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Neem tree in Banizoumbou village. A neem tree in the centre of Banizoumbou, adjacent to the village mosque and a shallow groundwater well (the primary drinking water source), provides a convenient place for residents to rest in the shade. Approximately 85 neem trees are present in and immediately surrounding the village.
Source publication
Larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. However, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide re...
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Background:
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Citations
... Azadirachtin have antifeedant, ovipositional deterrence repellency, growth disruption, sterility, larvicidal action and resistance [1]. According to Gianotti et al. [11] and Chandramohan et al. [12], the formulations derived from the neem seeds showed anti-feeding, deterrence of egg-laying, growth disruption, inhibition of ovicidal and larvicidal activity which attributed by azadirachtin. Besides, more than 80% reduction of larvae up to three weeks with the application of azadirachta indica oil as insecticide [1]. ...
... Besides, more than 80% reduction of larvae up to three weeks with the application of azadirachta indica oil as insecticide [1]. Gianotti et al. [11] also has recorded an approximate of 25% reduction in the life span of adult mosquito that were exposed to the azadirachta indica oil formulation as larvae. The reduction in the life span of adult mosquito is important as it would ultimately lower the transmission of vector-borne diseases by mosquitoes [11]. ...
... Gianotti et al. [11] also has recorded an approximate of 25% reduction in the life span of adult mosquito that were exposed to the azadirachta indica oil formulation as larvae. The reduction in the life span of adult mosquito is important as it would ultimately lower the transmission of vector-borne diseases by mosquitoes [11]. Chandramohan et al. [12] made a research towards adult mosquitoes where the adult mosquitoes showed restless movement, abnormal wagging and died in an hour of exposure toward the azadirachta indica oil. ...
The study highlighted the application of biodiesel as a carrier fuel with azadirachta indica oil as insecticide in thermal fogging system towards adult mosquitoes and mosquito larvae. The open fogging test is conducted indoor inside a visible container (dimension: 50 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm) with different dilution ratio of azadirachta indica oil and biodiesel to determine the ideal ratio for the formulation to give effects towards mosquitoes and mosquito larvae effectively. Spread-ability test is also conducted to examine the effectiveness of the insecticide-carrier solution in a real-life simulation. The biodiesel used was produced through the hydrotalcite catalyzed transesterification derived from palm oil. The adulticidal and larvicidal activity of biodiesel and azadirachta indica oil as fuel-insecticide is evaluated through dilution ratio of 9:1, 1:1 and 3:7. The fuel-insecticide solution is dispersed in the visible tank by heating it to produce fog. From the tests conducted, the most ideal dilution ratio effect is 1:1 towards both adult mosquito and mosquito larvae. The ratio indicated the shortest time to achieve 100% mortality rate in adult mosquitoes (20 minutes). While in spread-ability test, 55 minutes was taken to achieve total mortality. In larvicidal potential, the ratio of 1:1 showed the highest larvae deceased which is 2 out of 3 larvae for both open and spread-ability test.
... These findings agreed with Ndione et al. (2007) who reported that the neem products show significant bioactivity against A. aegypti larvae. Also, it has been reported that the emulsified formulations of neem oil showed significant larvicidal activity against mosquitoes, involving, Aedes, Anopheles and Culex (Gianotti et al., 2008;Dua et al., 2009 andBenelli et al., 2015). Moreover, Ayinde et al. (2020) reported that neem oil achieved larval toxicity against Anopheles gambiae 5 days post-treatment. ...
... The bioactives in these capsules were found to be flavonoids and myo-inositol monophosphate was found to be the predominant bioactive. Neem leaves, seed oil and the bark have also been used against malaria in India, Nigeria, and some other parts of Asia (32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). The larvicidal properties of Neem seed oil (0.03% azadirachtin) and Neem leaf slurry (over heated Neem leaves dried and minced, extracted using water and water/acetonitrile) was reported to be successful in controlling malaria (36,(38)(39)(40)(41). ...
... Neem leaves, seed oil and the bark have also been used against malaria in India, Nigeria, and some other parts of Asia (32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). The larvicidal properties of Neem seed oil (0.03% azadirachtin) and Neem leaf slurry (over heated Neem leaves dried and minced, extracted using water and water/acetonitrile) was reported to be successful in controlling malaria (36,(38)(39)(40)(41). The Neem seed oil/leaf slurry has been shown to induce sterility in insects by interrupting sperm production in males and hormone control of oogenesis thereby exerting a cytotoxic effect on both follicular cells and oocytes of the malaria vector. ...
