Figure 16 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Mand-Raigarh coalfield is one of the largest coalfields in the Mahanadi basin. The Geological Survey of India carried out initial study primarily on exploration. However, detailed petrographic and geochemical characters of the coals have not been done so far. This investigation is an attempt for petrographic and geochemical appraisal of the coals....
Similar publications
The objective of this study was to know about the depositional environment and petrographic characteristics of lignite deposits of the Nagaur district, Rajasthan, India, and to decipher source rock potential. Lignite samples have been collected from all the working and exposed lignite seams from Matasukh lignite mines of Nagaur following the pillar...
Investigation of lignites of Eocene age from the Nagaur Basin, Rajasthan was undertaken to characterize them petrographically and to discuss their evolution. These lignites are mostly dominated by
the huminite group of macerals followed by liptinite and inertinite. According to microlithotype analysis, these lignites may be characterized as humite...
Investigation of lignites of Eocene age from the Nagaur Basin, Rajasthan was undertaken to characterize them petrographically and to discuss their evolution. These lignites are mostly dominated by the huminite group of macerals followed by liptinite and inertinite. According to microlithotype analysis, these lignites may be characterized as humite...
Citations
... Several researchers have elucidated peat forming environment and paleoecology derived from petrological parameters. The petrographic facets of coal and lignite are the manifestation of characteristic thriving flora in the ancient mires and bogs which are influenced by geological setting, microbial action, pH condition, temperature and redox potential (Singh, 2012;Naik et al., 2016;Naik et al., 2021;Akinyemi, 2022). The composition of microscopic entities of coal, macerals are the best indicators of paleodepositional environments. ...
The present research work attempts to understand the organo-petrological facets of the lignite hosted in the Tertiary successions in Rajasthan. The maceral diversity was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively which recorded huminite as the dominant microscopic constituent followed by inertinite and liptinite. The rank parameter of coal evaluated through vitrinite reflectance measurement random (VRo) shows the values vary between 0.19 to 0.27% suggesting lignite in rank. The petrographic investigation point towards the primary phase of degradation of organic matter corroborated through the dominance of huminite suggesting frequent flooding and the presence of funginite, demonstrating intense fungal activity in the mire. The paleodepositional model records elevated values of gelification Index (GI) ranging from 1.63 to 3.88 with well-preserved cell structures pointing towards an early phase of coalification. The model and plot of GI and TPI show that the paleomire developed in a limnic setting.
... In the northwestern direction, the Mand-Raigarh coalfield is separated from the Hasdo-Arand coalfield, located in the northerly direction, by an east−west trending fault system known as the Tan Shear Zone, which forms part of the Central Indian Suture (CIS) zone. 29 The Geological Survey of India conducted exploration and mapping activities in the Mand-Raigarh coalfields, and based on detailed correlation of borehole data, a total of 12 seams have been identified. It is noteworthy that all of these seams belong to the Barakar Formation. ...
Geological sequestration of CO 2 Read Online Article Recommendations in a coal seam is considered an attractive option to reduce the carbon footprint. It has an additional advantage of enhancing the recovery of coalbed methane, which has less sorption affinity toward coal in comparison to CO 2 . Desorption of gases from coal is controlled by various parameters, including reservoir depth and coal rank. A representative factor for desorption and diffusion in coal is the sorption time. It is an indicator which helps in estimation and evaluation of gas movement in the coal seam. Coals exhibiting high sorption time allow greater quantities of CO potential for CO 2 2 2 injection and hold sequestration. Therefore, reliable and cost-effective estimation of sorption time is very important prior to investment in projects related to CO sequestration. Generally, proximate and gas content analyses are part of the preliminary analysis of coal for the assessment of its potential as a coal-bed methane reservoir. In this study, data generated using these analyses were found very useful for estimating the sorption time and CO 2 sequestration potential of coal. The coal samples were collected from different depths of the Mand Raigarh coalfield for testing, and an empirical equation and artificial neural network (ANN)-based model have been developed to predict the sorption time of coal. The developed empirical equation predicts the sorption time with a coefficient of determination value of 0.88 and a root mean squared error value of ±1.07 days. Furthermore, the developed ANN model has been found to be very efficient in prediction with a correlation coefficient value of 0.97.
