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Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex biopolymer that is primary composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The presence of cellulose in biomass is able to depolymerise into nanodimension biomaterial, with exceptional mechanical properties for biocomposites, pharmaceutical carriers, and electronic substrate's application. However, the entangl...
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... long chain cellulose polymers consist of D-glucose subunits which are linked together by í µí»½-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These linear polymers are linked together by different inter- and intramolecular bonds, which allow them to be packed side by side in planar sheet and bundled into microfibrils ( Figure 5). Hence, the cellulose is insoluble in water as the hydroxyl groups in sugar chains are bonded to each other, making a hydrophobic scenario. ...Similar publications
Bioethanol is one of the most important alternative renewable energy sources that substitute the fossil fuels. Sugarcane bagasse has a content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. The objective of work is ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by the fermentation process. Eight...
Overliming is an effective way of neutralizing and reducing the toxicity of the hydrolysates generated from acidic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production and others biotechnological products. Overliming generates a solid residue whose inadequate disposal may represent an environmental problem. This work aimed at the chemical...
Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet are considered promising alternative feedstocks for bioethanol production. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction from the stems for first generation ethanol production is practically well mastered. However, structural carbohydrate (SC) release from the bagasse for cellulosic ethanol production still needs...
Studies about Ozone (O 3 ) application in sugarcane residues for ethanol production are ongoing. This study was undertaken to evaluate the use of ozone as a pretreatment to facilitate hydrolysis of sugarcane top leaves. In the first experimentation, sugarcane top leaves were subjected to ozone (62.37 mg O 3 min -1 over a three hour period) and wate...
In the current practice of generating ethanol from corn stover (CS), mostly cellulose is converted into ethanol, and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and/or hemicellulose fractions are often discarded. This incomplete conversion of fermentable components consequently lowers the final ethanol yield of CS. Normal corn stover (NCS) that is commonly...
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... Finally, the aldehyde is hydrogenated to MEG with a solid catalyst dispersed in the mixture. The conversion of glucose into MEG constitutes an opportunity to benefit from a renewable raw material and generate a massive reduction in CO2 emission" [9]. However, the main drawback of this synthesis route is associated with the presence of several side reactions that decrease considerably the yield of the chemical process. ...
This study focuses on the increasing global demand for Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) and its production from corncob through Catalytic Hydrogenation. The process was optimized using Design of Experiment (DOE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Physiochemical properties of the produced MEG were found to align with ASTM standards. Physiochemical properties of the produced Monoethylene glycol (MEG) was determined to have the following; density 2.19g/cm3, specific gravity 1.077 at 20 oC, flash point 116.20 oC and viscosity 12.32mm2/s at 40 oC, this values is in agreement with the ASTM standard values for monoethylene glycol. The study utilized a central composite design (CCD) with 21 runs to assess the impact of key parameters on biomass hydrogenation, revealing a quadratic model, also Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows a high coefficient of determination (R2) of >0.9932. Four parameters (mass ratio of binary catalyst, hydrogen pressure, temperature and mass ratio of catalyst to feedstock) were varied with two center points to determine the effects of process parameters and eventually to get optimum monoethylene glycol (MEG) yield. The optimized conditions yielded a MEG yield of 70.2wt.%, demonstrating the potential of corncob as a viable source for MEG production. This finding proved that corncob can be utilized to produce monoethylene glycol (MEG) which could be potentially used in many way.
... With respect to physical features, it has been widely accepted that cellulose comprises alternating regions of highly crystalline and amorphous structures, and its CrI and DP are considered to be key factors that may affect the yield and quality of MCC and CNCs [12]. Notably, the CrI and DP values of both M. sinensis and M. floridulus, as shown in Figure 3b, were significantly higher than those of typical agricultural and forestry wastes [31]. In addition, ANOVA analysis suggested that the DP values of M. floridulus were significantly higher than those of M. sinensis, indicating that the molecular chains of the former are longer. ...
... With respect to physical features, it has been widely accepted that cellulose comprises alternating regions of highly crystalline and amorphous structures, and its CrI and DP are considered to be key factors that may affect the yield and quality of MCC and CNCs [12]. Notably, the CrI and DP values of both M. sinensis and M. floridulus, as shown in Figure 3b, were significantly higher than those of typical agricultural and forestry wastes [31]. In addition, ANOVA analysis suggested that the DP values of M. floridulus were significantly higher than those of M. sinensis., indicating that the molecular chains of the former are longer. ...
