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Agroforestry—now-a-days considered as a future land-use strategy due
to its’ structural complexity and perceived environmental benefits. The present
study was performed on four contrasting traditional agroforestry systems (i.e. betel
vine based Khasia agroforestry, lemon and pineapple based Tripura agroforestry,
and short-term shifting cultivation...
Citations
... The soil carbon stocks (50 cm depth) in the forest was recorded as 11 to 44 Mg ha − 1 (Fig. 4), that exhibits a remarkable capacity of storing soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC values observed in this study are comparable to a tropical hill forests in Bangladesh, which reported SOC estimates of 51 Mg ha − 1 (Mukul, 2014), 23.1 Mg ha − 1 (Barua and Haque, 2013), 50.5 Mg ha − 1 (Ullah and Al-Amin, 2012), 80.1 Mg ha − 1 (Hossain Chowdhury et al., 2007), and 39.7 Mg ha − 1 (Islam et al., 2001). However, tropical forest can store higher SOC, such as 110 Mg ha − 1 in Nepal (Kafle, 2019). ...
... HGs are also reported to attract several bird species and animals, highlighting their importance in animal conservation (Rahman et al. 2009;Roy et al. 2013;Mukul 2014). A study by Mukul (2014) reported a total of 27 mammalian species and 53 bird species in HGs of Bangladesh. ...
... HGs are also reported to attract several bird species and animals, highlighting their importance in animal conservation (Rahman et al. 2009;Roy et al. 2013;Mukul 2014). A study by Mukul (2014) reported a total of 27 mammalian species and 53 bird species in HGs of Bangladesh. In his study, higher diversity of birds (31 species) was reported from betel-vine dominated HGs when compared to the natural forests (23 species). ...
With the adoption of modern agricultural practices, concerns have grown about the long-term sustainability and environmental consequences of the intensification of agricultural systems. As such, traditional agroforestry systems can play a significant role in achieving nutritional and ecological security due to their multifunctional role. Homestead gardens (HGs) of the tropics, considered as one of the oldest forms of traditional land-use system, are regarded as the epitome of sustainability. They have long been seen as the most effective means for biodiversity conservation holding significant values in forest conservation and livelihoods. Despite the system’s potential to provide sustenance to millions, they have received relatively little scientific attention. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to summarize the existing state of knowledge on HGs and their contribution to species diversity and conservation, as well as present a brief overview of some traditional management practices reported in the tropical and subtropical regions. The review revealed that plants species in the HGs vary from 9 to > 600 species with a density of ~342–4259 individuals ha−1 and Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H) of 1–4.9. Studies have shown that there is no standard size for HGs, but could range from ~0.003 to 2.4 ha or more with a mean size of ~0.42 ha in the tropics. Tropical HGs are known to show high floristic diversities compared with other agro-ecosystems with some reporting more diversity than nearby forests. The majority of the species are domesticated and managed by farmers for multiple uses and benefits where the most essential function is food production. Besides the tangible benefits, HGs provide multiple ecological functions including microclimate modifications and conservation of genetic resources, nutrient cycling and soil and water conservation. The traditional management practices under the tropical HGs are generally characterized by low input and use of very simple technologies. We argue for the recognition in development initiatives and formulation of appropriate policies for their conservation and better utilization of the genetic materials and indigenous knowledge associated with HGs.KeywordsAgroforestry systemsBiodiversity conservationMultispecies systemsSpecies diversitySustainabilityTraditional farming systems
... Conventional approaches to manage the natural ecosystem have not been effective in the tropical region, hence resulted in largest forest area being converted into other land uses in the last two decades (Humayun-Bin-Akram & . Hill forests of Bangladesh have been subjected to both deforestation and degradation, and are probably the most anthropogenically disturbed forest in the South Asia (Humayun-Bin-Akram Mukul, 2014). To have a better understanding of the consequences of deforestation scenario before and after co-management in the hill FPAs of Bangladesh, Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) under IUCN Protected Area Category IV and Lawachara National Park (LNP) under IUCN Protected Area Category II has been selected. ...
... This might because of sound management practice in CWS. In the case of LNP, Malaker et al. (2010) recorded 78 tree species in 2010, (Mukul, 2014) recorded 66 tree species in 2014. Haider et al. (2017) recorded 70 species in 2017 and this study recorded 64 species in 2021 (Figure 9). ...
Protected areas (PA) have been considered as biodiversity conservation hub across the globe. The conventional “top-down” management approach has been failed to ensure resource sustainability in many PA. Therefore, co-management was introduced to secure the PA of Bangladesh and started with legal framework in 2008 (IPAC Project) until 2018 (CREL Project). Thus, land-use and biodiversity change analysis from a decade before and after 2008 has generated comparison of previous and after scenario of co-management. Hence for evaluating effects of co-management on temporal biodiversity and land-use change in Bangladesh, two PA, Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) under IUCN Protected Area Category IV and Lawachara National Park (LNP) under IUCN Protected Area Category II, were selected. Community structure of both vascular plants and avifauna species was used to determine current biodiversity variations with habitat influence. Land-use change analysis revealed deforestation and settlements expansion in CWS but decrease in LNP. Trend analysis forecasted good future of LNP in terms of forest cover till 2038. Biodiversity analysis revealed that CWS is slightly more diverse and even than LNP. Comparative analysis recognized prominent loss of biodiversity before co-management period. Therefore, co-management system can be employed in the rest of reserve-forest areas of Bangladesh for conservation betterment.