... Ib valley coalfield is a part of Gondwana basins and is the thirdhighest geological reserves of coal in India (www.mahanadicoal.in) and plays a crucial role in sustenance and economic growth of the country Naik et al. 2016). These are situated between latitude 21°41" N and 22°06" N and longitude 83°30" E and 84°08" E with an area of 1,375 square kilometers spread over Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts of Odisha, India. ...
... These are situated between latitude 21°41" N and 22°06" N and longitude 83°30" E and 84°08" E with an area of 1,375 square kilometers spread over Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts of Odisha, India. Ib valley coalfields are mostly of Barakar and Karharbari formations of lower Permian age (Goswami et al. 2006;Singh et al. 2013;Senapaty and Behera 2015;Naik et al. 2016;Naik et al. 2021). Most of the OBs material formation in the Ib valley coalfield is of Kamti Formation (Naik et al. 2016) from Sub-Recent to lower Triassic age. ...
... Ib valley coalfields are mostly of Barakar and Karharbari formations of lower Permian age (Goswami et al. 2006;Singh et al. 2013;Senapaty and Behera 2015;Naik et al. 2016;Naik et al. 2021). Most of the OBs material formation in the Ib valley coalfield is of Kamti Formation (Naik et al. 2016) from Sub-Recent to lower Triassic age. The lithological composition of the OBs is typically comprised of ferruginous sandstones, gray/red/carbonaceous shales, ironstone nodules, laterites, etc. (Goswami et al. 2006;Senapaty and Behera 2015). ...
Mining of Coal is one of the chief sources of power generation globally to meet the energy demand. However, the mining operations and power production leads to the generation of overburdens and fly ash in huge quantities. These became severe threat to the environment during backfilling via leaching of contaminants and forming acid mine drainages. To understand the chemical characteristics of overburden, seven locations from the Ib valley coalfield were sampled. Also, a fly ash sample was collected from NTPC, Kaniha, Odisha. Subsequently, laboratory-based experiments were conducted under controlled condition to estimate the leachate characteristics of the overburden and overburden-fly ash (30%) composite samples through various leaching agents viz., distilled water, rain water and 0.1N acetic acid. Overburden samples were found to be slightly acidic in nature, whereas fly ash was almost neutral. The mean concentration of the metals in the OBs showed a decreasing trend of Fe>Al>K>Mg>Ca>Na>Mn>Cr>Cu> Zn> Co>Ni>Cd>Pb. The leachability potential is found to be high with acetic acid followed by rainwater and distilled water. The estimated possible total metal leachate from the 0.1% (0.1219 Million tonnes) of total overburden generated during 2017–18 in Mahanadi coalfields (MCL) was found to be 0.00023%. The results from the metal indices i.e. contamination factor showed that the overburdens are critically contaminated with Se followed by Cd, As and Cu, as their associated shale have quite low values. Also the potential ecological risk (PER) for the overburdens is low if Se, Cd, and Cu are excluded.
... Several researchers have elucidated peat forming environment and paleoecology derived from petrological parameters. The petrographic facets of coal and lignite are the manifestation of characteristic thriving flora in the ancient mires and bogs which are influenced by geological setting, microbial action, pH condition, temperature and redox potential (Singh, 2012;Naik et al., 2016;Naik et al., 2021;Akinyemi, 2022). The composition of microscopic entities of coal, macerals are the best indicators of paleodepositional environments. ...
