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Solar electricity is more expensive than that produced by traditional sources. But over the past two decades, the cost gap has been closing. Solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology has emerged as a useful power source of applications such as lightning, meeting the electricity needs of villages, hospitals, telecommunications, and houses. The long and in...
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... PV technology was forecasted to cross 600 GW global installations by the end of 2019 by International Energy Agency IEA; the actual installed capacity exceeded the expectations reaching a value of 627 GW [5,6], with a further 2.5 times increase predicted from 2020 to 2024 causing the total capacity surpass 1 TW [6,7]. Although PV technology is classified into three generations, the silicon based solar cells (mono and poly-crystalline silicon) cover 80% of the existing intallations [8]. PV module is a laminated structure composed of glass, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicon solar cells and Tedlar back-sheet. ...
The performance of Photovoltaic (PV) modules heavily relies on their structural strength, manufacturing methods, and materials. Damage induced during their lifecycle leads to degradation, reduced power generation and efficiency. Mechanical stresses, originating from manufacturing, transportation, and operational phases impose significant loads on PV modules. These in-service loads encompass various environmental forces such as wind, snow, dust, hail, rain, and heat. In-service loads encompass static and dynamic forces such as wind, snow, dust, hail, rain, and heat. Among these factors, the mechanical loads from hail impacts play a crucial role in PV module performance and require a comprehensive investigation. This research focuses on evaluating the impact of hail loads on different PV modules, following international standards like ASTM 1038-10 and IEC-61215-2. The developed simulator effectively assesses the reliability of PV modules. The number of busbars within a PV module was identified as a key factor influencing the module's resilience to hail impacts. Notably, mono-crystalline PV modules exhibited better resistance to hail loads compared to their poly-crystalline counterparts. The PV modules experience micro-cracking due to hail impacts, leading to an efficiency reduction of 4.15% in mono-crystalline modules and 12.59% in poly-crystalline modules. Similarly, the generated power output decreased by 3.3% and 12.5%, respectively, in these module types.
... Since majority of the random energy dissipated has low frequencies, EMGs are not as efficient as TENGs at such low values [23]. Similarly, in the case of solar energy harvesting devices, almost 90% of the solar cells in the market belong to the first-generation type made of silicon whose conversion efficiency is low [24]. The focus has shifted towards novelties in this area, such as ultra-thin solar films, multi-junction, perovskite, organic solar cells, etc. ...
The staggering rate of increase in energy demands over the past decades has ushered in an era of novel energy harvesting techniques and devices, and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is one such concept that has proven its mettle. The underlying effect by which it operates is termed as triboelectric effect, whereby materials get electrically charged due to contact electrification, as soon as a momentary contact and separation occurs. Unlike other sustainable energy sources, the potential of TENGs lie in its ability to harvest energy from low frequency ambient mechanical energy. Numerous sustainable energy generation methods exist, but very few explore its use in conjunction with TENGs and its subsequent benefits. This review seeks to bridge that gap, by briefly discussing the various applications employing TENGs to produce energy from sustainable sources such as wind, water, wave, and solar. The future scope of TENG design pointing to the potential of sustainable biodegradable materials and system-based simulation design is also elucidated.
... Site Assessment: The first step in implementing a PV installation is to conduct a thorough site assessment to evaluate the available space, shading, orientation, and other factors that can affect the performance of the system. This will help to determine the optimal design and placement of the PV modules [44]. ii. ...
... It is worth noting that the price of installed PV systems can vary widely depending on factors such as the size and complexity of the system, local labor costs, and government policies and incentives. However, overall, the trend in the world market has been towards decreasing prices for crystalline-installed PV systems over time [44]. ...
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is a cornerstone of the global effort to transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. This paper explores the pivotal role of PV technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combatting the pressing issue of climate change. At the heart of its efficacy lies the efficiency of PV materials, which dictates the extent to which sunlight is transformed into electricity. Over the last decade, substantial advancements in PV efficiency have propelled the widespread adoption of solar PV technology on a global scale. The efficiency of PV materials is a critical factor, determining how effectively sunlight is transformed into electricity. Enhanced efficiency, achieved through a decade of progress, has driven the global expansion of solar PV. Multi-junction photovoltaic materials have now exceeded 40% efficiency in lab tests. China leads the world in solar PV installations, boasting over 253 GW of installed capacity by the end of 2021. Other prominent countries in this sector are the United States, Japan, Germany, and India. Photovoltaic (PV) cell technologies are rapidly improving, with efficiencies reaching up to 30% and costs falling below $0.50/W, making PV a competitive source of energy in many countries around the world. Solar PV technology holds immense potential for creating a cleaner, reliable, scalable, and cost-effective electricity system. To expedite its deployment and foster a more sustainable energy future, continued investment in research and development along with supportive policies and market mechanisms is essential. This paper underscores the pivotal role of solar PV technology in the global energy transition and advocates for a concerted effort to unlock its full potential in achieving a more sustainable and resilient energy future.
