Figs 22-32 - uploaded by Carol von Dohlen
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Eriosomatinae (aptera vivipara) of moss and/or roots of fir, spruce or willow. 22-26, Prociphilus xylostei: 22, adult; 23, ultimate rostral segment; 24, antennal segments I-V; 25, metatarsus and apex of tibia; 26, wax gland plate. 27-32, Thecabius populimonilis: 27, adult; 28, ultimate rostral segment; 29-30, antennal segments showing variation in number; 31, metatarsus and apex of tibia; 32, wax gland plate. Scale bars: 0.20 mm for Figures 22, 27; 0.05 mm for Figures 24, 28, 29, 30, 31; 0.03 mm for Figures 23, 25.
Source publication
Apterous adult morphs of eriosomatine aphids associated with moss (Bryophyta) and/or roots of conifer (Pinaceae) or willow (Salix Linnaeus (Salicaceae)) in forests of the North American Pacific Northwest including Alaska are described, illustrated, and keyed. In total, seven species (Clydesmithia canadensis Danielsson, Melaphis rhois (Fitch) (moss...
Citations
... Prociphilus is a genus of aphids that presents complex taxonomic and biological problems (Smith & Stroyan 1972), specifically due to the complexity of their life cycles and their ability to develop paracycles in their secondary hosts, as it happens in other groups of Pemphigini and Eriosomatini. However, thanks to the use of molecular tools combined with traditional taxonomy, some of the abovementioned problems can be solved (Pike et al. 2012). ...
Prociphilus (Prociphilus) bumeliae (Schrank, 1801) was recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula, while developing colonies on the branches of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, attended by Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758) and a Tapinoma ant of nigerrimum group (Nylander, 1856). Relationships with these two ant species are new records. The identification was carried out using morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics.
... However, in the present study, only a few samples harboured these symbionts, and they did so at extremely low abundance (<0.05%); this value was lower than that detected in Hormaphidinae (<1%) [93]. Most species in Eriosomatinae induce galls on their primary host plants or live in the roots of their secondary host plants [64,67,69,[94][95][96][97][98]. Galls or living underground can provide protection against parasitoids and predators to the inducer aphid and its offspring [99][100][101][102], the biological role of which is similar to that of defensive symbionts. ...
Eriosomatinae is a particular aphid group with typically heteroecious holocyclic life cycle, exhibiting strong primary host plant specialization and inducing galls on primary host plants. Aphids are frequently associated with bacterial symbionts, which can play fundamental roles in the ecology and evolution of their host aphids. However, the bacterial communities in Eriosomatinae are poorly known. In the present study, using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we surveyed the bacterial flora of eriosomatines and explored the associations between symbiont diversity and aphid relatedness, aphid host plant and geographical distribution. The microbiota of Eriosomatinae is dominated by the heritable primary endosymbiont Buchnera and several facultative symbionts. The primary endosymbiont Buchnera is expectedly the most abundant symbiont across all species. Six facultative symbionts were identified. Regiella was the most commonly identified facultative symbiont, and multiple infections of facultative symbionts were detected in the majority of the samples. Ordination analyses and statistical tests show that the symbiont community of aphids feeding on plants from the family Ulmaceae were distinguishable from aphids feeding on other host plants. Species in Eriosomatinae feeding on different plants are likely to carry different symbiont compositions. The symbiont distributions seem to be not related to taxonomic distance and geographical distance. Our findings suggest that host plants can affect symbiont maintenance, and will improve our understanding of the interactions between aphids, their symbionts and ecological conditions.
... The genus Pachypappa Koch 1856 corresponds to a little aphid taxon from the Pemphigini tribe (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae), that host alternates between species of Populus L. (the primary host) and different secondary hosts, not always known, but frequently being different species of Picea Dietrich (five species) or Salix L. (two species) (PIKE et al., 2012;BLACKMAN and EASTOP, 2019). ...
... Like most species of Pemphigini and other Eriosomatinae, their full (holocyclic) life cycles are rather complex and their ability to develop paracycles on subterranean parts of their secondary hosts makes their taxonomy problematic in some species. However, nowadays some of these taxonomic problems can be solved using molecular studies (PIKE et al., 2012). ...
The aphid Pachypappa warshavensis (Nasonov) (Aphididae: Eriosomatinae: Pemphigini) on its primary host Populus alba L. is properly confirmed in the Iberian Peninsula. The species was initially cited as Asiphum varsoviensis (Mordvilko, 1835) in Spain, but the absence of specimens in the entomological collections, as well as the alleged limited distribution to the countries of Northern and Eastern Europe, made it removed from the list of the Ibero-Balearic aphids. The identification based on morphological and molecular characters (COI) has been confirmed and the fundatrix and its winged fundatrigenia are described. In addition, phylogenetic relationships based on COI sequences of P. warshavensis with other Pachypappa species available in the databases are presented.