... The modern era of industrialization and globalization allocates a lot of comfort and luxurious life which lead to an alarming situation of huge environmental degradation integrated with all the disturbing activities like land conversion, fragmentation and over population. Bangladesh is one of the world's most densely populated countries experiencing intense pressure on forest areas through land use change and human disturbance [61], [62], [63], [64] towards national parks as well as over-exploiting of natural resources. For this reason, it is alarming that it is important to face a number of challenges for empirical dynamic policy instruments to protect biodiversity through continuous growth of national parks in Bangladesh. ...
In Bangladesh, biodiversity loss is a national problem, linked to the high biological productivity of parks, wildlife sanctuaries, wetlands, home forests and marine biodiversity. National Park Information (NPI) is the state centre for biodiversity conservation. Everyone exploits biodiversity but no one can conserve it effectively due to lack of systematic principles and tools. This study seeks to increase the cognitive factors of the policy towards the growth of national parks for the conservation of biodiversity in Bangladesh. It represents an analysis and review of the legal aspects to improve conservation activities in and around the National Park's current distribution, policy tools and area. Research data is collected through field surveys, literature reviews, observations, interviews and stakeholder participation. Studies have shown that existing NPs are spread in 27.13% of administrative district areas, but 72.87% of the districts in Bangladesh have no NPs which will adversely affect the conservation of biodiversity in the future. The study focuses on NPI growth between 2010 and 2020. The study further found that Lawachara National Park is in better condition than other NPs in Sylhet division. Furthermore, the study recommends that policy-making decisions on sustainable biodiversity conservation in NPs in Bangladesh should integrate national growth with the economic, social, institutional, environmental and legal domains. It concludes by highlighting conceptual changes for integrated biodiversity research in national parks.
... The Likert scale ranging from 0 to 5 were used to assess the supply capacities of ES where 0 = no relevant capacity; 0-1 = low relevant capacity; 1-2 = relevant capacity; 2-3 = medium relevant capacity; 3-4 = high relevant capacity; and 4-5 = very high relevant capacity (Burkhard et al., 2009a;2009b) respectively. The ecosystem supply capacities of each ES were assessed based on the score provided by the experts through participatory scoring exercises supplied by those who were experts in this research field (Mukul, 2014;Mukul et al., 2014;Akhter et al., 2013). Twelve experts from different institutions were selected to assign the score from the land cover. ...
... More than 35 crop species are grown annually in hilly areas (Ahammad and Stacey 2016). In the northeastern hills, the agroforestry system is the most dominant farming practice by hill dwellers (Mukul 2014;Haider et al. 2013). There's a tremendous possibility for growing high-value crops such as fruit, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants in hilly areas under an agroforestry system (Rasul and Tripura 2016). ...
Agroforestry plays an important role in hill ecosystems by developing a combined production system integrating trees and crops. The primary aim of the study was to determine the impact of agroforestry practices on the livelihoods of the respondents in the hill ecosystems of Bangladesh. This study comparatively assessed 100 smallholder agroforestry farmers’ livelihoods in the hill ecosystem (Rangamati and Bandarban districts). An immense and in-depth field visit was conducted from June 2018 to August 2019, interviewing the farmers through both open-ended and closed-ended semi-structured questionnaires. Group discussion was also used to retrieve qualitative data. Five livelihood capitals: human, physical, natural, financial and social showed a mixed impact on agroforestry farmers’ livelihoods. The respondents were mostly (34%) young (20-30 years old), illiterate (44%) and experienced in farming (64%), but interested in adopting agroforestry practices for their livelihood maintenance. The financial capital is gained through crop income, farmers’ ownership of high-value equipment (motorcycles or thresher/dryer), and lease tenure of land. Farmers appear to have similar access to physical and natural capital and relatively higher access to social capital, although livelihood resources are interrelated. All these observations come together into a picture of the hill people’s socio-economic and farming characteristics. Farmers’ livelihoods are improved tremendously by practicing agroforestry as they’ve further access to food, fodder and fuel lumber, which is reflected by greater access to livelihood capital. Despite the prevalence of location, the sensitive questionnaire (income range) and the search for solutions to problems through group discussion are limitations of this study. Further research is recommended to more thoroughly investigate the impact of agroforestry systems on farmers' livelihoods.
... Agroforestry systems are varied depending on the main trees and crops planted to support community livelihood. For example, betel vine based Khasia-, pineapple and lemon-based Tripura-, short-term shifting- [7], timber treebased-, industrial tree crop-based-, fruit tree-based, and mangrove-agroforestry [8]. ...
