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Pavements with polymer modification exhibit greater resistance to permanent deformation, less thermal cracking, less fatigue damage and less temperature susceptibility. Implementation of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) is currently taking place in developing countries and the absence of PMB specification has always been a constraint. This research w...
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The road construction industry is concerned with utilizing
alternative and sustainable binder materials to aid in the production,
placement and increase in the performance of flexible pavements.
This research is aimed at evaluating the physical properties of
bituminous mixtures modified with PET (Polyethylene
Terephthalate), SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-...
Citations
... On the other hand, applications of anti-stripping agents, surfactants, bonding initiators could also be used to improve the long-term performance and durability of asphalt pavement [23,24]. Moisture infiltration through joints and fractures can make a pavement more vulnerable to disintegration over time. ...
The premature deterioration of asphalt pavements usually occurs due to different moisture damage mechanisms resulting in stripping, ravelling, potholes, and disintegration without proper treatment. Numerous efforts have been taken into consideration to improve the bonding between materials, hence prolonging the pavement life. This study evaluates the performance of asphalt binders incorporating Alkylamines-based (ALM) and Polyalkylene Glycol-based (PLG) bonding enhancers. Each bonding enhancer at 0.5% and 1.0% based on the weight of asphalt binder was separately blended with the conventional asphalt binder 60/70 penetration grade using a high shear mixer at 1000 rpm for 30 minutes at 160°C. The physical and rheological properties of modified binders were evaluated through penetration value, softening point, ductility, elastic recovery, rotational viscosity (RV), and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. Overall, additions of ALM and PLG show identical penetration grade compared to the control sample. Both ALM and PLG showcase a higher ductility and elastic recovery than the neat binder. The DSR test indicates the incorporation of bonding enhancers improves the modified binders’ rutting performance. While the application of ALM at 0.5% dosage increased the binder failure temperature out of all the tested samples, where the failure temperature is at 70°C, compared to others at 64°C. Studies at mastics and mixture levels should be conducted to appropriately understand the effect of bonding enhancer on the bituminous materials.
... The Penetration index (PI) is the measure of temperature sensitivity of binder and stiffness of asphalt. Low-temperature sensitivity is a reflection of increased resistance against thermal cracking and permanent deformation (Ghasemi andMarandi 2013, Sitinamaluwa andMampearachchi 2014). Thus, asphalt mixture containing binder with high PI has greater resistance to low-temperature cracking and permanent deformation (Ghasemi and Marandi 2013, Taherkhani andAfroozi 2016, Yaacob et al. 2016 (Li et al. 2018). ...
... In addition, it is considered that PMAB has improved RuW mixture when compared to elasticity behaviour of RuW at 20°C and 40°C; it can be noticed that the mixture has less temperature sensitivity (as confirmed by PI results) (Ghasemi and Marandi 2013, Taherkhani and Afroozi 2016, Yaacob et al. 2016. Therefore, as expected, modifying the bitumen with rubber and wax increases the asphalt mixtures' elasticity and reduces the permanent deformation (Ghasemi andMarandi 2013, Sitinamaluwa andMampearachchi 2014). 3.2.4. ...
... Moreover, aggregate particles have a stronger bond with the binder as the thicker modified binder surrounds the aggregates (Presti 2013, Kim et al. 2015; thus the performance of the RuW mixture is improved when compared to the HMA mixture. The stiffness of the RuW may offer extra stable cohesion that creates an improved, reinforcing factor (Ghasemi andMarandi 2013, Sitinamaluwa andMampearachchi 2014), resulting in enhanced cohesive characteristics of the asphalt matrix. This test has only investigated the effect of loading rate on asphalt mixture with 150 microstrains and 50% reduction in the initial stiffness level at 20°C corresponding fatigue life. ...
Conventional hot mix plants operate to support large paving projects, making production more economic with high volume output. When repairs and maintenance are needed, it can be challenging to maintain small quantities of hot bituminous mixtures at a sufficient temperature, especially in the case of winter maintenance. Consequently, the repair materials cannot be compacted to the desired level on some occasions. This research aimed to develop a polymer modified asphalt binder with reduced temperature sensitivity for hand-laid and low-volume applications. The results showed that the highest penetration index has been achieved by modifying bitumen with 20% rubber and 2% wax. The FTIR and XRD analysis indicated that the bitumen, rubber and wax that react chemically to build 3D networks have an interlocked structure in the bitumen matrix resulting in reduced temperature sensitivity of the polymer modified asphalt binder. Furthermore, indirect tensile stiffness, permanent deformation, creep test and fatigue life test, water sensitivity and freeze-thaw cycle demonstrated an improvement in the asphalt mixture properties in terms of mechanical and durability perspectives. Overall, based on this investigation, modifying asphalt binder with 20% rubber and 2% wax resulted in stronger and durable asphalt mixture in comparison to traditional hot mix asphalt.
