Figs 16-21
Rhexodenticula elegiae (holotype, LE 212480). 16. Conidiophores showing strong geniculation (arrowheads). 17. Swollen base of conidiophore. 18. Denticulate conidiogenous cells. 19-21. Fusiform conidia. Bars: 16, 17 = 10 µm; 1821 = 5 µm
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Two new hyphomycetous anamorphs were isolated from plant hosts of the Restionaceae in the fynbos of the Cape Floral Kingdom
of South Africa. Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi gen. et sp. nov. on Ceratocaryum decipiens produces aseptate, cylindrical conidia with amorphous mucoid appendages at both ends in rows or whorls of phialides on verruculose,
monone...
Citations
... Leaf litter is a well-studied environment, and many reports have revealed its great fungal diversity, dominated by Ascomycota species. The leaf litter fungal community also harbors a high proportion of rare species associated with the decomposition of wide diverse plants, invertebrates and animal excrements [14][15][16][17][18]. Among leaf litter studies, South Africa is a high biodiversity hotspot with multiple works focused on describing its fungal populations associated with leaf litter with many unique genera and species described: Bactrodesmium sp., Brachydesmiella sp., Circinotrichum sp., Coniosporium sp., Periconiella sp., Sporidesmium sp., Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi and Rhexodenticula elegiae [15][16][17][18]. ...
... The leaf litter fungal community also harbors a high proportion of rare species associated with the decomposition of wide diverse plants, invertebrates and animal excrements [14][15][16][17][18]. Among leaf litter studies, South Africa is a high biodiversity hotspot with multiple works focused on describing its fungal populations associated with leaf litter with many unique genera and species described: Bactrodesmium sp., Brachydesmiella sp., Circinotrichum sp., Coniosporium sp., Periconiella sp., Sporidesmium sp., Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi and Rhexodenticula elegiae [15][16][17][18]. ...
... As a result, more than 11 different fungal classes were identified, with Agaricomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes being the most representative. As many as 33 taxonomic orders, 77 families and more than 145 genera were identified, highlighting the large taxonomic diversity represented by fungi associated to leaf litter [14][15][16][17][18] (Table S1). The class Dothideomycetes grouped the highest number of fungal strains (n = 119), with members of the order Pleosporales (n = 94) as the most represented and diverse group of strains. ...
Microbial natural products are an invaluable resource for the biotechnological industry. Genome mining studies have highlighted the huge biosynthetic potential of fungi, which is un- derexploited by standard fermentation conditions. Epigenetic effectors and/or cultivation-based approaches have successfully been applied to activate cryptic biosynthetic pathways in order to pro- duce the chemical diversity suggested in available fungal genomes. The addition of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid to fermentation processes was evaluated to assess its effect on the metabolomic diversity of a taxonomically diverse fungal population. Here, metabolomic methodologies were implemented to identify changes in secondary metabolite profiles to determine the best fermentation conditions. The results confirmed previously described effects of the epigenetic modifier on the metabolism of a population of 232 wide diverse South Africa fungal strains cultured in different fermentation media where the induction of differential metabolites was observed. Furthermore, one solid-state fermentation (BRFT medium), two classic successful liquid fermentation media (LSFM and YES) and two new liquid media formulations (MCKX and SMK-II) were compared to identify the most productive conditions for the different populations of taxonomic subgroups.
Keywords: fungal fermentations; epigenetic modifier; metabolomic; chemical diversit
... The ex-type strain (CBS 318.95) of R. cylindrospora was sequenced by Klaubauf et al. (2014), and later Crous et al. (2016) introduced a new species R. acaciae in the genus based on molecular data and morphology. Other two unsequenced species, R. elegiae and R. zhengii, were introduced based on the morphology of polyblastic, denticulate conidiogenous cells, verruculose conidia with slightly darker central cells and paler end cells, and the rhexolytic secession of conidia, which are similar to the type species R. cylindrospora (Baker et al. 2001, Mel'nik et al. 2004, Li et al. 2011. Phyogenetic analysis showed that Rhexodenticula had relationships with Boliniales and Sordariales, and Klaubauf et al. (2014) referred Rhexodenticula to Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. ...
