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A survey of the genus Stropharia in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul revealed the occurrence of the following species: S. acanthocystis, S. aeruginosa, S. alcis var. austrobrasiliensis, S. apiahyna, S. araucariae, S. coronilla, S. dorsipora, S. earlei, S. rugosoannulata, and S. semiglobata. The new taxa and combination are introduced: S. ar...
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Citations
... This provides evidence of its broader substrate utilization capacity and more extensive global distribution. Cortez and Silveira (2008) describe Stropharia alcis var. austrobrasiliensis Cortez and R.M. Silveira, as morphologically identical to P. alcis, differing only in the substrate used, colonizing bovine manure. ...
The study of Agaricomycetes in the Brazilian Pampa Biome is still incipient, but it is very necessary for the valorization and preservation activities in this area. In terms of fungal diversity, it is the least studied Brazilian biome, with only 84 species already described for the site, despite the great diversity of fauna and flora that this biome presents. The objective of this work is to know more about the mycodiversity of this biome, contributing to a better understanding of the distribution and ecology of the Agaricales. The collections were made following the usual methodology for Agaricales (Basidiomycota). Thus, specimens were collected for studies to identification to species level by macro-and microscopic characters. Descriptions of seven species collected in the rural region surrounding the city of São Gabriel, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil are presented, which are cited for the first time for the Pampa Biome, namely: Macrolepiota mastoidea, Protostropharia alcis ssp. austrobrasiliensis, Trogia buccinalis, Crepidotus euterpicola, Entoloma depluens, Lepiota subincarnata and Neopaxillus echinospermus. These new citations reinforce the importance of studies on the biodiversity of the Pampa biome for its preservation.
... S. rugosoannulata is found in forests or lawns on forest boards, fallen leaves, and rarely in decomposed wood [57]. Cultivation substrates include both cellulosic straw and lignin sawdust. ...
Stropharia rugosoannulata is not only a popular edible mushroom, but also has excellent potential in bioremediation. In this study, we present a high-quality genome of a monokaryotic strain of the S. rugosoannulata commercial cultivar in China. The assembly yielded an N50 length of 2.96 Mb and a total size of approximately 48.33 Mb, encoding 11,750 proteins. The number of heme peroxidase-encoding genes in the genome of S. rugosoannulata was twice the average of all of the tested Agaricales. The genes encoding lignin and xenobiotic degradation enzymes accounted for more than half of the genes encoding plant cell wall degradation enzymes. The expansion of genes encoding lignin and xenobiotic degradation enzymes, and cytochrome P450 involved in the xenobiotic metabolism, were responsible for its strong bioremediation and lignin degradation abilities. S. rugosoannulata was classified as a litter-decomposing (LD) fungus, based on the analysis of the cell wall degrading enzymes. Substrate selection for fruiting body cultivation should consider both the nutritional strategy of LD and a strong lignin degradation ability. Consistent with safe usage as an edible mushroom, the S. rugosoannulata genome does not contain genes for known psilocybin biosynthesis. Genome analysis will be helpful for understanding its nutritional strategy to guide fruiting body cultivation and for providing insight into its application in bioremediation.
... Stropharia araucariae is similar to S. rugosoannulata, but differs by the size of the basidiomata, and type, shape and size of cystidia (Cortez and Silveira 2008). Its epithet refers to its habitat, the Araucaria moist forests. ...
... It was also reported that acanthocytes presented on rhizomorphs produced by S. acanthocystis (Cortez and da Silveira 2007), S. earlei (Norvell andRedhead 2000), S. araucariae, S. aeruginosa, S. apiahyna, andS. coronilla (Cortez andda Silveira 2008). Farr (1980) did not report the acanthocytes on rhizomorphs, which might be explained by that the rhizomorph of the dried herbarium specimen examined had fallen off. ...
... Only a few acanthocytes were found on the surface of the stipe at the base. Among the species of Stropharia, hymenium acanthocytes were only found in S. acanthocystis da Silveira 2007, 2008) and S. apiahyna (Cortez and da Silveira 2008). It was confirmed that acan thocytes were only produced by vegetative mycelia in S. rugosoannulata. ...
Acanthocytes are special cells with a distinct spiky shape produced exclusively by the fungi of Stropharia and can be used to defend against nematodes. In the present study, the ultrastructure and development of acanthocytes were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cryo-SEM in S. rugosoannulata, a popular cultivated mushroom both in China and Europe. The acanthocytes were abundant on the surface of rhizomorph, casing soils, and vegetative mycelia of homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains in S. rugosoannulata. The development of the acanthocyte was investigated with cryo-SEM, which has distinct advantage for observation of the ultrastructure of live, hydrated structures. Three distinct stages, including formation of lateral branch that was covered with patches, spiky structure formation, and maturation of acanthocytes, were identified and described. The irregular patches deposited on the surface of lateral branches and the holes in the spiky branches of the acanthocytes were reported for the first time. The environmental nitrogen level showed impact on acanthocyte production, but it seemed not to be the indispensable factor. Acid medium could delay the initiation of the acanthocyte formation but did not affect the overall morphology and structure, indicating that the central deposit of acanthocytes should be acid soluble. Acanthocytes of S. rugosoannulata have similar hydrophobicity to mycelia. The observation of ultrastructure and development process of acanthocytes provides insights into the ecological function and evolution of this special structure.