... Comprehensive account is provided by Tailor et al. (1998), Suárez-Ruiz et al. (2012 and Suárez-RuizJohn Crelling (2008). Several petrography based facies models are being used by researchers to understand the paleodepositional environments (Singh and Singh 1996b, 2010a,b, 2011, 2012a,b,c, 2014, 2017a, b, c, d, 2019Cohen et al., 1987;Hawke et al., 1999;Naik et al., 2016;Rajak et al., 2019). Biswas et al. (1993) believe that the coal bearing sequences of Assam, Arunachal and Nagaland were formed in the foredeep which evolved as a result of drifting of Indian plate towards the northeast during Cretaceous period. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive account on the evolution of the Tertiary Himalaya coals of India and their various attributes. The coal bearing sequences in Himalaya have formed in two different geotectonic settings, first under foreland basin (Oligocene coals of Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of northeastern India) and second under Platform basin (Eocene coals of Meghalaya of northeastern India) conditions. The Jammu coals of northwest India developed in the late Paleocene in the western Himalayan foreland basin. A sea transgression inundated the Jammu area which gave rise to forest swamp and Jammu coals eventually formed under tropical humid climatic conditions in the tropical climatic belt of northern hemisphere. In northeastern India, the Oligocene coals have shown more maturity than the Eocene coals and have relatively high carbon content and they also have developed caking characters in many coalfields. This may be because the Eocene coal developed in the tropical climatic belt when the northern part of the northeast India was still in the southern hemisphere and the Oligocene coal evolved when the northern part of the northeast India was in the northern hemisphere and the collision during the Oligocene in this part improved the maturity of Oligocene coal due to Himalayan orogeny. The Himalayan coals are exceedingly rich in vitrinite with variable quantities of liptinite and inertinite macerals. Dominance of typical Tertiary angiospermic floral assemblage in the Himalayan coals is well indicated by the occurrence of single, double and triple celled telutospores.
... Sen (2016) has reviewed different aspects of interpreting the paleoenvironment from petrographic indices. The limno-telmatic condition of paleoenvironment was determined from the maceral composition of the Mand-Raigarh basin and Kachchh basin by Naik et al., 2016 andSingh et al., 2016a respectively. From the petrographic studies, Singh et al., 2017a, reported the peat-forming environment of the Cambay basin to be under continuous wet conditions. ...
Lower Gondwana coals of Talcher coalfield extends along the south-eastern part of the Mahanadi valley. Coal samples from six different seams, viz. Seam-I, II, III, IV, VIII and IX of Nandira, Lingaraj and Hingula colliery of Talcher coalfield were taken for study. The detailed petrographic study was carried out with special emphasis on identifying and calculating the distribution of various types of liptinite macerals. The coal seams overall are found to be dominated by vitrinite followed by inertinite and liptinite. The liptinite group macerals were characterized with the help of fluorescence microscopy. It is observed that sporinites, particularly microspores, were predominant in all the above seams. Megaspores and resinites were identified in Seams-I and II only. Seams-I and VIII with comparatively higher liptinite content (3–16 vol.%) could be considered favourable for coal liquefaction and gasification. However, the overall low liptinite content (<5 vol.%) of Talcher coals indicates a telmatic swampy paleoenvironment of deposition. The generated data on various liptinite types can serve as facies indicators and help in seam correlation.
... The knowledge and understanding of the chemical composition of fossil fuels, especially organic-rich sedimentary deposits formed millions of years ago from plant remains, have provided information about coalification pathways and paleoenvironmental conditions (Hatcher and Clifford 1997;Naik et al. 2016;Singh et al. 2016aSingh et al. , 2017aSingh et al. , 2017bSingh et al. , 2017cSingh et al. , 2019Ding et al. 2018;Rajak et al. 2019). Carbon is one of the major elements of terrestrial plants that participate in coal formation (Xu et al. 2020). ...