Miscanthus spp. has been regarded as a promising industrial plant for the sustainable production of bio-based materials. To assess its potential for microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) production, 50 representative clones of M. sinensis and M. floridulus were selected from a nationwide collection showcasing the extensive diversity of germplasm resources. Descriptive analysis indicates that the dry biomass weight of M. floridulus is advantageous whereas M. sinensis demonstrates higher MCC and CNCs yields as well as a smaller CNCs particle size. Correlation analyses indicated that MCC yield is solely influenced by the cellulose content whereas the yield of CNCs is affected by both the cellulose content and CrI. Comparative analyses of the chemical composition, physical features (degree of polymerization, crystalline index, particle size distribution and zeta potential), and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the MCC and CNCs extracted from M. sinensis and M. floridulus exhibited remarkable stability and quality. Additionally, the CNCs derived from M. sinensis and M. floridulus exhibited a distinctive ball-shaped structure. Notably, machine learning has demonstrated its efficacy and effectiveness in the high-throughput screening of large populations of Miscanthus spp. for predicting the yield of MCC and CNCs. Our results have also laid the theoretical foundation for the exploration, cultivation, and genetic breeding of M. sinensis and M. floridulus germplasm resources with the purpose of MCC and CNCs preparation.
... a) Natural fibers cell wall[100], and molecular structures of b) hemicellulose, c) lignin, and d) cellulose[101]. ...
Increasing global concerns regarding environmental sustainability and the responsible use of natural resources have led to global efforts to develop eco-friendly materials. These are driven by the desire to establish a circular and carbon-neutral economy and to reduce the environmental impact of non-renewable resources, particularly synthetic polymeric materials derived from finite petroleum fossil fuels. The adverse effects of the excessive use and waste accumulation of such materials have prompted the search for alternative routes for polymer production , emphasizing lower energy consumption and reduced emissions of pollutants such as greenhouse gases. Similarly , the growing population and negative environmental effects of conventional building materials demand more environmentally friendly building materials from sustainable untapped resources. Wood polymer composites (WPCs), which combine synthetic thermoplastic polymers as a matrix and lignocellulosic fibers as a dispersed phase, have been developed as alternative materials. This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of current WPC formulations, comparative advantages, and critical properties based on the matrix and filler compositions. Progress in various applications, interface functionalization, and modification of both hy-drophilic lignocellulosic fibers and hydrophobic polymer matrices including WPC interphase characterization were considered. This review also investigates the recent developments and benchmarks in WPC formulations achieved through natural reinforcement and the use of recycled plastics as secondary resources. The effects of the polymeric matrix (from non-polar to polar) and reinforcement (from nano to micro) on mechanical performance were comprehensively reviewed to better understand the research trends, challenges, and unsolved problems of WPCs as promising a sustainable transition to green building materials.
... Glucose represents primary component of cellulose, creating its fundamental structural component. The cellulose molecule exhibits a linear and elongated structure, consisting of a polymer chain ranging from 30 -100 units in length [42][43]. This chain is formed through the β-1,4 glycosidic bond among units of β-D-glucose as shown in Figure 4(a). ...
... Hemicellulose indicates a higher level of structural complexity compared to cellulose molecules within the fibrous architecture of plants [44]. Comprising of low molecular weight polysaccharides, including xyloglucans, xylans, mannans, glucomannans, and beta-glucans, which result in the formation of an amorphous structure [42][43]. Hemicellulose possesses several notable attributes, including susceptibility to elimination under high temperatures [43], manifestation of low molecular weights [46], and ability to form covalent bonds and 4-β D-glucopyranose connections, hence facilitating crosslinking with lignin [40]. ...
Textile industries have a central role in human health, well-being, and the global economy. Sustainable development has become a necessity in this sector by utilizing natural, renewable, and biodegradable raw materials such as kenaf, ramie, pineapple fibres, wool, cotton, and other natural fibres. Science and technology expanding option for sustainable fibre-use in the textile industry due to source-scarcity of raw materials, environmental impact concerns, and market demands. This review discusses various aspects related to natural fibres, and their applications in addition to cotton, which is the most applied natural fibres for the textile industry. Key characteristics of natural fibres include physical, mechanical, and surface properties. These properties vary and are influenced by the chemical composition of the fibres and environmental conditions in growth and production. For plant-based fibres how the fibres are extracted from the plant, and from which vegetative or reproductive structures they are extracted, can affect the ultimate fibre quality and uses of the fibres. Similarly, there are a range of processing methods that affect the final quality and utility of the fibres and application in industry.
