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Four elements of 4D topologies and the basic 4D shapes.  

Four elements of 4D topologies and the basic 4D shapes.  

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In the field of design and manufacturing, there are many problems with managing dynamic states of three-dimensional (3D) objects. In order to solve these problems, the four-dimensional (4D) mesh model and its modeling system have been proposed. The 4D mesh model is defined as a 4D object model that is bounded by tetrahedral cells, and can represent...

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... this study, the fourth dimension (4D) is a 4D Euclid space that includes three-dimensional space and one- dimensional time. Figure 2 shows the four topological ele- ments of 4D topologies: vertices, edges, faces and cells. A cell is a 3D subspace in a 4D space and the simplest cell is a tetrahedron. ...

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