This study provides detailed information about the geochemistry and coal petrography of Paleogene lignite deposits of Bikaner-Nagaur Basin and the Barmer Basin of Rajasthan, India, which have been used to reconstruct paleoclimatic, paleovegetational,
and paleodepositional conditions. Petrographic characteristics show the dominance of huminite group macerals followed by inertinite and liptinite group macerals in Rajasthan lignites. The mean random huminite reflectance value (%Rom) ranges from 0.27 to 0.33%, which put these lignites as low-rank lignite ‘B’. 13C NMR spectra show sharp peaks in the
aliphatic region, indicting immaturity of organic matter. These peaks confirm the presence of aliphatic CH2, aliphatic –CH3 bonding, protonated aromatic carbons, and oxygenated aromatic carbon atoms (Ar-O). δ13C values in xylite-rich lithotype range from − 25.04 to − 25.61‰, indicating the contribution of gymnosperm plants (Taxodiaceae during) in peat. Whereas, δ13C in matrix-rich lithotype range from − 26.82 to − 27.44‰, and show the presence of angiosperm taxa (Typhaceae, Iridaceae, and Gramineae) during peat formation in the study area. The samples dominated by huminite group macerals have
a slightly low δ13C value than inertinite-rich samples. In contrast, the least δ13C value has been recorded in the liptinite rich samples. δ13C values also suggest C3 plants to be the main peat-forming vegetation in the study area during the Paleogene.
The mineralogical study indicates peat formation in semi-arid to slightly arid climatic conditions. The presence of framboidal pyrite, alginite, funginite macerals, and high sulfur content of the studied lignites indicate marine incursion in the basin.
... The study area, bounded by latitude 21°45′-22°42′ and longitude 83°01′-83°44′ is geographically located in the Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh state, India, which covers an area of about 900 km 2 ( Fig. 1) (Raja Rao, 1983;Coal Atlas of India 1993). The lower Gondwana succession in the basin comprises Talchir, Barakar, Barren Measures, Raniganj, and Kamthi Formations of lower Permian to middle Triassic age (Table 1) underlain by granite-gneiss, quartzite, and chlorite schist, along with quartz and pegmatite veins (Murthy et al. 2014;Naik et al. 2016;Kumar et al. 2019). The Mand-Raigarh Basin is marked as an asymmetrical syncline trending NW-SE Basin having half-graben structures at the southern parts (Goswami et al. 2006;Ram-Awatar 2007). ...
... The Mand-Raigarh Basin is marked as an asymmetrical syncline trending NW-SE Basin having half-graben structures at the southern parts (Goswami et al. 2006;Ram-Awatar 2007). Barakar Formation in the studied area is classified into the lower, middle, and upper parts based on lithology encompassing cyclic deposition of carbonaceous shale, sandstone, and coal seams (Goswami 2006;Ram-Awatar 2007;Naik et al. 2016;Kumar et al. 2019). Coal deposits of the study area were studied and explored extensively, although organic-rich shale beds are overlooked as non-valuable rocks. ...
Multi-scale pores, spatial distributions, and their connectivity have been investigated in shale deposits of the Barakar Formation in the Mand-Raigarh Basin, India, through imaging skills, i.e., x-ray tomography (μ-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and sample photographs. Additionally, geochemical analyses, ash yield, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption (N2), and porosity analyses were executed to account for the organo-inorganic controls on the development of pores in shale. Shale lithology, X-ray tomography, and SEM images spell out various types of multi-scale pores categorized as grain edge-pores, fracture-pores, interlayered, inter-particle, and inter-crystalline pores predominantly controlled by fissile nature, stress conditions, and organo-inorganic mineral compositions. The results of geochemical analyses, viz, ash yield, TOC, and mean vitrinite reflectance (RO%) ranging from 69.33 to 89.26 wt%, 1.88 to 6.99 wt%, and 0.64 to 0.96%, respectively, assign fair to good source rock budding for hydrocarbon generation. XRD analysis displays clay mineral richness (30.50 to 71.10 wt%) comprised mainly of kaolinite and illite with non-clays (26.30 to 60.50 wt%) influencing pore shapes and spatial distributions owing to the alteration and fissile nature. The pore sizes through Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and density functional theory (DFT) range 2.98 to 4.19 nm and 0.79 to 12.79 nm and points at mesoscale pores standing out in fine-grained shale deposits carrying an ample space for gas storage. The cylindrical pores and bottle-neck pores were distinguished through the vicissitudes in the hysteresis curves. The clay minerals, non-clay minerals, and the total organic carbon content participate significantly in the development of various pores in shale formations.
