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The present context and tendencies in modern production system, as mass customization, requires improvements with respect to the agility of the production organizations. In this sense, agile approaches have been proposed, such as the holonic approach. In Holonic Manufacturing System (HMS) the production entities, as resources and products, are envi...
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... The so-called paradigm unfitness would be a relevant and even primary cause of software development problems that hinder breakthrough solutions in the video query system as much as other domains involving distributed and high-demanding processing. Therefore, researchers have devised new development paradigms, such as the highlighted Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP), created more than a decade ago and evolved in recent years [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
With the rapid growth of video data, the search for content and events in videos is becoming increasingly relevant, and many challenges arise. Various approaches have been proposed to deal with many issues. However, many open questions are still related to computational cost and latency, especially for real-time applications. Considering the need for new and efficient solutions, the so-called NOP (Notification Oriented Paradigm) could be a suitable alternative. NOP introduced a new way of thinking and developing software in which small collaborative entities perform fact execution and logical decision processing based on precise notifications. Following these concepts and practical tools, this paper proposes a new querying processing method based on NOP, focusing on search and matching in a continuous flow context. Experiments on a labeled dataset demonstrated the suitability of the proposed method for low-latency processing with polynomial complexity. The results are better than the state of the art, which works at exponential cost.
... O PON surgiu de uma solução de controle discreto para processos industriais, proposta por Simão [5], a qual evoluiu, por meio de diversos trabalhos, culminando neste novo paradigma de programação [6]. Este novo paradigma oferece alternativas para lidar com problemas do Paradigma Imperativo (PI) e do Paradigma Declarativo (PD) no tocanteà computação lógicocausal, como redundâncias estruturais (repetição indevida de código) e temporais (repetição indevida de processamento), bem como o acoplamento entre partes do código [6]. ...
... No caso do sistema implementado em PON (MicroPon IoT) os elementos sensores podem ser entendidos como FBEs com Attributes, que notificam suas mudanças de estado não por chamadas de funções e sim por meio de troca de mensagens em uma rede, assim como estabelecido por Simão [5] para o caso de uma aplicação industrial. Os elementos atuadores, por outro lado, assumem o papel dos Methods de FBEs em PON, sendo também instigados por mensagens em rede. ...
Este artigo visa à análise de desempenho de aplicações desenvolvidas em materializações do Paradigma Orientado a Notificações (PON), no contexto de microcontroladores. A aplicação envolve sensores e atuadores para Internet das Coisas comunicando-se em rede. Os resultados apresentados mostram que materializações do PON possuem diversas vantagens quanto ao usual Paradigma Imperativo (PI), sendo mais eficiente do que PI neste cenário. Este estudo expande os horizontes da aplicação do PON para um novo conjunto de plataformas, particularmente para aquelas com grande limitação de memória e processamento.
... The main currently used programming techniques, such as Object Oriented Programming (OOP) of the Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Rule Based Systems (RBS) of the Declarative Paradigm (DP), lead to the development of applications with strong coupling of causal expressions and unnecessary evaluations [1,2]. Aimed at solving such deficiencies present in these programming paradigms, the Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP) was proposed. ...
This paper presents the development of NOPL (Notification Oriented Programming Language) Version 1.2, and its compiler, to implement a complete solution for a team of robotic soccer players. The NOPL language implements the concepts proposed by the Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP), that evolves together concepts from both declarative and imperative programming paradigms. At first, a prototypical version of the language and compiler (version 1.0), was developed to evaluate the feasibility of programming within this new paradigm. Although successful, this first version had some limitations, which made difficult the development of complex applications that solve real problems. In this sense, this paper introduces version 1.2 of the NOPL language and compiler, in which is possible to create complex applications in an easier and direct way. This new version is then evaluated in the development of a complete control software for robot soccer matches (Robocup), using a simulator for the Small Size League (SSL) category. The control program developed in NOPL V1.2 was then compared, in terms of code complexity and maintenance level, with functionally equivalent solutions developed with NOPL 1.0 and a previously developed control system, in C++ programming language from the Imperative Paradigm (Object Oriented). Experiments realized with NOPL 1.2 showed its easy of use, allowing for a much more concise expression of rules for a team of 6 robots, when compared to NOPL 1.0 (61% fewer lines of code for the same functionalities).
