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As the reality of climate change slowly sinks in the psyche of human society through the undeniable deterioration of human security among and within nations resulting from its impacts, we are now on a race against time to be prepared and proactive to mitigate its undesirable consequences on the population. One of the key tasks at hand is to better...
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... Ignacio [33] was the first to attempt to measure and map social vulnerability nationally at a lower administrative level, conducting a barangay level analysis of social vulnerability. However, the research used 2000 and 2010 census data, which is now outdated, and therefore fails to capture more recent temporal changes in vulnerability. ...
... Family structure can have significant disaster consequences. In the Philippines, family care responsibilities, lower wages, social constraints, and limited access to resources accentuate the vulnerability of women to disaster [13,33]. Women typically have less autonomy within households and are subsequently considered less equipped to respond to disasters [46]. ...
... The high population density associated with high degrees of urbanisation is considered to be a major factor contributing to vulnerability, due to very closely-and poorly-built structures [14]. Areas of high density can also complicate disaster evacuation processes, resulting in increased risk of human loss [33]. ...
This research sought to measure social vulnerability at the municipal level across the Philippines. Indicators of social vulnerability were identified from literature and relevant census data was collected from the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify underlying components of social vulnerability from this data, and these principal components, as well as an aggregated Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), were mapped at the municipal level. Negative Binomial (NB) regression analysis was then used to validate the SVI using typhoon mortality rates, with results indicating that a one standard deviation (SD) increase in social vulnerability is positively correlated with a 23.4% increase in observed typhoon-related fatalities. The development of a granular and validated SVI can guide researchers seeking to understand how localised vulnerability contributes to disaster risk in the Philippines and assist policymakers in prioritising local government units for disaster risk reduction interventions.
... We used Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a dimensionalityreduction method, to assess and capture underlying components in the selected housing census data. PCA has been widely used in social vulnerability studies to identify latent variables, by statistically analysing input variables and removing unrelated, redundant and multicollinear variables [42,100,101]. Each census vulnerability indicator was first normalised, allowing comparability across municipalities. ...
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises housing as an important element of vulnerability, however, there remains limited understanding of how sub-national housing vulnerability varies spatially. This research sought to develop a municipal-level housing vulnerability index for typhoon hazards, applied at a national scale in the Philippines. We first selected 25 housing vulnerability indicators from the 2015 Philippines census, which were reduced into seven underlying dimensions of typhoon-related housing vulnerability using principal component analysis: housing density, housing quality, crowdedness, tenure security, extreme substandard housing, drinking water source, and structural integrity. These components were then aggregated to create a relative housing vulnerability index. We applied spatial clustering analysis to test for patterns, finding increasing housing vulnerability from north to south, with nuance in municipalities that defy these national trends. Our results offer a more granular view of housing vulnerability which may assist in unpacking how localised housing conditions contribute to disaster risk and assist researchers and government agencies in targeting disaster interventions.
Urban populations, especially vulnerable communities, are facing increasing flood risks due to the rising frequency of floods caused by climate change and rapid growth. Effective mitigation requires moving beyond physical and environmental approaches to embrace social dimensions. This study examined the prevailing social drivers of floods in flood-prone communities in Metro Manila, Philippines using social data acquired through a door-to-door household survey. Responses were assessed using exploratory and combined qualitative and quantitative analyses. The findings of this study show that the decision to remain in flood-prone areas is influenced by attachment to homes and acclimatization to the environment, convenience of accessible amenities to fulfill basic needs, livelihood dependence, economic considerations, house ownership, and perceived safety from floods. When choosing a place to live, the complex tradeoffs of residents are reflected, wherein daily economic concerns outweigh the possible flood damage. By understanding the social drivers of residency, policymakers and community leaders can develop targeted interventions and formulate strategies to address the root causes of the problem, leading to effective interventions and enhancing the resilience of urban communities.
Storms continue to be the deadliest type of weather-related disasters globally. The Philippines is one of the most at risk countries to disasters, yet there continues to be gaps in understanding where and why people are killed in typhoons – the country's most prominent natural hazard. This research sought to understand how typhoon mortality varies across the Philippines at the municipal level, focusing on differences in rural and urban municipalities between 2005 and 2015. Generalised linear regression models (GLMs), including Poisson and negative binomial (NB), were used to analyse the relationship between typhoon mortality and level of urbanisation while controlling for social vulnerability and typhoon exposure. Findings indicate that typhoon mortality is disproportionality concentrated in emerging, rather than established, urban centres. Deaths from typhoons were significantly higher per capita in older age groups and amongst men, with drowning accounting for 71% of deaths, although there is uncertainty in these later trends which show the need for investment in national disaster databases. Our results make contributions to understanding of urban-rural patterns of disaster risk and the determinants of typhoon mortality in the Philippines.