... Energycanheats, cools, and light our homes and business, power our factories, fuel our cars, and increasing underpins the fabric of societal communication through modern technology (Ademiloye et al, 2020). Sequel to the increased population of the world to be about 9 billion people by 2050 as estimated byUnited Nations, the struggle to provide continued access to affordable energy and increased access to those who lack energy becomes more intense(Ademiloyeet al, 2020).Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since pre-historical times although it is used in primitive way and can be utilized through two different routes, solar thermal routes and solar photovoltaic routes (Utpal, 2013). Solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology has emerged as a useful power source of application such lighting meeting the electricity of villages, hospitals,telecommunications, and houses.The long and the increasing dominance or crystalline silicone in photovoltaic (PV) market is perhaps surprising giving the wide variety of material capable of producing the photo voltaic. ...
Electricity generation through Piezoelectric device, considering development and application
... Electricity production utilizing solar energy is cleaner and safer than conventional sources. In the recent era, Photovoltaics (PV) technology is considered the most encouraging technology due to its potential to convert solar energy into electrical energy [3]. The PV cells developed so far have been categorized into three generations. ...
The exponentially growing energy requirements and, in turn, extensive depletion of non-restorable sources of energy are a major cause of concern. Restorable energy sources such as solar cells can be used as an alternative. However, their low efficiency is a barrier to their practical use. This provokes the research community to design efficient solar cells. Based on the study of efficacy, design feasibility, and cost of fabrication, DSSC shows supremacy over other photovoltaic solar cells. However, fabricating DSSC in a laboratory and then assessing their characteristics is a costly affair. The researchers applied techniques of computational chemistry such as Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, and an ab initio method for defining the structure and electronic properties of dyes without synthesizing them. However, the inability of descriptors to provide an intuitive physical depiction of the effect of all parameters is a limitation of the proposed approaches. The proven potential of neural network models in data analysis, pattern recognition, and object detection motivated researchers to extend their applicability for predicting the absorption maxima (λmax) of dye. The objective of this research is to develop an ANN-based QSPR model for correctly predicting the value of λmax for inorganic ruthenium complex dyes used in DSSC. Furthermore, it demonstrates the impact of different activation functions, optimizers, and loss functions on the prediction accuracy of λmax. Moreover, this research showcases the impact of atomic weight, types of bonds between constituents of the dye molecule, and the molecular weight of the dye molecule on the value of λmax. The experimental results proved that the value of λmax varies with changes in constituent atoms and types of bonds in a dye molecule. In addition, the model minimizes the difference in the experimental and calculated values of absorption maxima. The comparison with the existing models proved the dominance of the proposed model.
... Energycanheats, cools, and light our homes and business, power our factories, fuel our cars, and increasing underpins the fabric of societal communication through modern technology (Ademiloye et al, 2020). Sequel to the increased population of the world to be about 9 billion people by 2050 as estimated byUnited Nations, the struggle to provide continued access to affordable energy and increased access to those who lack energy becomes more intense(Ademiloyeet al, 2020).Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since pre-historical times although it is used in primitive way and can be utilized through two different routes, solar thermal routes and solar photovoltaic routes (Utpal, 2013). Solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology has emerged as a useful power source of application such lighting meeting the electricity of villages, hospitals,telecommunications, and houses.The long and the increasing dominance or crystalline silicone in photovoltaic (PV) market is perhaps surprising giving the wide variety of material capable of producing the photo voltaic. ...
Covid-19 pandemic is a global menace that has claimed a lot of lives and threatened human existence. Therefore, the World Health Organization recommended lockdown, which was adopted by different countries, as one of the drastic measures to contain the spread of the disease. This study examined the Coping strategies to the effects of Covid-19 induced lockdown on the livelihoods of rural dwellers in selected Local Government areas of Ekiti State, Nigeria. A Multi-stage sampling
procedure was used to select 120 respondents from whom data were collected using a well-structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools at α0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that the mean age, household size and income of the rural dwellers were 52.85years, 10.10 persons and N35,933.33, respectively. Awareness of Covid-19
was low among 55.8%, and the effect of Covid-19 induced lockdown was high among the majority (60.8%). Reduction of daily food consumption (x̅=1.71), backyard farming (x̅=1.70) and borrowing money (x̅=1.60), were the prominent
coping strategies utilised. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant relationships between age (r=0.311, p=0.001), income (r=-0.190, p=0.038), effects of Covid-19 (r=0.350,p=0.000), and the coping strategies utilized by the rural dwellers to mitigate the effects of Covid-19 induced lockdown on their livelihoods. The study
therefore concludes that the awareness of Covid-19 symptoms and mode of contraction was low among the rural dwellers; the effect of Covid-19 induced
lockdown was high on their livelihoods, while reduction of daily food consumption, backyard farming and money borrowing were the coping strategies mostly utilized by them.