... NOP is derived from previous works of notificationoriented control and inference [19]. Essentially, the NOP is based upon the concept of small, smart, and decoupled entities that collaborate by means of precise notifications. ...
... In addition, NOP shares the Premise collaborations (i.e., ''results of logic evaluation'') between Conditions (i.e., causal evaluations), thereby avoiding unnecessary repetitions of code in the Rules and avoiding unnecessary processing in the execution of the Rules. Thus, temporal and structural redundancies are, respectively, avoided, guaranteeing suitable performance by definition [17,19]. ...
... As this work treats on the NOP Framework 3.0 in the implementation of BP training of an MLP ANN, Fig. 22 presents the implementation of the Rules rleNetStart (here named as rleStart) and rleGetHVal (displayed in Figs. 18,19) using NOP Framework 3.0 syntax. ...
Since the 1960s, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been implemented and applied in various areas of knowledge. Most of these implementations had their development guided by imperative programming (IP), usually resulting in highly coupled programs. Thus, even though intrinsically parallel in theory, ANNs do not easily take an effective distribution on multiple processors when developed under IP. As an alternative, the notification-oriented paradigm (NOP) emerges as a new programming technique. NOP facilitates the development of decoupled and distributed systems, using abstraction of knowledge through logical–causal rules, as well as the generation of an optimized code. Both features are possible by means of a notification-oriented inference process, which avoids structural and temporal redundancies in the logic–causal evaluations. These advantages are relevant to systems that have parts decoupled in order to run in parallel, such as ANN. In this sense, this work presents the development of a multilayer perceptron ANN using backpropagation training algorithm based on the concepts of a NOP implementation. Such implementation allows, transparently from high-level programming, parallel code generation that runs on multicore platforms. Furthermore, the solution based on NOP, when compared against the equivalent on IP, presents a high level of decoupling and explicit use of logic–causal elements, which are, respectively, useful to distribution, understanding and improvement of the application.
... That solution intends to apply the Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP) in the manufacturing context from an ontological viewpoint. It was inspired by the fact that the notification approach is capable of dealing with the control of distributed, collaborative, and heterogeneous systems in the holonic manufacturing context by means of a development paradigm shift (Simão 2005;Simão, Stadzisz, and Morel 2006;Simão, Tacla, and Stadzisz 2009;. ...
... In the domain of manufacturing, the interoperability of Manufacturing Systems (MS) along the life cycle of a product, at different hierarchical levels, in and across industries, has been gradually accepted as one key feature of the fourth industrial revolution . In this context, the Intelligent MS (IMS) community developed the holonic approach, called Holonic MS (HMS) (Bongaerts, 1998;Wyns, 1999;Simão, 2005;Simão, Tacla, and Stadzisz 2009;Bajic and Chaxel, 1997;Valckenaers et al. 1998;Van Brussel et al. 1998;Van Brussel 1994). ...
... Therefore, those computational entities should present suitable performance, collaboration agility, and even some emergent behaviour in a comprehensive way. Moreover, those computational entities should achieve these features in the highly distributed environment of manufacturing systems, that represents an additional complexity factor (Simão 2005;Simão, Tacla, and Stadzisz 2009;Deen 2003;Morel and Grabot 2003). ...
The application of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has brought a series of new challenges to the traditional Enterprise Information Systems (EIS). More and more networked manufacturing entities are combined with data sensing, collection, transmission, and actuation capabilities. EIS are now facing large amounts of heterogeneous data. To address this issue, this paper proposes a notification-oriented solution for the data-intensive EIS within a distributed, collaborative, and heterogeneous environment. The solution is then applied in terms of model to a cloud-based smart factory prototype. This work indicates the suitability of the proposition and discusses the existing drawbacks and perspectives that include the manual modelling process and the application on a prototype.
... Neste âmbito, uma alternativa a SBR é o Paradigma Orientado a Notificações (PON), o qual foi concebido a partir de uma teoria de Controle e Inferência Orientado a Notificação [14]. O PON se propõe a eliminar algumas das deficiências dos paradigmas tradicionais (particularmente PI e PD) em relação a avaliações causais desnecessárias e acopladas. ...
... Por meio deste mecanismo, as responsabilidades de um programa são divididas entre as entidades do modelo, o que proporciona uma execução otimizada e 'desacoplada' (i.e. minimamente acoplada), útil para o aproveitamento correto de monoprocessamento, bem como para o processamento paralelo/distribuído [14] [15]. A luz das técnicas existentes, pode-se dizer que o PON permite desenvolvimento orientado a regras em alto nível, ao mesmo tempo em que utiliza elementos de programação reativa e orientada a eventos para alcançar um arranjo particular de inferência. ...