... In addition, R. cylindrospora has a narrow, basal, marginal frill, which is lacking in R. aquatica. The distinctive conidial shape of R. aquatica also differs from other two unsequenced species R. elegiae and R. zhengii in the genus (see key to species of Rhexodenticula) (Mel'nik et al. 2004, Li et al. 2011. Rhexodenticula species were collected from rotten leaves and dead culms in terrestrial habitat (Baker et al. 2001, Mel'nik et al. 2004, Li et al. 2011, Klaubauf et al. 2014, Crous et al. 2016, while our new species R. aquatica was collected from submerged wood in freshwater habitat. ...
... The distinctive conidial shape of R. aquatica also differs from other two unsequenced species R. elegiae and R. zhengii in the genus (see key to species of Rhexodenticula) (Mel'nik et al. 2004, Li et al. 2011. Rhexodenticula species were collected from rotten leaves and dead culms in terrestrial habitat (Baker et al. 2001, Mel'nik et al. 2004, Li et al. 2011, Klaubauf et al. 2014, Crous et al. 2016, while our new species R. aquatica was collected from submerged wood in freshwater habitat. Both phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparison support R. aquatica to be a new species in Rhexodenticula (FIGURE 1). ...
During our surveys of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in the Greater Mekong Subregion, a rhexodenticula-like taxon was collected, described and illustrated. The new collection is identified based on analyses of combined LSU, SSU, ITS and TEF sequence data, and morphological comparison with other Rhexodenticula species. According to the morphology and molecular analysis, our collection is not known before and hence, we introduce here as Rhexodenticula aquatica sp. nov. This species is characterized by macronematous, subcylindrical, unbranched conidiophores, polyblastic, terminal conidiogenous cells and fusiform, 3-septate, verruculose conidia, and schizolytic conidial secession. Rhexodenticula is referred to Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis due to its unstable phylogenetic placement in Sordariomycetidae.
... Based on DNA sequences at these five genes, Lombard et al. introduced 21 new genera and five previously established genera to the family (i.e., Alfaria Crous, Montaño-Mata and García-Jim., Didymostilbe Bres. and Sacc., and Septomyrothe- cium Matsush.), which were previously treated as either incertae sedis or members of a different family Bionectriaceae [1,[4][5][6][7][8]. Presently, there are 33 genera in the family Stachybotryaceae [9]. ...
During a survey of fungal diversity in a deserted rocky area in Yunnan, PR China, a new species, Memnoniella sinensis, was identified. This new species is characterized by having phialidic conidiogenous cells with conspicuous collarettes, and aseptate, verrucose, ellipsoidal to sometimes ovoid, olivaceous brown to dark brown conidia. Morphologically, M. sinensis is similar to M. dichroa, but can be easily distinguished due to its hyaline conidiophores and smaller conidia. Phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences at five loci showed that our strain grouped together with M. dichroa and M. oenanthes. Here, the new species is described and illustrated, and a key to the species of the genus Memnoniella is provided.
... Parasarcopodium is a hyphomycetous genus, which was erected by Mel'nik et al. (2004) with P. ceratocaryi Mel'nik, S.J. Lee & Crous as the type species. Parasarcopodium was earlier placed in family Bionectriaceae (Mel'nik et al. 2004), but recently included in Stachybotryaceae . ...
... Parasarcopodium is a hyphomycetous genus, which was erected by Mel'nik et al. (2004) with P. ceratocaryi Mel'nik, S.J. Lee & Crous as the type species. Parasarcopodium was earlier placed in family Bionectriaceae (Mel'nik et al. 2004), but recently included in Stachybotryaceae . At present there are two epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2018). ...