... The extraction of cellulose from agricultural waste with the removal of pectin, cutin, and waxes using a chemical method is a common practice (Nang An et al., 2020;Rosa et al., 2012;Wasim et al., 2021). Cellulose is a polymer of hydrogen bonding with several hydroxyl groups that can be easily replaced by metal oxide (s) and become a modified cellulose nanocomposite(s) (Lee et al., 2014) and could be used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal. Due to their low cost and ease of use, metal-based nanomaterials are used nowadays for the removal of heavy metals. ...
Heavy metals significantly impact the environment due to their non-biodegradable, toxic, and carcinogenic behaviors. Lead contaminants impose severe health impacts on humans and the water environment. Therefore, eco-friendly and efficient lead ion removal practices such as nanotechnology are an urgent requirement for the abatement of lead pollution. In the present study, nanocellulose was synthesized from the cotton straw residue using chemical methods and modified with titanium dioxide to form a nanocomposite. The nanocomposite synthesized was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and BET. FTIR results noticed peaks at 1648.43 and 1443.57 cm⁻¹ for cellulose and Ti–O-Ti bonding at 505.02 cm⁻¹. The nanocomposite was noticed to be disordered and irregular in shape. The nanocomposite has particle sizes of 83 nm. The nanocomposite crystalline particle had 65% anatase and 32% rutile phases observed from the XRD result. BET results show that the surface area of nanocellulose increases after surface modification from 25.692 to 42.510 m²/g. The adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite was 0.552 mg/g was noticed. The Elovich kinetic and Baudu isotherms are the best-fitted models for lead ion adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters resulted in Gibbs free energy decreasing with temperature. This study revealed that modified cellulosic adsorbents efficiently absorbed lead ions derived from cotton straws.
... This recalcitrance of LCB leads to the major obstacle in the isolation of its valuable components. Pretreatment of biomass is regarded as an important step in overcoming this barrier since it allows the separation of cellulose by solubilising non-cellulosic components (Lee et al. 2014). The various chemical pretreatment methods that separate cellulose and hemicellulose from other non-cellulosic components, like lignin, are reported in the literature. ...
Cellulose-rich sugarcane trash (SCT) biomass, an important agricultural residue generated in large quantities every year, was used as a potential feedstock for cellulose extraction in micro and nano form. Initially, the cellulose microfibers were isolated from the SCT by a two-step chemical treatment process (alkali pretreatment with sodium hydroxide followed by hydrogen peroxide bleaching) at different operating parameters. The microfibers were then converted into the nanoscale by acid hydrolysis. The quantification of the raw and chemically treated SCT was carried out by the Van Soest method to learn their chemical composition. Different characterisation techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used for the analysis of surface functional groups, thermal stability, crystallinity index, surface morphology, and the internal structure of the raw as well as chemically treated SCT biomass respectively. The quantification results show the optimum process conditions for the alkali pretreatment as 5% (w/v) alkali (NaOH) concentration, 60 °C, and 12 h process time and for bleaching as 20% H2O2 concentration, 80 °C, and 8 h process time. This produces material having 86.15% cellulose content. This indicates the effective removal of hemicellulose and lignin. For the acid hydrolysis reaction for converting cellulose microfibers into nanocrystalline cellulose, the concentration of H2SO4 required was 40 wt.%, which is comparatively lower than that reported in the literature (~ 65 wt.%). The characterisation results highlight the progressive enrichment in the cellulosic groups, thermal stability, and crystallinity of the material with respect to the processing stages. There was a progressive enhancement in the crystallinity index of the sample observed with respect to the chemical treatment, with a maximum of up to 84.83% for the hydrolysed material. The XRD and TEM analysis confirms the presence of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) in the final hydrolysed sample.
... Cellulose is a type of polysaccharide that is found in the cell walls of plants and is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. It is made up of glucose molecules that are connected by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds, which form linear, crystalline microfibrils that owe to the mechanical and physical properties of cellulose [16]. Cellulose can be obtained from both natural and artificial sources and is widely utilized across industries. ...