... Isto dito, desde a concepção prototipal do framework do PON [1] [14], até uma concepção dita primária ou original (versão 1.0) [15], possibilitou-se a criação de aplicações regidas sob os princípios do PON. O Framework 1.0 apresenta uma estrutura mais eficiente em comparação à versão prototipal. ...
The Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) is a new technique to develop software. NOP is a rule-oriented approach where every rule and fact-base element is derived into less complex entities with specific tasks. These entities particularly collaborate by means of notifications, which occur only when their state changes. This allows carrying out an inference process completely active. Due to this particular arrangement, NOP can eliminate most of the structural and temporal redundancies that affects program execution performance, difficulties in codification level, and high coupling in program modules. In order to validate the NOP state of art, a framework was initially implemented in C++. Even though it quite demonstrated the features of the paradigm in terms of the development process, it still presented a gap in execution performance. In this context, this paper presents the NOP Framework 2.0. This new version was reengineered aiming better structuration and improvements in the execution time of NOP applications. The experiments show that the new implementation is two times faster than the former one. In addition, new experiments were presented comparing the NOP applications to equivalent implementations based on Oriented-Object Paradigm (OOP) in C++. The NOP applications presented, in some cases, better performance than the OOP applications.
... In short, this is due to the fact that source codes developed in the current paradigms tend to generate coupled and even redundant code. Under this assumption, Simão and Stadzisz [5] created the Notifications Oriented Paradigm (NOP) [5][6] [7]. This paradigm was developed from a generic meta-model of discrete control that enables, efficiently and intuitively, the organization of collaborations between entities (eg manufacturing entities), in order to achieve agility in the production. ...
... In short, this is due to the fact that source codes developed in the current paradigms tend to generate coupled and even redundant code. Under this assumption, Simão and Stadzisz [5] created the Notifications Oriented Paradigm (NOP) [5][6] [7]. This paradigm was developed from a generic meta-model of discrete control that enables, efficiently and intuitively, the organization of collaborations between entities (eg manufacturing entities), in order to achieve agility in the production. ...
... The concepts of NOP were first materialized using the Object Oriented Paradigm (OOP), through a framework developed with the C++ programming language. A first prototype and version 1.0 of the NOP Framework was implemented specifically for uniprocessor environments, covering the concepts of NOP presented earlier [5][10]. The version 2.0 (called current) of the framework will be used in this work and is the subject of subsection C. ...
When implementing Artificial Neural Networks with imperative programing languages, the resulting programs are usually highly coupled. This problem usually hampers distribution over multiple processors, especially when the ANN executes on general-purpose processors. An emerging technique called Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP) facilitates the development of distributed and decoupled systems, and minimizesthe amount of processing calculations, while avoiding structural and temporal redundancies in the logical-causal evaluation. These advantages seem to be relevant to parallel systems, especiallyin the case of ANNs. In this sense, this paper presents the development of a Multi-Layer Perceptron using backpropagation training algorithm, based on the concepts of NOP in its implementation. The overall performance of NOP implementation was not so good in comparison with the Imperative Paradigm (IP) implementation, because the current materialization of NOP (framework) is still based on a single thread implementation. Even though, this implementation proved to be plausible and decoupled, as well as parallelizable according the inherent parallelism of ANNs, conceptually intrinsic on the NOP.
... The NOP basis was initially proposed by J. M. Simão as a manufacturing discrete-control solution [28,29]. This solution was evolved as general discrete-control solution and then as a new inference-engine solution [4], attaining finally the form of a new programming paradigm [1,[8][9][10]. ...
... For example, a given optimized program exceeding the capacity of an available processor would demand processing splitting [6]. Other examples are programs that must guarantee error isolation or even robustness by distributed module redundancy [28]. These features can be found in application of nuclear-plant control [41], intelligent manufacturing [28,29,42,43], and cooperative controls [44]. ...
... Other examples are programs that must guarantee error isolation or even robustness by distributed module redundancy [28]. These features can be found in application of nuclear-plant control [41], intelligent manufacturing [28,29,42,43], and cooperative controls [44]. ...