Keywords: Coping strategies, Covid-19 induced lockdown, livelihood, rural dwellers
... The cells are made from very small amounts of highly efficient, but expensive, semi-conducting PV material. CPV cells can be based on silicon or III-V compounds usually gallium arsenide (GaA); Dye-sensitised solar cells are lower-cost and release electrons from, titanium dioxide covered in a light-absorbing pigment; Organic solar cells are composed of biodegradable materials such as organic polymers or small organic molecules; while lower in cost they can present a risk of material degradation and instability; last, hybrid cells involve the combination of current technologies on the market and the combination of organic and inorganic semiconductors [1], [3], [4], [5]. A comparison between photovoltaic technologies is presented in Table 1. ...
The integration of renewable power supplies in urban areas and their integration in everyday life is the new trend for the latest research. By using renewable power supplies combined with the latest improvements regarding energy efficiency can help reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas effect and toxic emissions. This paper presents the latest research in PV systems integration within cities. Urban areas have an unexplored potential for decentralized power production. PV systems are affordable and require minimal maintenance, thus making them suitable for such applications.
... In addition, various research studies have been conducted to lower the module temperature [42][43][44][45][46]. A three-dimensional (3D) model was developed for polycrystalline silicon PV module which analyzed that the temperature distribution curve showed the maximum temperature (331.76 ...
Climate change is causing adverse and diverse effects on human beings in term of severe diseases, melting of ice, and increase temperatures, which are directly linked to the consumption of traditional fossil fuels. These fuels can only be replaced by exploring renewable energy technologies, and photovoltaic solar modules are the most promising choice among them. This paper investigates electrical output in term of efficiency and power of a monocrystalline photovoltaic module under climatic conditions of Lahore, Pakistan in an effort to enhance electrical performance based on lam-inar and turbulent flow boundary conditions. A computational model of a PV module was designed and investigated, when the solar irradiance was observed to be maximum at 920.64 W/m 2. Initially, the total flux received and absorbed by PV module was observed to be at 179.37 W/m 2 after ray tracing analysis in Trace Pro; thereafter, the module's temperature increased to 65.86 °C, causing an electrical efficiency drops to 15.65% from 19.40% without applying active cooling schemes. A coupling of Ansys Fluent and Steady State Thermal Analysis was performed for thermal management of a PV module by selecting water and air as a coolant at inlet temperature of 25 °C through micro-channels contingent upon varying Reynolds numbers. The results maintained that the optimum coolant outlet temperature (49.86 °C), average PV cell's layer temperature (32.42 °C), and temperature uniformity (4.16 °C) are achieved by water at 224, 6710, and 4200 Reynolds numbers respectively. In addition, again water maintained 18.65% of electrical efficiency and 33.65 W power output at 6710 Reynolds number. On the other hand, air-based cooling lagged behind water by 14% in term of efficiency and power output at maximum Reynolds number (6710).
... Nevertheless, decades passed before a profitable PERC process could be developed. A number of reasons led to the implementation of PERC in low-cost, high-volume production, and the increase in productivity to levels ranging from 22% to 23.4% [26]: ...
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the different generations of photovoltaic cells and current research directions focusing on their development and manufacturing technologies. The introduction describes the importance of photovoltaics in the context of environmental protection, as well as the elimination of fossil sources. It then focuses on presenting the known generations of photovoltaic cells to date, mainly in terms of the achievable solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies, as well as the technology for their manufacture. In particular, the third generation of photovoltaic cells and recent trends in its field, including multi-junction cells and cells with intermediate energy levels in the forbidden band of silicon, are discussed. We also present the latest developments in photovoltaic cell manufacturing technology, using the fourth-generation graphene-based photovoltaic cells as an example. An extensive review of the world literature led us to the conclusion that, despite the appearance of newer types of photovoltaic cells, silicon cells still have the largest market share, and research into ways to improve their efficiency is still relevant.
... The development of applications in the field of light harvesting and the need for alternatives to silicon in photovoltaic devices has led to strong demand for materials with new optical functions [1]. This requires light control at the wavelength scale. ...
Metasurfaces could be very beneficial when elaborating solar cells to succeed in balancing between cost and efficiency. Thus, thin absorbers achieving high performance are attainable with the possibility to use any material. In this work, a perfect absorber based on a tungsten (W) metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metasurface is proposed. The MIM array consists of a rectangular double split ring resonator (RD-SRR) pattern with a specific set of parametric values that maximize the structure’s absorption. The study results in an ultrabroadband absorption over a minimum value of 97.02% and reaching a high peak of 99.9%. Its integrated absorption over the entire spectral solar at AM1.5 is 99.6%. This absorber fulfills efficiently solar devices’ requirements including the ability to work under high temperature conditions afforded by the use of tungsten.
