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![Figure 1: Three-dimensional printing processes [11].](profile/Yun-Lim/publication/303512933/figure/fig1/AS:365647109345281@1464188472298/Three-dimensional-printing-processes-11_Q320.jpg)
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... this study, a 220×50×50 mm specimen was constructed. Considering the size limit for the 3D printer, three types of reinforcement design were also printed: traditional rebar with stirrups (Figure 2), aligned reinforcements (Figure 3), and randomly distributed fibers (Figure 4). Additional reinforcements were directed towards locations where cracks occur due to a weakness in tensile strength (Figure 3- b). ...
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has brought about a revolution in the way we can manufacture complex products with customized features. AM has paved its way in the application areas ranging from aerospace, automotive, consumer to biomedical. AM of composites has attracted special attention due to its promise in improving, modifying, and diversifying th...
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... Modeling on the fiber reinforcement alignment adjusted with the 3DP system was performed in previous research [82,83]. The authors [82,83] reported that in order to model the fiber orientation, the fiber length, boundary condition, directional angles, self-sustaining supporting condition, and spacing of fibers need to be inputted. ...
... Modeling on the fiber reinforcement alignment adjusted with the 3DP system was performed in previous research [82,83]. The authors [82,83] reported that in order to model the fiber orientation, the fiber length, boundary condition, directional angles, self-sustaining supporting condition, and spacing of fibers need to be inputted. Then, 3D modeling of the fiber distribution can be performed, as shown in Fig. 6. a b Fig. 6: ( [82,83] However, the danger of the formation of cold joints increases with fiber addition [29]. ...
... The authors [82,83] reported that in order to model the fiber orientation, the fiber length, boundary condition, directional angles, self-sustaining supporting condition, and spacing of fibers need to be inputted. Then, 3D modeling of the fiber distribution can be performed, as shown in Fig. 6. a b Fig. 6: ( [82,83] However, the danger of the formation of cold joints increases with fiber addition [29]. Fiber addition increases the strength of printed layers separately, not integrated the successive deposited layers and neither integrate the interfaces. ...
Automatic construction systems have become the focus of the construction industry and research projects worldwide. Numerous technologies involving 3D printing (3DP) of concrete elements have been developed, and their application in construction projects has been growing. The 3DP in concrete construction is increasing due to its freedom in geometry, rapidness, formwork-less printing, low waste generation, eco-friendliness, cost-saving nature, and safety. Development of 3DP is not only limited to the earth but also gaining attention for building habitats in space. This study aims to present the technical, socio-economical, and environmental aspects related to 3DP of concrete structures for a systematic summation of the technology, guidelines, applications, challenges, and prospects of future research and market in the construction industry. This comprehensive review shows that challenges involved in 3D concrete printing should be analyzed further by researchers to enhance mechanical performance, durability, and sustainability and establish appropriate standard guidelines for printing structures.
... These were (0.64, 0.94 and 1.21 mm) for cables (A, B and C) respectively. Various lengths (15,25 and 35 mm) of these cables were embedded in the concrete samples. In terms of printed beams, the cables were entrained into the concrete filament during printing process to the bottom layer. ...
... Various types of reinforcement (reinforced rebars, aligned reinforcements, and fibers) were 3D printed [25]. The 3d printing was conducted in order to study the arrangement, distribution as well as direction of such reinforcement when used in Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (FRCCs) in order to overcome the problems that associated when using traditional reinforcement and fibers.A photopolymer was used in their study instead of other traditional materials such as metal, and PVA. ...
Due to the increased demand for more sustainable building environments, and the excessive need in building field to meet the designer's requirements such as irregular,complex shaped structures, the utilization of three-dimensional technology (3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM)) by engineers in construction sector is increased globally. The key-advantages of use 3D printing method over traditional building methods are: low labor cost, less waste materials, freedom in design, faster construction, no need for formwork and reduce the risk and safety issues in construction sites. In theory, the printing is based on using 3D computer-aided-design (CAD) to materialize the whole building structure by just pressing a button in the 3D printer that brought to the construction site while the reality is not like that. This paper presents most recent developed innovative methodology used for 3D printing, possible printed building materials and the existed 3D printed structures in reality towards spotting the light on the most high-tech applications in construction and the possibility to adopt such technology in Iraq to overcome the challenges in design with faster building methods towards develop the country in construction sector.
... However, new models of printers are being developed, which are able to print various materials including plastics, concrete, and metals. Owing to the increasing interest to this technology, some studies on its applicability for manufacturing composite materials have been reported [13]- [15]. With the rapid development of these techniques, the above-mentioned limitations can be eliminated within several years. ...
The distribution of fibers in the composite (which takes into account both their locations and orientations) is one the important factors that affect the mechanical properties of FRCs. However, this parameter depends on various factors during composite fabrication, and controlling the distribution of fibers in the produced material represents a significant challenge. In this study, the applicability of three-dimensional (3D) printing technique for controlling fiber distributions was evaluated. The fibers fabricated using a 3D printer were placed inside a mold to produce cementitious composites. Three-point bending tests were conducted and the results of the experiment were discussed.
Last several decades, a lot of different technologies have been developed for better performance of Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (FRCCs). One of the great outcomes is Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) which was invented by ACE-MRL Group with Li's contribution. In his research, many important key issues such as micro-mechanics of composites according to the macro performance of FRCCs have been understood clearly and utilized to develop many different types of ECCs. However, the technology to control distributions of fibers and their orientations in a cementitious composite was not easy if we are just following the conventional process, mixing fibers with cementitious matrix at the same time. In this paper, we are trying to provide and share a new idea to make a Ctl-ECC (Controlled Engineered Cementitious Composite) with three dimensional (3D) printed fibers, which helps to enhance mechanical properties such as tensile strength and toughness. 3D printer can control the distributions and orientations of the fibers, after which slurry of cement paste or mortar is poured into the 3D printed fiber structures, so-called SIFCON process. Currently, the printing materials are very limited. However, it is expected to overcome this limitations in near future with the speed of development in 3D printing industries. Therefore, this research paper is a feasibility study to point out the direction to utilize current 3D printing technology to make a Ctl-ECC. As an evaluation purpose, three point bending tests will be performed with different distribution and orientation with the constant fiber volume fraction (around Vf = 0.5~1.0 %) and will report the effects of the new suggested technology.
