Fig II-4 - uploaded by Christopher B Zambell
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Muyocopron smilacis infection visible on S. rotundifolia stems (a) Diseased stem showing red spots characteristic of the disease per Luttrell (1944), and dead shoot to the left side, with characteristic black growth. (b) M. smilacis sexual reproductive structures on dead S. rotundifolia stem photographed through dissecting microscope (asci and ascospores, not shown, were also observed using a compound microscope).
Source publication
Fungi asymptomatically infect all terrestrial vegetation, but the structure and assembly of these fungal communities are poorly understood. Smilax rotundifolia, a common woody vine of the northeastern United States, was used as a model to study endophytic (internal colonizing) and epiphytic (surface colonizing) fungal communities, from the perspect...
Contexts in source publication
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... curves generated by using colony count data (Fig. 4b) showed broadly similar patterns. A long tail of rare species remained in all plots, including the ...
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... finding of greater observed species richness in the epiphytic sphere (51 interior, 65 surface spp.) is in keeping with the general trend observed in other temperate region studies of woody plants. As tabulated by The rank abundance plots (Fig. 4a,b), which show epiphytic curves descending more gradually than the endophytic curves between common and rare species, further support a view of an epiphytic assemblage that was both more species rich and more even than the endophytic community. If species abundances or presence counts roughly approximate resource use within an ...
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... and surface existence might reasonably be considered two different modes of life based on the strong division seen in most species association with one or the other habitat. The effect of combining these two modes of life in the combined rank abundance plot ( Fig. 4a) is to generate a more even community than the two that it came from. Perhaps the surface community is also more even because more modes of life intersect with the surface lifestyle than the endophytic, including different reproductive strategies and ...
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... intensity of colonization on stems varied significantly between minor sites (Fig. 4), in both endophytic and epiphytic datasets. Differences were significant even between minor sites that were situated in the same major site. Only for the Pine Barrens locality were there no significant differences between minor sites. Epiphytes, but not endophytes showed a significant correlation between density of trees (trunk area) ...
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... site. Only for the Pine Barrens locality were there no significant differences between minor sites. Epiphytes, but not endophytes showed a significant correlation between density of trees (trunk area) and colonization intensity, and the mean intensity of colonization of epiphytes and endophytes were significantly correlated to each other (see Fig. 4 ...
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... suggests that the plant community and forest structure in the immediate vicinity of sampling was more important than the general plant flora at the multi-kilometer scale. The Pine Barrens minor sites, unlike the other environments, were much more homogeneous in the immediately surrounding trees (Table 3, Fig.5d), had similar density of trees (Fig. 4), and were probably of a similar age as tree trunk widths were ...
Citations
... Although the formal study of phylogenetic community structure has not been applied to endophytic research to our knowledge (see Saunders et al. 2010), we have used backbone phylogenies to gain some idea of how commonly occurring phyllosphere fungi in the same plant are related to each other. Studying the perennial woody vine of the Northeastern U.S., Smilax rotundifolia, we found it to be commonly colonized endophytically by two Phyllosticta species, and epiphytically by four common Pestalotiopsis species (Zambell 2015). Drawing upon other authors' work in these genera, we downloaded sequences from Genbank to generate 2-gene alignments, and backbone phylogenies in which to place the greenbrier associated fungal species. ...
... Other variables influence the frequencies of the host's core common endophytes, determining where, when, or under what circumstances certain species become very dominant, as opposed to being subdominant or even rare. These variables include tissue or organ type (Wang and Guo 2007, Kumar and Hyde 2004, Sun et al. 2012, season (Tadych et al. 2012, Mishra et al. 2012, Unterseher et al. 2007), tissue age (Hata et al. 1998, Osono 2008, sun vs. shade (Unterseher 2007), presence or absence of a defensive compound (Saunders and Kohn 2009), and in certain cases, distance along a base-to-tip axis of a plant organ (Zambell andWhite 2015, Hata andFutai 1995). It would be useful for future studies to determine the magnitude of these effects, ranking the order of importance between different variables. ...
... We can assume, based on previous literature reviews (Zambell 2015, Osono 2006, Sieber 2007, Weber and Anke 2006, that many common aerial endophytes follow a life cycle in which they colonize plant tissues at some opportune time, lie in a state of constrained, localized growth within internal tissues, then resume growth at a time of either (a) high plant stress or (b) during seasonal or age-related tissue senescence (additionally, some Class 3 endophytes may be accidental infections that have colonized an unsuitable host and will die without reproducing). Thus, to understand the ecology of derived from marine algae was inoculated into multiple crop species. ...
... Although the formal study of phylogenetic community structure has not been applied to endophytic research to our knowledge (see Saunders et al. 2010), we have used backbone phylogenies to gain some idea of how commonly occurring phyllosphere fungi in the same plant are related to each other. Studying the perennial woody vine of the Northeastern U.S., Smilax rotundifolia, we found it to be commonly colonized endophytically by two Phyllosticta species, and epiphytically by four common Pestalotiopsis species (Zambell 2015). Drawing upon other authors' work in these genera, we downloaded sequences from Genbank to generate 2-gene alignments, and backbone phylogenies in which to place the greenbrier associated fungal species. ...
... Other variables influence the frequencies of the host's core common endophytes, determining where, when, or under what circumstances certain species become very dominant, as opposed to being subdominant or even rare. These variables include tissue or organ type (Wang and Guo 2007, Kumar and Hyde 2004, Sun et al. 2012, season (Tadych et al. 2012, Mishra et al. 2012, Unterseher et al. 2007), tissue age (Hata et al. 1998, Osono 2008, sun vs. shade (Unterseher 2007), presence or absence of a defensive compound (Saunders and Kohn 2009), and in certain cases, distance along a base-to-tip axis of a plant organ (Zambell andWhite 2015, Hata andFutai 1995). It would be useful for future studies to determine the magnitude of these effects, ranking the order of importance between different variables. ...
... We can assume, based on previous literature reviews (Zambell 2015, Osono 2006, Sieber 2007, Weber and Anke 2006, that many common aerial endophytes follow a life cycle in which they colonize plant tissues at some opportune time, lie in a state of constrained, localized growth within internal tissues, then resume growth at a time of either (a) high plant stress or (b) during seasonal or age-related tissue senescence (additionally, some Class 3 endophytes may be accidental infections that have colonized an unsuitable host and will die without reproducing). Thus, to understand the ecology of derived from marine algae was inoculated into multiple crop species. ...
Saikonnen (2007) has argued that the most basic role of endophytes, without further assumptions, is as competing plant consumers. We proceed from this viewpoint of endophytes as plant consumers that must disperse, survive in their environment, compete for common resources with other endophytes, and produce propagules to complete their life cycles. From this simple starting point, we attempt to outline quantifiable aspects of the endophytic life cycle. Next, we analyze how processes of environmental selection and competition at each step in the life cycle might contribute to the formation of endophytic communities. Finally, we look at the possible role of plant-produced secondary metabolites in endophytic community assembly, and review the current literature on the subject (of which there is surprisingly little). After covering these topics, it is clear that there are many opportunities to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and build a much stronger basic understanding of endophytic community ecology going forward.