... Most of them are host alternating, with parthenogenetic summer generations feeding on the roots of coniferous trees as secondary hosts (Blackman & Eastop 2018). Overwintering parthenogenetic populations of Prociphilus americanus (Walker, 1852) and other Prociphilus species are known from Northern America (Pike et al. 2012), where they are tended by ants even during the winter months (Smith 1969). These interactions mainly involve subterranean ant species of the genus Lasius (Ivens et al. 2018) and seem to be strict enough to result in the development of physiological and morphological adaptations in the aphids as a direct response to this kind of interrelationship. ...
The first observations of the aphid Prociphilus fraxini (Fabricius, 1777) being involved in a mutualistic relationship with the ant Prenolepis nitens (Mayr, 1853) in Europe is documented. Mutualism of an aphid generation living with the ants Prenolepis nitens and Lasius brunneus (Latreille, 1798) is discussed in reference to the possible development of an overwintering parthenogenetic population of the aphid, persisting on the roots of its secondary host, Picea abies, due to coevolution of the aphid with ants.
... Tarsi with segments fused (in practice 1-segmented); antennae 4-5-segmented. Legs, antennae and rostrum short and stout Genus Melaphis Walsh, 1867 Melaphis rhois (Fitch, 1866)DiagnosisDiagnosis based onPike et al. (2012). resembling Pachypappella lactea but marginal wax gland plates on segments 1-6 in six longitudinal rows (in P. lactea in four rows on segments 3-6). ...
... In northern europe anholocyclic on mosses. For detailed descriptions, seePike et al. (2012).Recorded secondary hosts brachytheciaceae: Eurhynchium striatum; hypnaceae: Hyocomium armoricum, Hypnum; Polytrichaceae: Polytrichum commune; Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum. Distribution S (if correctly identified: Heie's (1980) fig. ...
Keys and diagnoses of North european aphids (hemiptera, Aphidoidea) associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns are given, based on fresh and freeze-dried material. Numerous externally visible and thus informative characters, that are absent in cleared, slide-mounted specimens, such as body shape colours, wax coating and pattern etc., are utilized. Most of the species are illustrated by photographs of live specimens and drawings. root-feeding species living in the moss layer or otherwise often present in moss samples are also included, even if their hosts were spermatophytes. the combination of colour images and diagnoses, utilizing easily observed characters, allows the identification of a large number of species already in the field, and many more at home with the aid of a stereo microscope. Host plant relationships and association with ants are summarised, including new records. brief accounts on aphid life cycles, freeze-drying preparation techniques, etc. are also given to support the use of the keys.
... Melaphidina diversity is heavily biased towards eastern Asia, where all but one described species are native (Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers, 1976;Blackman and Eastop, 1994;; only Melaphis rhois is native to North America. This species is broadly distributed in eastern North America; isolated populations occur on Rhus and moss in Arizona, USA (Moran, 1989) and on moss in the Pacific Northwest of North America (Pike et al., 2012), but it is unclear whether these are native or introduced from the east. Taxonomy of Melaphidina is unsettled, with certain species in dispute and others possibly undescribed. ...
Intercontinental biotic disjunctions have been documented and analyzed in numerous Holarctic taxa. Patterns previously synthesized for animals compared to plants suggest that the timing of animal disjunctions are mostly Early Tertiary and were generated by migration and vicariance events occurring in the North Atlantic, while plant disjunctions are mostly Mid-Late Tertiary and imply migration and vicariance over Beringia. Melaphidina aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Fordini) exhibit host-alternating life cycles comprising an obligate seasonal shift between Rhus subgenus Rhus species (Anacardiaceae) and mosses (Bryophyta). Similar to their Rhus hosts, melaphidines are distributed disjunctly between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America. We examined evolutionary relationships within Melaphidina to determine the position of the North American lineage, date its divergence from Asian relatives, and compare these results to a previous historical biogeographic study of Rhus. We sampled nine species and three subspecies representing all six genera of Melaphidina. Data included sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II + leucine tRNA, cytochrome b, and nuclear elongation factor 1α genes. Phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian, maximum-likelihood, parsimony) of the combined data (3282 bp) supported the monophyly of all genera except Nurudea and Schlechtendalia, due to the position of N. ibofushi. While the exact position of the North American Melaphis was not well resolved, there was high support for a derived position within Asian taxa. The divergence of Melaphis from Asian relatives centered on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (∼33-35 Ma), which coincides with closure of Beringian Land Bridge I. This also corresponded to the Asian-North American disjunction previously estimated for subgenus Rhus spp. We suggest the late-Eocene Bering Land Bridge as the most likely migration route for Melaphis ancestors, as was also hypothesized for North American Rhus ancestors. Results for the Melaphidina disjunction depart from the modal pattern in animal lineages, and present a case where insect and host-plant taxa apparently responded similarly to Tertiary climate change.
Melaphis rhois Fitch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has been considered the only North American representative of the aphid subtribe Melaphidina. Molecular and morphometric analysis indicates that there are at least three sympatric cryptic melaphidine species in North America. Melaphis asafitchinew species is described and M. rhois is redefined and a neotype designated. The name Melaphis minuta Baker cannot be assigned to either of these species. Details of the life cycles of Melaphis Walsh species, including the existence of ovoviviparity in sexual females, is discussed.