... Even though Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) is being used for road construction globally, Sri Lanka's experience in PMB is limited due to lack of knowledge, technology, and quality issues (Sitinamaluwa and Mampearachchi 2014). However, roads as the dominant transport infrastructure in Sri Lanka, higher attention needs to be paid to develop the Sri Lankan road network using recycled polymer mixed bitumen mixtures. ...
... • Less availability of polymer types • Lower purity level of recycled polymers Sitinamaluwa and Mampearachchi (2014) stated that lack of knowledge, technology and qualityrelated problems are the main barriers in implementing polymer modification of asphalts in Sri Lanka. According to the interviewees, lack of awareness on PMB technology is the main barrier for implementation in Sri Lanka. ...
Life management controls the quality of one’s work while ensuring one’s quality of life with minimum conflicts. The contractor’s site quantity surveyor (QS), who has to shoulder many responsibilities on-site amongst time constraints, can most probably experience a life imbalance. Because the personal responsibilities of female and male site QSs differ, the aim of this study was to identify the strategies that will enhance the life management of contractor’s site quantity surveyors. The qualitative approach was adopted in the study, and the required empirical data were collected by interviewing 20 females and 20 males contractor’s site QSs. The interview findings were analysed using manual content analysis. Thirty-one and twenty-eight causes of life imbalance in male and female QSs respectively were identified. In addition, 50 and 48 strategies that will facilitate satisfactory life management in male and female QSs, respectively were identified. Some of the identified causes and strategies were common to both male and females QSs.
... Even though Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) is being used for road construction globally, Sri d due to lack of knowledge, technology, and quality issues (Sitinamaluwa and Mampearachchi 2014). However, roads as the dominant transport infrastructure in Sri Lanka, higher attention needs to be paid to develop the Sri Lankan road network using recycled polymer mixed bitumen mixtures. ...
... Less availability of polymer types Lower purity level of recycled polymers Sitinamaluwa and Mampearachchi (2014) stated that lack of knowledge, technology and qualityrelated problems are the main barriers in implementing polymer modification of asphalts in Sri Lanka. According to the interviewees, lack of awareness on PMB technology is the main barrier for implementation in Sri Lanka. ...
Even though Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) is being emerged as an alternative for conventional asphalt in the global context, the use of recycled plastics to produce PMB is still an unorthodox concept in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the study aimed at evaluating the applicability of recycled plastic as a construction material in road construction in Sri Lanka. The study apprehended a qualitative approach comprising a literature review, followed by twelve expert interviews. The data were analysed using manual content analysis. The economic, environmental, and social benefits and enablers along with social, technology-related, knowledge-related, economic, and resource-related barriers in implementing PMB in Sri Lanka were identified. Additionally, strategies to overcome such barriers were suggested. The study further recommends the use of recycled polymers over virgin polymers; increasing the awareness level in the industry; extending the government involvement; and establishing a standard specification.
... [31][32][33][34] The modification of asphalt binders using polymers showed indications of longer service life and better quality for asphalt pavements which accommodated superior economical and safety requirements compared to conventional unmodified binders. 19,[35][36][37] ...
Major distresses such as rutting, fatigue, and thermal cracking are facing asphalt pavement structures due to continuous heavy traffic loading and climate change. The modification of asphalt binders (one of the main components of the asphalt paving mix) has the potential to mitigate distresses through using different additives. Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binders showed a noticeable resistance to pavement distresses as reported in previous studies. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of polymer modification on the rheological properties of asphalt binders through laboratory tests. The polymers included styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and epolene emulsifiable (EE2) types. The 60/70 binder was used as a control for comparison. The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) was also utilized to simulate the effect of PMA binders on the rheological properties under different climatic conditions and structural capacities. Additionally, the MEPDG was further utilized to compare the effect of asphalt binders on rheological properties using four different binder input levels. Findings of the study showed that laboratory tests experienced varying outcomes regarding the most efficient asphalt binder by means of distresses resistance. However, the MEPDG evaluation showed that the overall ranking of asphalt binders positively impacting the rheological properties was as following: (1) 4.5% EE2 PMA, (2) 4% EE2 PMA, (3) 60/70 binder, (4) 5% SBS PMA, and (5) 4% SBS PMA binders. Furthermore, statistical analysis illustrated that the effect of using different binder input levels on the performance of pavement varied relatively to the evaluated distresses. The analysis showed that using different binder input levels would affect, to a certain extent, the asphalt binder influence on rheological properties only when evaluating rutting and fatigue distresses. Therefore, it is recommended that precise asphalt binder inputs, that is, shear complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) are used when designing pavement structures in regions with hot and mild climate conditions.