Background and objective:
Multiple studies have demonstrated the medical potency of plant extracts and specific phytochemicals as therapeutics for prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Of note, the Neem plant known for its role as an antibiotic and anti-inflammatory is underexplored with an untapped potential for further development. This review focuses on extracts and phytochemicals derived from the Neem tree (Latin name; Azadirachta indica), commonly used throughout Southeast Asia for the prevention and treatment of a wide array of diseases including cancer. To date, there are more than 130 biologically active compounds that have been isolated from the Neem tree including azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, which have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities including anti-microbial, anti-fertility, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, and anti-cancer effects. Very few scientific reports focus on the benefits of Neem in PCa, even though this herb has been used to prevent the disease and its progression for years in complementary and alternative medicine.
Methods:
We used the search engines like PubMed, InCommon and Google using the key words: "Neem", "Cancer", "Prostate Cancer" and related words to find the information and data within the time frame from 1980-2022 for our article study.
Key content and findings:
Here, we provide an overview of Neem extracts and phytochemical derivatives with a focus on their known potential and ability to inhibit specific cellular signaling pathways and processes which drive PCa incidence and progression.
Conclusions:
The information presented here indicate that Neem and its derivatives have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of PCa when used as a single agent or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics.
... This is largely due to the ever-growing concerns of insecticide resistance and other consequential behavioral effects associated with intensified adult vector interventions. Due to cost and environmental concerns associated with synthetic mosquito larvicides, community-based vector control interventions have shown great interest in the application of naturally occurring botanicals for mosquito control around human dwellings (Demissew et al., 2016;Gianotti et al., 2008;Imbahale and Mukabana, 2015;Trudel and Bomblies, 2011). In that regard, intensified laboratory screening of plant derivatives have reported a number of effective larvicides, among them derived from Zanthoxylum plant species (Kim and Ahn, 2017;Moussavi et al., 2015;Overgaard et al., 2014;Pavela and Govindarajan, 2017;Zhang et al., 2009). ...
Intracellular effects exerted by phytochemicals eliciting insect growth-retarding responses during vector control intervention remain largely underexplored. We studied the effects of Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae) (ZCE) root derivatives against malaria (Anopheles gambiae) and arbovirus vector (Aedes aegypti) larvae to decipher possible molecular targets. We report dose-dependent biphasic effects on larval response, with transient exposure to ZCE and its bioactive fraction (ZCFr.5) inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, inducing larval lethality and growth retardation at sublethal doses. Half-maximal lethal concentrations (LC50) for ZCE against An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti larvae after 24-h exposure were 9.00 ppm and 12.26 ppm, respectively. The active fraction ZCFr.5 exerted LC50 of 1.58 ppm and 3.21 ppm for An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti larvae, respectively. Inhibition of AChE was potentially linked to larval toxicity afforded by 2-tridecanone, palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), linoleic acid ((Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid), sesamin, β-caryophyllene among other compounds identified in the bioactive fraction. In addition, the phenotypic larval retardation induced by ZCE root constituents was exerted through transcriptional modulation of ecdysteroidogenic CYP450 genes. Collectively, these findings provide an explorative avenue for developing potential mosquito control agents from Z. chalybeum root constituents.
... Indirect support comes in various forms including; fuel wood, timber, pesticides, and fodder [11]. The bark and leaves of some trees can be used for medicinal purposes, e.g., in laboratory tests neem extracts have shown potential both as a treatment for malaria and can also be used to kill mosquito larvae [17,18]. Trees also provide timber that can be used as building material or for crafts. ...