... 4 (3.29), lemon agroforestry (2.85), pineapple agroforestry (2.24), secondary forest (2.71), shifting cultivation (1.94) in Bangladesh [7], and home gardens in Indonesia (2.84) [18]. Smaller home gardens in Indonesia tend to be more diverse than large home gardens but large home gardens have greater carbon stocks [18]. ...
... Agroforestry systems are varied depending on the main trees and crops planted to support community livelihood. For example, betel vine based Khasia-, pineapple and lemon-based Tripura-, short-term shifting- [7], timber treebased-, industrial tree crop-based-, fruit tree-based, and mangrove-agroforestry [8]. ...
... 4 (3.29), lemon agroforestry (2.85), pineapple agroforestry (2.24), secondary forest (2.71), shifting cultivation (1.94) in Bangladesh [7], and home gardens in Indonesia (2.84) [18]. Smaller home gardens in Indonesia tend to be more diverse than large home gardens but large home gardens have greater carbon stocks [18]. ...
Agrisilviculture, the practise of combining forest trees with crops and fruit trees, is common on smallholder and communal land in Sabah. This research aims to determine the diversity and composition of plant species in a communal rubber-based agrisilvicultural system at Kampung Ratau, Manggatal, Sabah. A 50 m x 200 m plot was established in an old rubber garden mixed with other plants. The plot is divided into 10 m x 10 m quadrats. All trees measuring more than 1 cm dbh, lianas and vines were recorded. Diversity indicated by the Shannon-Weiner index H 'value is 2.72 for all types of plants, 2.25 for trees, and 1.73 for lianas and vines, respectively. The Simpson index (D) is 0.87, 0.78, and 0.68 for all types of plants, trees, lianas, and vines, respectively. The Margalef index (Dm) is 5.69, 3.36, and 2.89 for all types of plants, trees, lianas, and vines, respectively. The dominant tree, liana, and vine species are Hevea brasiliensis (128), Smilax cf. laevis (96), and Lygodium cirinnatum (23). The agroforestry system can support moderately diverse plant species and contains several dominant species.
... The forest in LNP is semi-evergreen in nature, and it is located in the wettest region of the country (Mukul 2014). The park area is a habitat of at least 167 species of plants, 4 species of amphibians, 6 species of reptiles, 246 species of birds, 20 species of mammals, and 17 insect species (Pavel et al. 2016;Quazi and Ticktin 2016;Uddin and Hassan 2010). ...
The valuation of natural ecosystems helps policymakers to allocate adequate resources for the provision of ecosystem services they provide. Cultural ecosystem services are the non-material beneits we obtain from nature, which include but are not limited to recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, physical and mental health beneits. They are essential for a proper sense of a place, human health, and wellbeing. We quantiied the recreational and other non-material beneits of Lawachara National Park (LNP), one of the oldest and most diverse forest protected areas and tourist attractions in northeast Bangladesh. A Modied Travel Cost Method (MTCM) was applied for quantifying the recreational and other non-material values of LNP. Altogether 309 respondents were interviewed, covering both peak season and slack season. In our MTCM, we considered several additional factors, unlike the commonly used Travel Cost Method (TCM). The value of cultural ecosystem services of LNP was estimated to be Taka 476.70 million and Taka 476.44 million per annum using MTCM and TCM, respectively. The value estimated using MTCM was marginally higher than the value estimated using TCM and was due to the additional variables we considered in our modified approach. We believe our estimates using MTCM will guide policymakers to properly value natural ecosystems and facilitate adequate resource allocation for ecotourism in LNP and elsewhere.
... Tech. 11(1): 49-59, June 2021 Table 3. Biomass and soil carbon in different agroforestry systems (Mukul, 2014 Table 4. Carbon sequestration potentials of three common agroforestry species at the age of 5-7 th year after plantation in Bangladesh (Hanif et al., 2015). (Talukder et al., 2019). ...
Geographical position makes Bangladesh globally as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. It is observed that climate change has become a burning issue jeopardizing the agricultural production in the country. Considering the issue, adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) is indispensable for mitigating climate change by reducing emissions, capturing the atmospheric carbon and storing it in biomass and soil. The study reviewed the literature to evaluate the potentiality of agroforestry practices as climate smart agriculture to mitigate climate change impacts. Agroforestry has traditionally contributed to climate resilience in Bangladesh by integrating trees and/or crops into different land use practices. Agroforestry systems enhance resilience to climate change through increasing tree cover, carbon sequestration, increasing production, reducing threats to associated crops, creating favourable microclimate to support associated crops, reducing harvest pressure on natural forests, conserving biodiversity and cycling nutrients. Globally 23 countries recognize agroforestry as a mitigation priority, whereas 29 as an adaptation priority. Bangladesh has potential to expand agroforestry practices to mitigate climate change and boost food security. From socioeconomic and ecological point of views as well, agroforestry offers strong potential to evolve climate smart agricultural practices supporting food security, and adaptation and mitigation. Agroforestry practices should increase in climate vulnerable agroecosystems of Bangladesh.