... The softening point of the 60/70 binder was 47 °C compared to PMB which have higher softening point values about 81 °C. Therefore, the minimum softening point of 60° C is considered as appropriate [108]. ...
The use of recycled crumb rubber (CR) in asphalt pavements could be an essential step towards ensuring a more sustainable future in addition to opening a new investment opportunity for global investors. Asphalt modifers have the ability to enhance the performance of fexible pavements and contribute towards ensuring a more sustainable environment. The utilization of CR produced from end-of-life tires (ELTs) as an asphalt modifer has been shown to enhance asphalt performance with regard to high-temperature rutting and low-temperature thermal cracking due to the remarkable characteristics of the CR. This paper presents the fndings of previous studies, including the grinding of ELTs to obtain crumb rubber, the technology employed in the process, and the physical and mechanical properties of the asphalt modifers. Even though the present study focuses on the application of hot-mix asphalt (HMA), there are other methods, for instance, warm-mix asphalt (WMA), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and porous asphalt, that used CR as a modifer or as an additive in asphalt binders. A review of the literature suggests that most CR have a good performance and are suitable for use in the top paving layer to reduce noise as well as for other applications.
... The application of PET as an elastomer and its effect on asphalt behavior has been seen in previous studies. In addition, the use of the waste material in the design of hot-mix asphalt concrete can reduce environmental pollution and ultimately reduce the used bitumen [17]. It is also expected that using the material as a coat for the aggregate could improve the bitumen moisture behavior [18]. ...
The main objective of this research is to investigate the rutting of modified mixtures with two additives of crumb rubber and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).Therefore, ITS method, resilient modulus and Dynamic creep were used to investigate asphalt behaviour with these two additives in this article. Modified blends include ten blends that are made by combining crumb rubber and polyethylene terephthalate in various percentages. The modifiers are combined in two percent 10% and 15% with 60/70 penetration bitumen. Finally, with these mentioned tests, the results of the ten modified samples along with the non-modified one were compared. The results showed that the addition of polyethylene terephthalate increased the viscosity and reduced the density; therefore, addition of more polyethylene terephthalate in the modifier reduces the flow number and, on the other hand, addition of 15% modifier containing polyethylene terephthalate resilient module increases the flow number by about 66%. Ultimately, neural network method was used to predict the result of dynamic creep test; indirect tensile strength and the capability of neural network method have been measured to estimate the laboratory result. According to the results, ANFIS can estimate the laboratory data correctly.
... There are three main categories of polymers: plastomers, thermoplastic elastomer, and reactive polymers. Thermoplastic elastomers make deformation more recoverable by improving elastic properties while plastomers and reactive polymers reduce deformations by stiffening the asphalt binder and mixtures (Sitinamaluwa & Mampearachchi, 2014). Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) as a thermoplastic elastomer and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) as a plastomer are among the polymers that are widely used as modifiers in the asphalt industry and research. ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of temperature and stress level on the rutting performance of modified stone matrix asphalt (SMA). flow number (FN) test at three stress levels of 250, 350 and 450 kPa and at different temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C was performed on unmodified, ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified SMA. Also, indirect resilient modulus was conducted to assess and compare the elastic response of modified asphalt mixtures. It was found that although EVA has greater rutting resistance than SBS at 40°C, its FN values drop below the SBS ones at 60°C due to the higher temperature sensitivity. Furthermore, the stress sensitivity of rutting performance decreases with temperature increase. Statistical analysis of the obtained results revealed that temperature always has a significant influence on FN values while the effect of stress level is significant just at 40°C. Also, although additives improve the FN significantly, there is the only slight difference between them.
Bitumen is prone to deformations and cracking under severe temperatures and under fatigue. To overcome these drawbacks bitumen is modified by adding various additives. SBS and crumb rubber are some of the conventional bitumen modification materials. Recently, waste plastic has also been identified as a viable material to be used in bitumen modification. This would decrease the cost of bitumen modification as well as would provide a sustainable solution for waste plastic disposal. It has been found that incorporation of waste plastic in bitumen modification could increase the fracture resistance, rutting resistance and thermal stability of asphalt pavements. However, the ductility, elasticity and creep resistance were found to be decreased in waste plastic modified bitumen. Further, increased viscosity due to incorporation of waste plastic in bitumen modification had induced poor workability as well as higher mixing and paving temperatures. Increased temperatures not only cause ageing of bitumen but also cause emissions which could affect adversely on the environment. This paper critically reviews the properties of waste plastic modified bitumen with respect to several factors: types of plastic, modification methods, optimum plastic percentage, mixing temperature etc. Further, the paper discusses about the remedial measures that are being explored to improve the aforementioned drawbacks of waste plastic modified bitumen.