In the past, the environment has been a low priority in humanitarian operations for refugee agencies and implementing partners because of the emergency context. However, actions to safeguard the environment can be undertaken concurrently with emergency interventions and organisations should take responsibility for conserving the environment in refugee settlements in the same way that they are responsible for the welfare of refugees. Tree-based interventions, such as agroforestry, have been demonstrated as a viable option for resilience and sustainability in landscapes with increasing human pressure. Refugee settlements are subject to intense human pressure and suffer environmental degradation as a consequence. The potential benefits of agroforestry in refugee settlements though are not well researched. This study explores the implementation of agroforestry schemes in refugee settlements in the Arua district of Uganda. Using semi-structured interviews with the beneficiaries of the International Centre for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF) agroforestry projects in Imvepi and Rhino camps, the study identifies key benefits for participants and the environment. These include improved livelihoods and nutrition. However, there are challenges to overcome before agroforestry can be made more widely available in refugee camps. Key barriers include insufficient land, limited water availability and lack of local knowledge, which limits productivity. This research shows how relief, rehabilitation and development can work hand in hand to reduce social and environmental pressure in the targeted refugee settlements and host communities and improve the well-being of beneficiary households by creating opportunities for income generation, improving nutrition and contributing to social cohesion.
... This is largely due to the evergrowing concerns of insecticide resistance and other consequential behavioral effects associated with intensi ed adult vector interventions. Due to cost and environmental concerns associated with synthetic mosquito larvicides, community-based vector control interventions have shown great interest in the application of naturally occurring botanicals for mosquito control around human dwellings [35][36][37][38]. In that regard, intensi ed laboratory screening of plant derivatives have reported a number of effective larvicides, among them derived from Zanthoxylum plant species [39][40][41][42][43]. ...
Background: Intracellular effects exerted by phytochemicals eliciting insect growth-reducing responses during vector control intervention remain largely underexplored. We studied the effects of Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae) (ZCE) root derivatives against malaria (Anopheles gambiae) and arbovirus vector (Aedes aegypti) larvae to decipher possible molecular targets.
Results: We report dose-dependent biphasic effects on larval response, with transient exposure to ZCE and its bioactive fraction (ZCFr.5) inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, inducing larval lethality and growth retardation at sublethal doses. Half-maximal lethal concentrations (LC50) for ZCE and ZCFr.5 against An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti larvae after 24-h exposure were 9.00 ppm, 12.26 ppm, and 1.58 ppm, 3.21 ppm, respectively. Inhibition of AChE was potentially linked to larval toxicity afforded by 2-tridecanone, palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), linoleic acid ((Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid), sesamin, β-caryophyllene among other compounds identified in the bioactive fraction. In addition, the phenotypic larval retardation induced by ZCE root constituents were exerted through transcriptional modulation of ecdysteroidogenic CYP450 genes.
Conclusion: Collectively, these findings provide an explorative avenue for developing potential mosquito control agents from Z. chalybeum root constituents.
... Neem seed extracts have been reported to have larvicidal ability against vectors of diseases such as malaria, filaria, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever [21] . Gianotti et al. [24] in their study evaluated neem seed powder on the breeding sites of An. gambiae at the rate of 10 gm/m2 of pool surface area and were found to effectively control larval mosquitoes. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the the larvicidal efficacy of neem seed extracts against larval Anopheles mosquitoes in Mubi, in a quest of finding a suitable alternative for malaria vector control. ...
Azadirachta indica extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were tested against the 2 nd and 3 rd instar larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquito were collected from possible breeding sites such as the puddles, tires tracks, rice fields, gutters etc. around Mubi town. Probit analysis was used to determine the lethal concentration of the extracts at 50% and 95% i.e. LC50 and LC95, respectively. The result of the laboratory bioassay revealed that A. indica extracts at 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml significantly (P>0.05) controlled larval Anopheles mosquitoes in Mubi. However, ethanol extract proved to be more potent than aqueous extract as 100% mortality was recorded after 24 hours in all its concentrations, compared to aqueous extract, where mortality was spread between 24 hours and 48 hours. The LC50 and LC95 further proved the superiority of ethanol extract over aqueous extract. LC50 (-12.309) and LC95 (3.589) calculated for ethanol extract was significantly lower compared to LC50 (2.24E+08) and LC95 (1.08E+09) recorded for aqueous extract. Therefore, A. indica is a promising phytochemical which can be used sustainably as an alternative for chemical insecticide in controlling mosquitoes.
... Moreover, neem seed extracts have larvicidal ability against vectors of diseases of public health significance such as malaria, filaria, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever (Dua et al., 2009). The use of neem seed extract as a bio-insecticides could be complementary to other malaria control methods (Gianotti et al., 2008). ...
