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![Figure 2. 1: Bitumen as a by-product of the distillation of crude oil [9]](profile/Georgios-Pipintakos/publication/348182701/figure/fig2/AS:976168417251331@1609748095554/1-Bitumen-as-a-by-product-of-the-distillation-of-crude-oil-9_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2. 2: Structure of polyethylene and polypropylene [17]](profile/Georgios-Pipintakos/publication/348182701/figure/fig3/AS:976168417243140@1609748095582/2-Structure-of-polyethylene-and-polypropylene-17_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2. 3: Structure of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) [17]](profile/Georgios-Pipintakos/publication/348182701/figure/fig4/AS:976168417247242@1609748095625/3-Structure-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-EVA-17_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2. 5: Structure of a crosslinked epoxy resin [50]](profile/Georgios-Pipintakos/publication/348182701/figure/fig6/AS:976168417247245@1609748095784/5-Structure-of-a-crosslinked-epoxy-resin-50_Q320.jpg)
The increasing traffic load has led to the use of polymer modifiers in bituminous mixes in
order to improve the performance and the durability of the pavement structures. Epoxy is a
thermoset material which ensures enhanced fatigue performance and improved mechanical
characteristics when used to modify bituminous materials. However, unlike conventi...
Citations
... References: (a) Pipintakos [7], (b) van de Bergh [5], (c) Li et al. [11]; (d) Li et al. [12], (e) Apostolidis et al. [10], (f) Apostolidis et al. [13], (g) Xiao et al. [14], (h) Cuadri et al. [15], (i) Omairey et al. [16], (j) Luo et al. [17]. ...
... It attains the flashing point at approximately 122 • C, has a relative density of 0.96, a vapour pressure of approximately 0.1 Pa, and a viscosity of approximately 6000 centistokes. FTIR spectroscopy sends an infrared signal through modified epoxy bitumen samples to generate the material's spectra fingerprints due to the levels of absorption of the infrared waves [5,7]. The height and area of the band peaks of the spectra at the functional groups (carbonyl and sulfoxide) characteristic of the changes due to reactions between epoxy and bitumen can be used to calculate the mass percentages of epoxy components [6,7,22]. ...
... FTIR spectroscopy sends an infrared signal through modified epoxy bitumen samples to generate the material's spectra fingerprints due to the levels of absorption of the infrared waves [5,7]. The height and area of the band peaks of the spectra at the functional groups (carbonyl and sulfoxide) characteristic of the changes due to reactions between epoxy and bitumen can be used to calculate the mass percentages of epoxy components [6,7,22]. ...
The road surfacing material is continuously exposed to both traffic and climate stresses, including extreme temperatures and heavy rainfalls. Subsequently, most road defects start from the surface and potentially develop into road structural damage. Appropriate road maintenance schemes are necessary to ensure the surface remains functionable. On the other hand, these maintenance schemes would be uneconomical without the use of durable and climate-resilient materials for road surfacing. This is vital in low-income countries (LICs), where the burdens of road maintenance are economically unbearable. In this regard, long-life epoxy-modified asphalt offers an opportunity to achieve durable and climate-resilient pavement surfacing. However, epoxy is an expensive material that may be subject to fraud, leading to poor quality of the surfacing mixture and the resulting road infrastructure. In order to prevent fraud and ensure the quality of epoxy bitumen mixtures for road surfacing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterise mixes of epoxy-modified bitumen and trace the content of epoxy. The findings showed that the epoxy content used in the preparation of mixes agreed with the epoxy content traced using FTIR. The mean difference between the two quantities was approximately ±1.0% with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.9. Therefore, FTIR can efficiently provide an antifraud method for modified epoxy asphalt mixes at the plant level to help achieve sustainable pavements.
... To have a complete picture of bitumen's behavior, also viscosity, defined as the ratio of shear stress and shear rate giving liquid flow resistance, should be considered (Pipintakos 2018). Whereas rheology can be seen as an indicator for binders' performance during its service life, viscosity gives insight into the workability (Bazyleva et al. 2010). ...
Designing more durable pavements is a crucial aspect of road engineering nowadays. An important subject to study in this field is the aging phenomenon, as it is considered one of the main causes leading to the deterioration of asphalt pavements. A way to predict possible deterioration is by studying the performance of bitumen. Empirical testing methods, such as penetration and softening point, will not differ between crude oil sources, as two binders from different sources may have the same empirical testing results. Neither a distinctive difference will be made in aging history, as it is possible that two binders originating from different sources, can undergo the same aging effects. Thus they are no longer accepted as the best surrogates to determine aging effects. Recently proposed rheological parameters (Glover-Rowe, ΔTc, R-value and crossover frequency) are a promising alternative to distinguish the effects of aging between bitumen of different types. Three different bitumens were selected in this study to evaluate the effects of bitumen origin and distillation in terms of rheology after aging, namely two from the same wax-free crude oil source and one visbroken bitumen of a different crude oil, containing natural wax. All three binders were tested in a Dynamic Shear Rheometer in four different aging states. An assessment of different aging simulations was made, concluding that a modified oven procedure is equivalent to the standardized simulation for short-term aging. Moreover, the presence of waxes influences the rheological behavior significantly, causing deviations in the Black Space diagram and the rheological indices. Besides the presence of waxes, the type of crude oil together with the degree of distillation processing also influences the rheological parameters. Additionally, correlations between all rheological indicators were detected, facilitating the opportunity to elect one index as the main identifier. Lastly, the influence of origin on the workability of the binders is assessed by viscosity measurements.