... We highlight the publication of the first Brazilian study on the occurrence of fimicolous myxomycetes (Bezerra & al. 2008), in areas of Caatinga, northeast Brazil, in states of Pernambuco and Sergipe. The Brazilian mycologists Vagner Gularte Cortez and Felipe Wartchow, for the south and north regions of the country, respectively, made other important records, contributing to the knowledge of dung-inhabiting agarics in the Strophariaceae (see Cortez & Coelho 2004, Guzmán & Cortez 2004, Cortez & Silveira 2008. For Mucoromycota, important contributions came from André Luiz C. M. A. Santiago, then a doctorate student under the guidance of Professor Maria Axiliadora de Queiroz Cavalcanti (Santiago & al. 2008a(Santiago & al. ,b, 2009. ...
In 2014 we published the first checklist of fungi sensu lato recorded on dung from Brazil, as a result of an effort to maintain an easily accessible database on the knowledge of the diversity of these fungi. In the last 10 years there has been a significant increase in the number of publications involving this ecological group, and we are presenting an update which summarizes data from a century of research (from 1919 to 2019). We present an annotated list of all species and occurrences added to the Brazilian copromycodiversity, the annual accumulation of records, and occurrence by substrate. There were 302 records of 166 species, 98 of which are new for Brazil, all of them reported from seven Federation states (including two new). Most of the occurrences are reported from the northeast region of the country (Pernambuco and Piauí states), followed by the midwest (Goiás and Federal District) and southern regions (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul). Amazonas and Piauí are states with new records of these organisms, with one record each. There are now 568 occurrences and 308 species of dung-inhabiting fungi recorded in Brazil.
... We highlight the publication of the first Brazilian study on the occurrence of fimicolous myxomycetes (Bezerra & al. 2008), in areas of Caatinga, northeast Brazil, in states of Pernambuco and Sergipe. The Brazilian mycologists Vagner Gularte Cortez and Felipe Wartchow, for the south and north regions of the country, respectively, made other important records, contributing to the knowledge of dung-inhabiting agarics in the Strophariaceae (see Cortez & Coelho 2004, Guzmán & Cortez 2004, Cortez & Silveira 2008. For Mucoromycota, important contributions came from André Luiz C. M. A. Santiago, then a doctorate student under the guidance of Professor Maria Axiliadora de Queiroz Cavalcanti (Santiago & al. 2008a(Santiago & al. ,b, 2009. ...
Mycotaxon is pleased to add a new annotated species distribution list to our 142 previously posted free access fungae. The 22-page "Additions to a checklist of coprophilous fungi and other fungi recorded on dung from Brazil: an overview of a century of research" by Francisco J. Simões Calaça, Vanessa Basilio Tereza, and Solange Xavier-Santos may be downloaded from our website via http://www. mycotaxon. com/mycobiota/index. html
... For identification of mushrooms, macro and micro-morphological characters were carefully examined. Specimens were identified based on standard literatures (Pegler 1977;Purkayastha and Chandra 1985;Justo et al. 2014;Ekanayaka et al. 2016;Denison 1965;Cortez and Silveira 2008;Wu et al. 2015;Bandara et al. 2017;Kuyper 1986). Habitat: Saprophytic, solitary or joined and scattered on sawdust and decaying logs. ...
... Notes: The uncommon species S. stercoraria is currently accepted as a synonym of S. semiglobata (Cortez and Silveira 2008) but Harper (1914) reported that S. stercoraria is not as common as S. semiglobata and this species is distinguished by more expanded pileus, stuffed and more floccose, larger stipe and spores size. So this becomes the first record of this species from India. ...
Mushrooms represent an undescribed, poorly documented clade of eukaryotes with enormous environmental and economic benefits for the humans throughout the world. This paper deals with collection and identification of eleven interesting wild mushrooms from different forests of Tripura, Northeast India. These wild mushrooms were identified on the basis of macro and micro-morphological features along with their habitats and distributions. These eleven mushrooms species identified as Pluteus americanus (P. Banerjee & Sundberg) Justo, E.F. Malysheva & Minnis, Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze, Stropharia stercoraria (Schumach.) Quél., Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn., Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt., Auricularia sp.1, Auricularia sp.2, Lentinus sp., Inocybe sp., Clitocybe sinopica (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Agrocybe splendida Clémençon. Amongst them four species namely A. splendida, C. sinopica, P. americanus and S. stercoria are new records for India.
