and their settings in obtaining high-quality images was also studied and discussed. Then the efficiency of +IDonBlender methodology which is programmed within Blender software has been evaluated as an open source software, based on reference points coordinates and linear measured distances. Additionally, Reverse Engineering (RE) methodology is applied within the virtual restoration to restore the damaged or missing facial parts of selected patient. Finally, statistical analysis has been applied to compare and validate the results with a precise reference dataset. The model geometric error achieved using Metashape software, was (0.198 mm). As for applying +IDonBlender methodology, the results show that the error in terms of estimated reference coordinate and measured distances was (0.474 mm) and (0.474 mm), respectively. Despite the fact that the +IDonBlender model resolution was found to deliver lower levels of point density than the Metashape model, the overall results delivered an acceptable model geometric error. RE has proven its efficiency for this purpose, especially for symmetrical features, which avoids the need for skilled hands for sculpting. Finally, it can be claimed that the use of photogrammetry method in maxillofacial rehabilitation is efficient. However, it is recommended to use a multi-camera system to avoid wide field of view images, faster capture rates, higher image resolution, and also high data acquisition consistency.
