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![230MW Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power Plant, artist's rendering [7]](profile/M-Safiuddin/publication/333010340/figure/fig2/AS:797634272960514@1567182238866/230MW-Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell-Power-Plant-artists-rendering-7.png)
![Figure 5: 230MW Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power Plant, artist's rendering [7]](profile/M-Safiuddin/publication/333010340/figure/fig2/AS:797634272960514@1567182238866/230MW-Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell-Power-Plant-artists-rendering-7_Q320.jpg)
Citations
... This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and content may change prior to final publication. [344]. The concept of electrification has been introduced to reduces the deficiency of energy in Africa. ...
For a utility company to reduce
CO2 emissions along with managing load demands, it must strive for a 100 percent renewable electrical power generation. Europe takes initiatives to achieve this goal by developing a super smart grid (SSG) based on renewable energy resources (RERs) by 2050. The SSG is based on two exclusive alternatives: wide area and decentralized power generation using large number of RERs. Before developing such SSG, there is a need to address the critical issues associated with RERs, i.e., load flow balancing and transients stability. Considering a reliability issue involved with RERs and the random deviations between demand response and generation response patterns, load flow balancing and transient stability become challenging research issues in SSGs. These technical issues are also considered to be more challenging, if an unexpected outage in the form of an occurrence of three phase (L-L-L) faults (TPF) arises in SSGs, due to power quality disturbances. To address this problem, load flow balancing probabilistic modeling is performed in this research paper in order to formulate the complexity of randomness between generation and demand response patterns through transmission network planning (TNP) in the form of a super smart node (SSN) transmission network infrastructure. Moreover, a further optimization in SSN transmission network has been done with the addition of a cooperative control strategies in terms of an integrating vehicle to grid (V2G) technology in SSN transmission network in order to achieve further enhancement in load flow balancing and transient stability in SSGs. Furthermore, as SSGs power infrastructure is based on different clusters, therefore in order to accommodate various clusters for load flow balancing, a continuous spinning reserve (CSRs) probabilistic modeling has also been performed in this paper in terms of its integration in SSN transmission network. Considering above probabilistic analysis, future contingencies are easily predictable, before any kind of disruptive changes arises in a SSGs due an occurrence of a TPF. Moreover, from simulation results as performed in this paper, we can easily verified that our proposed probabilistic algorithm of load flow balancing and transients stability outperforms existing literature work and can also achieved near optimal performance, even for a broad range of variations in load and also in case of an arising of significant power quality disturbances in SSGs due to an occurrence of TPF.
... We compare the capabilities of DC and AC cables to transfer the same electric power, and the ratio of the electric power to the cable conductor is almost 2 to 4 times higher for the DC cable (see Table 1) [20], and therefore the DC cable's conductor be lighter than the AC cable for the same power transmission. It depends on the electric circuit, so we use DC high-voltage power transmission (HVDC) for long transmission lines [21], even in the conventional power grid, especially for the renewable energy (RE) transmission line [22]. Therefore, the proposed DC stacked conductor is the lightest cable suitable for aviation applications. ...
More electric aircraft (MEA) is one of the technical trends in the aviation field, and its merits are high safety, lightweight, easy to control, and good economy. Boeing 787 consumes almost ten times more electric power than conventional aircraft, so the power cable weight is ∼ten times heavier than that of traditional aircraft. As a result, we need a lightweight and large current power cable for MEA. The power cable's conductor weight is heavy because of low voltage and large current in airplanes. We proposed developing high-temperature superconducting (HTS) DC cables because DC cables are more lightweight than AC cables. Its structure is a stacked conductor, and the current direction of each layer is opposite, and HTS tapes are insulated from each other. We also do not use the heavy copper former. We use the current lead resistance to make the current balance of each HTS tape. We made several types of stacked conductors in the laboratory using Bi2223 and RE123 tapes and tested them. Here, we report two experimental results; one is a twelve-layer stacked conductor using the Bi2223 tapes, and its shape is straight. The second one is to test the bending and twisting of a six-layer stacked conductor. Bending and twisting are necessary to lay the stacked conductor in any direction. The critical currents are 1196 A for the twelve-layer conductor, 639 A for the six-layer straight conductor, 607 A for the six-layer bent conductor, and 615 A for the six-layer twisted conductor.