... at the disc becoming faded yellow towards the margin), and has a fugacious annulus at middle position, ovoid to reniform basidiospores that are yellowish brown in KOH. Stropharia coronilla (Bull. ex DC: Fr.) Quél, has a yellow pileus with velar remnants, an apically grooved annulus, sub-ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores that become yellowish in KOH (Cortez. & Silveira 2008). ...
A new species, Stropharia atroferruginea, is described from Battagram district Pakistan, based on morpho-anatomical and molecular (ITS & LSU) analyses. Its characterizing features are the dark red to dark reddish-brown pileus with round squamules and decurrent lamellae, the cogwheeled annulus and the clavate to sub-bulbous stipe base, and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores. Photographs and comparisons with closely related species are also included.
... Fungi of the genus Stropharia are well-known representatives of soil-inhabiting basidiomycetes. About 30 species of this genus have been described to date (Moncalvo et al. 2002;Matheny et al. 2006, Cortez and;Silveira et al. 2008), but only two of them were studied with respect to their degradative characteristics. S. coronilla and S. rugosoannulata are able to mineralize lignin (Steffen et al. 2000;Valentin et al. 2010;Liers et al. 2011;Singh et al. 2014), and to metabolize humic compounds along with the formation of polar low molecular weight fulvic acids and CO 2 (Steffen et al. 2002a, Kabiersch et al. 2011. ...
The ability of the litter-decomposing basidiomycete Stropharia rugosoannulata DSM 11372 to degrade a wide range of structurally different environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs: phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, pyrene, and fluoranthene), synthetic anthraquinone dyes containing condensed aromatic rings, environmentally relevant alkylphenol and oxyethylated alkylphenol representatives, and oil was demonstrated within the present study. 9,10-Anthraquinone, phenanthrene-9,10-quinone, and 9-fluorenone were identified as products of anthracene, phenanthrene, and fluorene degradation, respectively. Fungal degradation was accompanied by the production of the ligninolytic enzymes: laccase and Mn peroxidase, suggesting their involvement in pollutant degradation. Extracellular polysaccharide(s) (EPS) and emulsifying compound(s) were concomitantly produced. EPS composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose was isolated from the cultivation medium, and its effects on catalytic properties of purified laccase from S. rugosoannulata (the dominating ligninolytic enzyme under the applied conditions) were studied. A simultaneous decrease of KM and Vmax values observed for the enzymatic oxidation of non-phenolic (2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt; ABTS) and phenolic compounds (2,6-dimethoxyphenol) in presence of EPS suggest an interaction of EPS and laccase resulting in a modulation of the catalytic performance of the enzyme, which has, to the best of our knowledge, not been reported before. In line with such a modulation, the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of natural aromatic compounds (veratryl alcohol, adlerol) and environmental pollutants (the alkylphenol representative nonylphenol, the diphenylmethane derivative bisphenol A, and the PAH representative anthracene) was found to be enhanced in presence of EPS. The relevance of such effects for real environmental processes and their implications remain to be investigated.
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... These numbers do not seem to mirror the real diversity of Stropharia whose species diversity is still far from being fully revealed and understood, especially because knowledge of the genus has increased in recent years with the description of new species (Bandala et al. 2005;Cortez & Silveira 2007Desjardin & Hemmes 2001;Bau & Meng 2008;Silva et al. 2009;Senthilarasu & Singh 2013;Tian & Bau 2014;Seger et al. 2016). Most new recently described species are from Neotropical areas, where the greatest diversity of Stropharia was hypothesized to exist (Cortez & Silveira 2008). ...
... Stropharia acanthocystis shows basidiomes with a red brown pileus, very abundant appendiculate velar remnants on pileus margin, an apical fugacious ring, mainly clavate pleurochrysocystidia without subcapitate or mucronate apex, and no cheilochrysocystidia (Cortez & Silveira 2007; Stropharia apiahyna shows a partial veil forming a membranous and persistent annulus on stipe, and no cheilochrysocystidia (Cortez & Silveira 2008); S. coelhoi has abundant velar remnants on the pileus margin, a floccose annulus, grey rhizomorphs up to 20 mm long, and large spores, 10.5-14 (-14.5) × (6-) 6.5-8 (-9) μm, truncated by a large germ pore (Seger et al. 2016). ...
A new species, Stropharia acanthostipitata, is here described from the Dominican Republic and French Guiana based on morphological and molecular ITS/LSU analyses. It is distinguished by a dry, smooth and hygrophanous pileus with minute and fugacious velar remnants at the pileus margin, exannulate stipe, brown lamellae, presence of chrysocystidia on both edge and face of lamellae, and the occurrence of acanthocytes all over the stipe surface.