This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand. The fungi are accommodated in 31 families. New taxa described include a new family, seven new genera, 65 new species, 16 previously known species. A new family: Malaysiascaceae (Glomerellales). New genera are Acremoniisimulans (Plectosphaerellaceae), Pandanaceomyces, Pseudoachroiostachy (Nectriaceae), Pseudohyaloseta (Niessliaceae), Pseudoornatispora (Stachybotriaceae) and Yunnanomyces (Sympoventuriaceae). New species are Acremoniisimulans thailandensis, Beltrania krabiensis, Beltraniella pandanicola, B. thailandicus, Canalisporium krabiense, C. thailandensis, Clonostachys krabiensis, Curvularia chonburiensis, C. pandanicola, C. thailandicum, C. xishuangbannaensis, Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis, Dictyochaeta pandanicola, Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis, D. pandanicola, D. xishuangbannaensis, Dictyosporium appendiculatum, Di. guttulatum, Di. hongkongensis, Di. krabiense, Di. pandanicola, Distoseptispora thailandica, D. xishuangbannaensis, Helicoma freycinetiae, Hermatomyces biconisporus, Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis, L. pandanicola, Lasionectria krabiense, Menisporopsis pandanicola, Montagnula krabiensis, Musicillium pandanicola, Neofusicoccum pandanicola, Neohelicomyces pandanicola, Neooccultibambusa thailandensis, Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis, N. pandanicola, N. phangngaensis, Pandanaceomyces krabiensis, Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis, P. pandanicola, P. xishuangbannaensis, Parasarcopodium hongkongensis, Pestalotiopsis krabiensis, P. pandanicola, Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis, P. pandanicola, P. xishuangbannaensis, Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense, Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola, Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola, Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola, Pseudoornatispora krabiense, Pseudopithomyces pandanicola, Rostriconidium pandanicola, Sirastachys phangngaensis, Stictis pandanicola, Terriera pandanicola, Thozetella pandanicola, Tubeufia freycinetiae, T. parvispora, T. pandanicola, Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis, Volutella krabiense, V. thailandensis and Yunnanomyces pandanicola. Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support. Inspiration for this study came from the book Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae by Whitton, McKenzie and Hyde in 2012. Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
... The type species was collected from Ceratocaryum decipiens (Restionaceae) in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Parasarcopodium was earlier placed in family Bionectriaceae (Mel'nik et al. 2004), recently Parasarcopodium was including in family Stachybotryaceae base on backbone tree for Sordariomycetes (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The genus is characterized by macronematous, mononematous, hyaline to subhyaline, septate, branched conidiophores, monophialidic, cylindro-lageniform or oblong ampulliform conidiogenous cells and cylindrical, aseptate conidia with amorphous mucoid appendages (Mel'nik et al. 2004). ...
... Parasarcopodium was earlier placed in family Bionectriaceae (Mel'nik et al. 2004), recently Parasarcopodium was including in family Stachybotryaceae base on backbone tree for Sordariomycetes (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). The genus is characterized by macronematous, mononematous, hyaline to subhyaline, septate, branched conidiophores, monophialidic, cylindro-lageniform or oblong ampulliform conidiogenous cells and cylindrical, aseptate conidia with amorphous mucoid appendages (Mel'nik et al. 2004). ...
... × (2)2.5-3 μm in P. ceratocaryi), however, P. ceratocaryi has a distinctive mucilaginous appendage at either end of the conidia (Mel'nik et al. 2004), a feature that is lacking in P. pandanicola. The sexual morph was compared with Stachybotrys oleronensis (sexual morph) and our new species differs from S. oleronensis in having superficial, globose ascomata, without hairs, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate asci and fusiform, 1-septate ascospores, slightly constricted at septum and without a mucilaginous sheath. ...
Collections of microfungi on Pandanus species (Pandanaceae) in Krabi, Thailand resulted in the discovery of a new species in the genus Parasarcopodium, producing both its sexual and asexual morphs. In this paper, we introduce P. pandanicola sp. nov., with an illustrated account. Evidence for the new species is provided by distinct morphology and phylogenetic analyses. This is also the first report of the sexual morph of Parasarcopodium. The phylogenetic trees used Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2 sequence data to show the placement of the new species in Stachybotryaceae.
... In this study, we were able to resolve 33 genera in the Stachybo triaceae, of which 21 are newly introduced here. The remaining 12 genera include established genera (i.e., Myrothecium, Peeth ambara and Stachybotrys), of which some (i.e., Albosynnema, Alfaria, Didymostilbe, Parasarcopodium, Septomyrothecium and Xepicula) were previously treated as either incertae sedis or members of the Bionectriaceae (Nag Raj 1993, Rossman et al. 1999, Seifert et al. 2003, Mel'nik et al. 2004, Decock et al. 2008, Crous et al. 2014. Several older generic names were also resurrected here (i.e., Melanopsamma, Memnoniella and Vir gatospora) based on phylogenetic inference. ...