... In light of the economic benefits, promised by technoeconomic models, that could be gained if only the right global institutions were in place to solve coordination problems, some authors have suggested that a 'Global System Operator' [14], or a 'United Nations Renewable Energy Organisation' [98], needs to be formed. However, it is far from clear on what principles and ideology such an organisation could be established and legitimised. ...
Background
One way to design an electricity system wholly based on renewables is referred to as the global Super-grid, a vision of a transmission network of unprecedented geographical scope that uses advanced technology to balance spatially and temporally varying supply and demand across the globe. While proponents, since the 1960s, have argued that a global Super-grid is technologically possible and socially desirable, and significant technical progress has been made since the 1990s, development is slow with new transmission lines being built predominantly with established technology and within the boundaries of single countries. The aim of this study is to explore sociotechnical drivers and barriers of global Super-grid development.
Results
A main driver is the century old ideas that larger grids are more efficient and contribute to cooperation and peace. Over the last decades, the level of technical knowledge and networks of proponent have grown. The Super-grid also benefits from the potential opportunity of building on existing grids. Barriers stem from the scale of investments needed to experiment, path dependences in established industry and competition from novel smaller scale solutions based on local production, energy storage and smart grid technology. Other barriers originate in the organisational and institutional complexities of international electricity trade, and in the lack of trust at local and global levels, which hinder the development of necessary coordination.
Conclusions
The analysis suggests that if the Super-grid is to become part of a future electricity system, the discourse needs to open up, move beyond simplistic ideas of efficiency and ‘technocratic internationalism’, and take into account a broader set of social benefits, risks and trade-offs.
... Hydrogen is the most readily available element on the planet but does not exist in its elemental state. Total hydrogen production exceeds 1 billion m 3 /d from a variety of sources, including natural gas (accounting for 48% of the overall output), oil (30%), coal (18%), and electrolysis (4%) (Safiuddin and Finton, 2019;Lei and Khandelwal, 2021). Biohydrogen is considered the Fuel of the Future due to its sustainable and green features and the possibility of producing it from waste (Venkata Mohan, 2009). ...
Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and environmental concerns have sparked global interest in waste valorization through various waste-to-energy (WtE) to generate renewable energy sources and reduce dependency on fossil-derived fuels and chemicals. These technologies are vital for implementing the envisioned global “bioeconomy” through biorefineries. In light of that, a detailed overview of WtE technologies with their benefits and drawbacks is provided in this paper. Additionally, the biorefinery concept for waste management and sustainable energy generation is discussed. The identification of appropriate WtE technology for energy recovery continues to be a significant challenge. So, in order to effectively apply WtE technologies in the burgeoning bioeconomy, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing scenario for sustainable MSW management along with the bottlenecks and perspectives.
Long distance transmission within continents has been shown to be one of the most effective variation management strategies to reduce the cost of renewable energy systems. In this paper, we test whether the system cost further decreases when transmission is extended to intercontinental connections. We analyze a Eurasian interconnection between China, Mid-Asia and Europe, using a capacity expansion model with hourly time resolution. Our modelling results suggestthat a supergrid option decreases total system cost by a maximum of 5%, compared to continental grid integration. The maximum cost reductionis achieved when (i) the generation is constrained to be made up almost entirely by renewables, (ii) the land available for VRE farms is relatively limited and the demand is relatively high and (iii) the cost for solar PV and storage is high. This is explained by that a super grid allows for harnessing of remote wind-, solar- and hydro resources demand centers. As for low-cost storage, it represents a competing variation management option, and may substitute part of the role of the supergrid, which is to manage variations through long-distance trade. We conclude that the benefits of a supergrid from a techno-economic perspective are in most cases negligible, or modest at best.
