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The brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), and a hiding place in the ridge area. Photo: J. Meyer, A. Zahn
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... We added the first recorded mountain long-eared bats in Aosta Valley , caught with mist-nets in alpine meadows at 2050 m a.s.l. The species is known to be common in the Eastern Alps as well: in Austria (21 records — Spi - tzen berger et al., 2002 Spi - tzen berger et al., , 2006 Kiefer and Hel versen, 2004; Reiter and Zahn, 2006; Kiefer 2008), Italy (unknown number — Chirichella et al., 2003), and northwestern Slovenia (10 records — Presetnik et al., 2009 ). M. Spada (personal communication) reported its presence at 13 locations in Italy, and we captured mountain long-eared bats at four more Eastern Alp locations, including two from mist-netting above the timberline in western Slovenia. ...
The mountain long-eared bat, Plecotus macrobullaris, is a recently described species, and characterisation of its geographic and elevational distribution is still in progress. Captures in various environments led to a controversial ecological perception, with P. macrobullaris initially defined as an alpine species but subsequently found in the Mediterranean seashore and other lowland areas. Sampling efforts hitherto were uneven; this bat has been studied more thoroughly in Western Europe than in the eastern portion of its range, and in lowlands more than highlands or alpine environments. For greater insight into its distribution pattern, we conducted a field survey in several mountain areas of its known range, using a novel mist-netting technique (described herein) that has proven very useful for targeting and capturing low-flying open-space bats in alpine environments. We also gathered all available distribution data on this species from published resources and by contacting researchers, obtaining records at 351 total localities (including 113 from other authors’ unpublished reports and 45 from our own fieldwork). We concluded that P. macrobullaris is present in the main Western Palearctic mountain ranges, extending from the Pyrenees to the Middle East, and has an elevational distribution from sea level up to 2,800 m. The high number of these bats captured foraging above the timberline, in addition to the exclusively mountainous distribution, indicate that the species is indeed alpine, showing a pattern similar to other highly mobile vertebrates restricted to mountain areas and absent from flatlands. Nevertheless, its apparent elevational distribution may still be biased toward lower areas, due to the scarcity of surveys in high mountain habitats.
BAT MITIGATION GUIDELINES FOR IRELAND
ABSTRACT
Bats and their roosts are protected by Irish and EU law because all species have
declined and some are threatened or endangered.
There are 10 known species of bats in Ireland, each with its own lifestyle and habitat
requirements. They use a wide variety of roosts, including buildings of all sorts, trees
and underground places.
Many bat roosts are used only seasonally as bats have different roosting requirements at
different times of the year. During the summer, females of all species gather in colonies
to give birth and rear their young; these maternity roosts are often in places warmed by
the sun. During the winter bats hibernate, often in places that are sheltered from
extremes of temperature.
When planning a development it is advisable to check for the presence of bats as early
as possible so that any planning and licensing issues can be addressed before resources
are committed. Bat surveys require specialist knowledge and equipment.
Planning authorities are required to take account of the presence of protected species,
including bats, when considering applications for planning permission and may refuse
applications on the grounds of adverse effects on these species or if an assessment of
the impact of the development on protected species is inadequate. Planning conditions
or agreements may be used to ensure the conservation status of protected species is
maintained.
A grant of planning permission does not constitute a licence or permit to disturb bats or
interfere with their breeding or resting places.
Application may be made to the National Parks and Wildlife Service for a derogation
licence to permit actions affecting bats or their roosts that would normally be prohibited
by law. The applicant must demonstrate that there is no satisfactory alternative and that
the action will not adversely affect the favourable conservation status of the bats. Each
case is considered on its particular circumstances, and an application may be refused.
Mitigation to reduce or compensate for any impact of development is generally a
condition of the licence and must be proportionate to the impact. Mitigation measures
will be proportionate to the impact and may require particular timing of operations,
protection of existing roosts or the creation of new roosts to replace ones being lost. In
some cases, a considerable period of time may be required to carry out this work.
Monitoring of the effect of the mitigation is usually required.
The protected species legislation applies independently of planning permission, so
licences are likely to be necessary for operations that affect bats but do not require
planning permission.
The National Parks and Wildlife Service strongly advises developers to seek the
services of a professional ecological consultant with appropriate experience in assessing
bat populations when contemplating a development proposal that would affect bats or
their roosts.
This document gives generic technical advice on assessing impacts and developing
mitigation plans. It does not give a comprehensive explanation of the legislation and
developers may wish to seek their own legal advice.
Full Citation:
Kelleher, C. & Marnell, F. (2006) Bat Mitigation Guidelines for Ireland. Irish Wildlife
Manuals, No. 25. National Parks and Wildli