The family Stachybotriaceae was recently introduced to include the genera Myrothecium, Peethambara and Stachybotrys. Members of this family include important plant and human pathogens, as well as several species used in industrial and commercial applications as biodegraders and biocontrol agents. However, the generic boundaries in Stachybotriaceae are still poorly defined, as type material and sequence data are not readily available for taxonomic studies. To address this issue, we performed multi-locus phylogenetic analyses using partial gene sequences of the 28S large subunit (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA (ITS), the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), calmodulin (cmdA), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) for all available type and authentic strains. Supported by morphological characters these data resolved 33 genera in the Stachybotriaceae. These included the nine already established genera Albosynnema, Alfaria, Didymostilbe, Myrothecium, Parasarcopodium, Peethambara, Septomyrothecium, Stachybotrys and Xepicula. At the same time the generic names Melanopsamma, Memnoniella and Virgatospora were resurrected. Phylogenetic inference further showed that both the genera Myrothecium and Stachybotrys are polyphyletic resulting in the introduction of 13 new genera with myrothecium-like morphology and eight new genera with stachybotrys-like morphology. © 2015-2016 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
... Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Parasarcopodium ceratocary CBS 110664 (GenBank AY425026; Identities = 772/796 (97 %), Gaps = 1/796 (0 %)), Pleonectria pyrrhochlora CBS 125131 (GenBank HM484570; Identities = 774/799 (97 %), Gaps = 3/799 (0 %)), P. virens A.R. 4558 (Gen-Bank JF832754; Identities = 770/795 (97 %), Gaps = 3/795 (0 %)) and 'Acremonium persicinum' CBS 110646 (GenBank HQ232088; Identities = 773/800 (97 %), Gaps = 4/800 (0 %)). Parasarcopodium ceratocary (incertae sedis, Hypocreales) has verruculose conidiophores with rows or whorls of phialides and cylindrical conidia with amorphous mucoid appendages at both ends (Mel'nik et al. 2004); while Pleonectria species (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) produce a pycnidial asexual morph (zythiostroma-like) on the natural substratum, with verticillated conidiophores, intercalary phialides and ellipsoidal conidia; and sporodochial conidiophores, densely branched with cylindrical phialides and allantoid conidia in culture (Hirooka et al. 2012 Pileus 25-29 mm diam, convex to broadly convex, orange-scarlet towards margin, disc orange-chestnut, smooth, non-striate; flesh creamy white, thin. Lamellae adnexed, creamy white, 2 mm wide at the middle, thinner towards margin, lamellulae of two tiers, intervenose, edge concolorous; collarium absent. ...
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Alanphillipsia aloeicola from Aloe sp., Arxiella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Ganoderma austroafricanum from Jacaranda mimosifolia, Phacidiella
podocarpi and Phaeosphaeria podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola from Mimusops zeyheri and Sphaerulina pelargonii from Pelargonium sp. Furthermore, Barssia maroccana is described from Cedrus atlantica
(Morocco), Codinaea pini from Pinus patula (Uganda), Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae from Marquesia acuminata (Zambia), Dinemasporium ipomoeae from Ipomoea pes-caprae (Vietnam), Diaporthe phragmitis from Phragmites australis (China), Marasmius
vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Melanconium hedericola from Hedera helix (Spain), Pluteus albotomentosus and Pluteus extremiorientalis from a mixed forest (Russia), Rachicladosporium eucalypti from Eucalyptus globulus (Ethiopia), Sistotrema
epiphyllum from dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica in a forest (The Netherlands), Stagonospora chrysopyla from Scirpus microcarpus (USA) and Trichomerium dioscoreae from Dioscorea sp. (Japan). Novel species from Australia include: Corynespora endiandrae
from Endiandra introrsa, Gonatophragmium triuniae from Triunia youngiana, Penicillium coccotrypicola from Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phytophthora moyootj from soil. Novelties from Iran include Neocamarosporium chichastianum from soil
and Seimatosporium pistaciae from Pistacia vera. Xenosonderhenia eucalypti and Zasmidium eucalyptigenum are newly described from Eucalyptus urophylla in Indonesia. Diaporthe acaciarum and Roussoella acacia are newly described from Acacia tortilis
in Tanzania. New species from Italy include Comoclathris spartii from Spartium junceum and Phoma tamaricicola from Tamarix gallica. Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Acremoniopsis from forest soil and Collarina from water sediments (Spain),
Phellinocrescentia from a Phellinus sp. (French Guiana), Neobambusicola from Strelitzia nicolai (South Africa), Neocladophialophora from Quercus robur (Germany), Neophysalospora from Corymbia henryi (Mozambique) and Xenophaeosphaeria
from Grewia sp. (Tanzania). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
... character of releasing conidia by rhexolytically splitting a separating cell. The genus previously had two species, Rhexodenticula elegiae Melnik et al. (Mel'nik et al. 2004) being the second. Rhexodenticula zhengii adds a third species. ...