... Therefore, the main deterrent in coal utilization in India has been the mineral matter; the Tertiary coals embody high sulphur content, while the Gondwana coals have the distinction of possessing high ash content. The sulphur content in Gondwana coals as reported by the previous workers have been below 1 % (Naik et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2016). ...
... The genesis of kaolinite in a geological setting is typically attributed to preponderance of hot and humid climate which is in agreement to the interpretations of the earlier workers (Casshyap, 1974;Tewari, 2005). Episodes of warm and hot regime dominated the area, facilitating the scope of weathering of the host rocks leading to the formation of kaolinite and its incorporation in the peats and mires (Naik et al., 2016). Likewise, occurrence of quartz and feldspar in the coals is attributed as detrital minerals due to the reason cited above but authigenic clay minerals in the studied coals cannot be ruled out. ...
This paper is an attempt to investigate the mineral matter constituents in Permian coals of Mahanadi basin, India. Twenty two bulk samples from the working mines have been selected for the study. Analytical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with coal microscopy have been used in this study for rapid characterization. The chief mineral phases are quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, muscovite, and chlorite in order of increasing abundance in all the samples. Petrographic analysis reveal the dominance of Vitrinite (36.17%) followed by the Inertinite (32.33%), Liptinite (14.30%) group of macerals and mineral matter (17.18%). Mineral matter in the voids and cell lumens is common mode of occurrence in the coals which can be attributed to syngenetic and epigenetic types. The proximate analysis suggest the coals have high ash yield (8.37% to 38.46% on air dried basis) with high volatile matter (10.8% to 35.51% on air dried basis) making it suitable for thermal power plants.
... Damodar, Son, Mahanadi and Godavari valleys (figure 1). The Mahanadi valley comprises several coalfields, (Naik et al., 2016) of which the Talcher coalfield, located in the southeastern part, provides the maximum reserves (GSI, 2004). Consequently, it holds an important place in the list of locales for exploration and extraction of coal. ...
... After the first report of occurrence of coal in this area in 1937, there have been several studies on the geology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology, coal seams by Fox (1934), Pascoe (1959), Subramaniam (1971), Das and Rath (1974), Raja Rao (1982. Of late, the geochemistry and petrographic characterization studies have been done by some workers (Das, 1959;Navale, 1965;Pareek, 1955Pareek, , 1956Pareek, , 1963Mishra et al., 1998;Mohanty et al., 2001;Singh, 2016). The previous studies cover systematic sampling, regional approach and systematic analysis of geochemistry and petrology. ...
The present study deals with the petrographic characterization of limited coals from Ananta Opencast Project, Talcher coalfields, Angul district in Odisha. The samples were collected using pillar sampling method. The petrographic analysis shows dominance of vitrinite macerals followed by inertinite and liptinite. The GI and TPI values are moderately high, pointing out towards the wood derived tissues, accumulated under wet swamp conditions. The dominant microlithotype is vitrite. On the basis of maceral and microlithotypes of these coals, it has been deciphered that they have originated under moderate flood conditions, with alternate phases of oxic and anoxic moor conditions which promoted good tissue preservation. The environment of deposition of these coals, as reconstructed from the microlithotype composition, was fluvial. These coals consist of high volatile matter content and have the useful heat value of 5276 kCal/kg.