This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the per-formance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which would allow better performance, causal-knowledge organization, and decoupling than standard solutions based upon usual paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Para-digm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions due to the concept of high-level pro-gramming. However, they are considered slower in execution and less flexible in development. Anyway, both para-digms present similar drawbacks such as redundant causal-evaluation and strongly coupled entities, which decrease the software performance and the processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to a mono-lithic inference mechanism based upon sequential evaluation by searching on passive computational entities. NOP pro-poses another way to structure software and make its inferences, which is based upon small, collaborative, and decoup-led computational entities whose interaction happens through precise notifications. In this context, this paper presents a quantitative comparison between two equivalent implementations of a computer game simulator (Pacman simulator), one developed according to the principles of Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP/IP) in C++ and other developed accord-ing to the principles of NOP. The results obtained from the experiments demonstrate, however, a quite lower perform-ance of NOP implementation. This happened because NOP applications are still developed using a framework based on C++. Besides, the paper shows that optimizations in the NOP framework improve NOP program performance, thereby evidencing the necessity of developing a NOP language/compiler.
... The NOP basis was initially proposed by J. M. Simão as a manufacturing discrete-control solution [28,29]. This solution was evolved as general discrete-control solution and then as a new inference-engine solution [4], attaining finally the form of a new programming paradigm [8][9][10]. ...
... For instance, a given optimized program exceeding the capacity of a given processor would demand processing splitting [1,6]. Other instances are programs that must guaranty error isolation or even robustness by distributed module redundancy [1,28]. These features can be found in application such as nuclear-plant control [41], intelligent manufacturing [29,42,43], and cooperative controls [44]. ...
This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses the performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which would allow causal-knowledge organization and decoupling better than standard solutions based upon current paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions due to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower in execution and lesser flexible in development. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks such as redundant causal-evaluation and strongly coupled entities, which decrease software performance and processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to a monolithic inference mechanism based on sequential evaluation searching on passive computational entities. NOP proposes another way to structure software and make its inferences, which is based on small, collaborative, and decoupled computational entities whose interaction happens through precise notifications. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between two equivalent implementations of a sale system, one developed according to the principles of Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP/IP) in C++ and other developed according to the principles of NOP based on a NOP framework in C++. The results showed that NOP implementation obtained quite equivalent results with respect to OOP implementation. This happened because the NOP framework uses considerable expensive data-structures over C++. Thus, it is necessary a new compiler to NOP in order to actually use its potentiality.
... Therefore, suitable engineering tools for software development, namely programming languages and their environments, should facilitate the development of optimized and correct code [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Otherwise, engineering costs to produce optimized-code could exceed those of upgrading the processing capacity [3,[8][9][10]. ...
... The NOP basis was initially proposed by J. M. Simão as a manufacturing discrete-control solution [12,29]. This solution was evolved as general discrete-control solution and then as a new inference-engine solution [3], achieving finally the form of a new programming paradigm [7][8][9]. ...
... For instance, a given optimized program exceeding the capacity of an available processor would demand processing splitting [5]. Other instances are programs that must guaranty error isolation or even robustness by distributed module redundancy [12]. These features can be found in application of nuclear-plant control [35], intelligent manufacturing [12,29,36,37], and cooperative controls [38]. ...
This paper presents a new programming paradigm named Notification Oriented Paradigm (NOP) and analyses performance aspects of NOP programs by means of an experiment. NOP provides a new manner to conceive, structure, and execute software, which allows better performance, causal-knowledge organization, and entity decoupling than standard solutions based upon current paradigms. These paradigms are essentially Imperative Paradigm (IP) and Declarative Paradigm (DP). In short, DP solutions are considered easier to use than IP solutions thanks to the concept of high-level programming. However, they are considered slower to execute and lesser flexible to program than IP. Anyway, both paradigms present similar drawbacks like causal-evaluation redundancies and strongly coupled entities, which decrease software performance and processing distribution feasibility. These problems exist due to an orientation to monolithic inference mechanism based upon sequential evaluation by means of searches over passive computational entities. NOP proposes another manner to structure software and make its inferences, which is based upon small, smart, and decoup-led collaborative entities whose interaction happen by means of precise notifications. This paper discusses NOP as a paradigm and presents certain comparison of NOP against IP. Actually, performance is evaluated by means of IP and NOP programs with respect to a same application, which allow demonstrating NOP superiority.