Despite the recent decline in the global prevalence of malaria, the disease continues to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and under-five children in Nigeria. The adoption of an integrated approach to malaria control including the use of bio-insecticide will further reduce the burden of malaria. This study determined the repellency and bio-insecticidal effects of Azadirachta indica oil on Anopheles gambiae in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study was experimental in design. Oil was extracted from the ground seed kernel of Azadirachta indica plants using N-hexane as a solvent. Larvicidal tests were carried out on 600 third and fourth instar stages of Anopheles gambiae using an aliquot of extracted oil emulsified with a surfactant (Tween 80) at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 ppm. Mortality was recorded every 24 h for five days. Repellency tests were carried out by exposing Guinea pigs that were previously treated with the oil mixed with paraffin at 10–40%v/v concentrations, to 70 adult female Anopheles gambiae in netted cages. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The oil yield accounted for 40.0% weight of the ground seed kernel. The larvicidal effect was significant across the concentration of the emulsified Azadirachta oil ranging from 91.6-100.0%, compared to the control experiment ranging from 5-15% (LC50 and LC90: -1666.86 ppm and -2880.94 ppm respectively). A 100.0% larval mortality of Anopheles gambiae was recorded within three days at 500 ppm. All the concentrations of the oil solution also caused 100% inhibition of pupae formation. The repellent effect of adult Anopheles was significant (p < 0.05) across the concentrations but with varying degrees of protection. The highest repellent effect was observed at 40.0% (v/v). The possibility of using Azadirachta indica as bio-insecticide against Anopheles gambiae was established in this study.
... Neem seed extracts have been reported to have larvicidal ability against vectors of diseases such as malaria, filaria, dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever [21] . Gianotti et al. [24] in their study evaluated neem seed powder on the breeding sites of An. gambiae at the rate of 10 gm/m2 of pool surface area and were found to effectively control larval mosquitoes. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the the larvicidal efficacy of neem seed extracts against larval Anopheles mosquitoes in Mubi, in a quest of finding a suitable alternative for malaria vector control. ...
Azadirachta indica extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were tested against the 2 nd and 3 rd instar larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquito were collected from possible breeding sites such as the puddles, tires tracks, rice fields, gutters etc. around Mubi town. Probit analysis was used to determine the lethal concentration of the extracts at 50% and 95% i.e. LC50 and LC95, respectively. The result of the laboratory bioassay revealed that A. indica extracts at 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml significantly (P>0.05) controlled larval Anopheles mosquitoes in Mubi. However, ethanol extract proved to be more potent than aqueous extract as 100% mortality was recorded after 24 hours in all its concentrations, compared to aqueous extract, where mortality was spread between 24 hours and 48 hours. The LC50 and LC95 further proved the superiority of ethanol extract over aqueous extract. LC50 (-12.309) and LC95 (3.589) calculated for ethanol extract was significantly lower compared to LC50 (2.24E+08) and LC95 (1.08E+09) recorded for aqueous extract. Therefore, A. indica is a promising phytochemical which can be used sustainably as an alternative for chemical insecticide in controlling mosquitoes.
... Neem and neem products have been used in ethnomedicine as an antihelminth, antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, contraception and as an antimalarial. The antimalarial effect of neem has been documented and is thought to act by redox perturbation in the form of imposition of substantial oxidant stress during malaria infection [3][4][5][6][7]. Gongronema latifolium (Utazi) is a climbing plant of the family Asclepiadacae. ...
The effects of co-administration of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on the liver of Plasmodium beighei infected Swiss albino mice was evaluated. Thirty mice divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each were used for this study. Healthy control group was not infected with. Other group was infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. beighei. Once parasitaemia was confirmed, treatment groups were assigned; Group A received distilled water at 10ml/kg body weight. Group B was not given any extracts. Groups C was given G.latifolium extract at 500mg/kg body weight. Groups D was given A. indica extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. Group E received both extracts at 500 mg/kg each. Group F received Artemether at 1.6mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered orally for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after blood was obtained for serum liver enzymes estimation. The liver were processed for histological study using H and E. Histology of the liver showed sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in the diseased control and steatosis, loss of normal sinusoidal architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and portal tract inflammation in the A. indica only group. The groups administered G. latifolium, both singly and in combination with A. indica had normal liver histology. The liver enzyme ALT was significantly (p<0.05) raised in A. indica treated group while it was normal in the G. latifolium groups. It will thus appear that G. latifolium ameliorated the hepatotoxicity of A. indica in Plasmodium beighei infected mice.