The surging global population and industrial expansion have ushered in the introduction of detrimental heavy metals and organic contaminants into the ecosystem. Adsorption-centric methodologies have emerged as a prevalent means of expunging pollutants from diverse sources, underpinned by their inherent simplicity, cost-efficiency, and wide applicability. Cellulose, an innate polysaccharide, encompasses a suite of advantageous attributes, possessing enhanced surface area, mechanical robustness, and the capacity for functionalization with moieties like carboxyl, amino, and sulfur groups. Driven by its versatility, eco-friendliness, widespread availability, and diverse applications, nanocellulose has generated significant interest from both scientific and industrial communities. This chapter delves into recent strides in producing and deploying nanocellulose from waste biomass and its utilization as biosorbent in waste water treatment. Distinct preparation techniques for NC-based composites, either cellulose nanocrystals or cellulose nanofibrils, produce materials with unique structures and properties that have been extensively explored in environmental remediation. Within this discourse, an all-encompassing exploration of different nanocellulose composites intertwines with the latest strides in environmental applications for waste water treatment. This comprehensive narrative underscores recent advancements and prognosticates the potential ecological dividends stemming from NC-based composites.
... Lignocellulosic biomass is particularly attractive as sustainable feedstock due to its renewability and abundance [29][30][31]. It consists of three main components: lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. ...
Next-generation high-performance polymers require consideration as sustainable solutions. Here, to satisfy these criteria, we propose to combine high-performance styrenic block copolymers, a class of thermoplastic elastomer, with cellulose derivatives as a reinforcing agent with the aim of maintaining and/or improving structural and surface properties. A great advantage of the proposed blends is, besides their biocompatibility, a decrease in environmental impact due to blending with a natural polymer. Particularly, we focus on identifying the effect of different blending compounds and blend ratios on the morphological, structural, thermal, mechanical, electrical and cytotoxic characteristics of materials. This research provides, together with novel material formulations, practical guidelines for the design and fabrication of next-generation sustainable high-performance polymers.
... The initial step of nanocellulose preparation involves pretreating the lignocellulosic biomass to achieve delignification with the aim of easing its recalcitrance and remove hemicellulose. This pretreatment step enables one to acquire pure cellulose from lignocellulosic sources [4,12,13]. Thus, pretreatment processes enable effective separation of strongly interlinked cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions, which improves the accessibility to these individual fractions. Since the lignin content present in lignocellulosic biomass greatly affects its digestibility, an effective pretreatment technique is needed to solubilize lignin in achieving an efficient separation of the cellulose content [14]. ...
Herein, cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized from oil palm fronds (CNC-OPF) involving two pretreatment approaches, viz. autohydrolysis and soda pulping. The pretreatments were applied individually to OPF fibers to assess their influence on CNCs' physicochemical and thermal properties. CNC-OPF samples were assessed using complementary characterization techniques, which confirmed their purity and characteristics. CP/MAS 13C NMR and TEM studies revealed that autohydrolysis pretreatment yielded CNCs with effective hemicellulose and extractives removal compared to that of soda pulping. XRD analysis demonstrated that autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF contained a much higher crystallinity index compared to soda pulping treatment. BET measurement disclosed a relatively higher surface area and wider pore diameter of autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF. Autohydrolysis-treated CNCs were applied as a reinforcement filler in alginate-based hydrogel beads for the removal of 4-chlorophenol from water, which attained a qmax of 19.168 mg g−1. BET analysis revealed the less porous nature of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads which could have contributed to hydrogel beads' relatively lower adsorption capacity. The point of zero charge of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads was 4.82, suggesting their applicability only within a short solution pH range. This study directs future studies to unveil the possibilities of functionalizing CNCs in order to enhance the adsorption performance of CNC-immobilized hydrogel beads towards 4-chlorophenol and other organic contaminants.
... The acid breaks down the ester bonds that link lignin to cellulose and hemicellulose, leading to the removal of lignin from the material (Ohale et al. 2023). The resulting material is highly porous, with a large surface area for adsorption (Lee et al. 2014). ...
This study was aimed at studying the research trends as well as the effect of chemical treatment on the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse adsorbents in aqueous media. Drawing upon an expansive dataset spanning two decades and sourced from the Scopus database, it unveiled the temporal evolution of scholarly engagement, reflecting dynamic growth and shifting scholarly interests. With 1086 articles authored by 1060 co-authors hailing from 82 countries, the global influence of this research domain is strikingly evident. The intricate interplay between diverse chemical treatments and adsorption performance enhancement in aqueous solution was meticulously examined, encompassing acids, alkalis, oxidants, polymers, and surfactants. The mechanistic effects of these treatments emerged as a transformative strategy, often leading to significant improvements in adsorption performance, with enhancements even reaching up to 4000%. Nonetheless, isolated instances of reduced adsorption performance were also documented. This integrative analysis advances the understanding of sugarcane bagasse adsorbents as versatile and sustainable solutions poised to address complex environmental challenges.