A new species, Rhexodenticula zhengii from leaf litter of Sycopsis sinensis collected from Houhe National Nature Reserve, Wufeng, Hubei, China is described and illustrated with cymbiform conidia 18.5–22.0 × 4.5–5.0 μm, constricted at proximal and distal
septa. A key to the species of Rhexodenticula is provided.
... The other two isolates of S. circinatum formed a clade near Myrothecium in the Stachybotrys/Peethambara clade (Fig. 2D). Also appearing in this clade was Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi, a monotypic genus recently described by Mel'nik et al. (2004). ...
Over 200 new sequences are generated for members of the genus Acremonium and related taxa including ribosomal small subunit sequences (SSU) for phylogenetic analysis and large subunit (LSU) sequences for phylogeny and DNA-based identification. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that within the Hypocreales, there are two major clusters containing multiple Acremonium species. One clade contains Acremonium sclerotigenum, the genus Emericellopsis, and the genus Geosmithia as prominent elements. The second clade contains the genera Gliomastixsensu stricto and Bionectria. In addition, there are numerous smaller clades plus two multi-species clades, one containing Acremonium strictum and the type species of the genus Sarocladium, and, as seen in the combined SSU/LSU analysis, one associated subclade containing Acremonium breve and related species plus Acremonium curvulum and related species. This sequence information allows the revision of three genera. Gliomastix is revived for five species, G. murorum, G. polychroma, G. tumulicola, G. roseogrisea, and G. masseei. Sarocladium is extended to include all members of the phylogenetically distinct A. strictum clade including the medically important A. kiliense and the protective maize endophyte A. zeae. Also included in Sarocladium are members of the phylogenetically delimited Acremonium bacillisporum clade, closely linked to the A. strictum clade. The genus Trichothecium is revised following the principles of unitary nomenclature based on the oldest valid anamorph or teleomorph name, and new combinations are made in Trichothecium for the tightly interrelated Acremonium crotocinigenum, Spicellum roseum, and teleomorph Leucosphaerinaindica. Outside the Hypocreales, numerous Acremonium-like species fall into the Plectosphaerellaceae, and A. atrogriseum falls into the Cephalothecaceae.
... (Jacobs et al. 2003a), and cercosporoid fungi (Crous & Braun 1996a, b, Pretorius et al. 2003). Several unique hyphomycetes were also reported from Proteaceae and Restionaceae in the fynbos (Wingfi eld et al. 1988, Mel'nik et al. 2004, Lee et al. 2004b). Specifi c mention should be made of the work of Marasas on the taxonomy of the toxigenicity and phytopathologically important genus Fusarium, including soil surveys (Rheeder & Marasas 1998), and the description of numerous new species such as Fusarium andiyazi Marasas, Rheeder, Lampr., Fusarium andiyazi Marasas, Rheeder, Lampr., Fusarium andiyazi K.A. Zeller & J.F. Leslie (Marasas et al. 2001), and F. thapsinum Klittich, J.F. Leslie, P.E. ...
Several recent studies have reviewed the extent of fungal biodiversity, and have used these data as basis for revised estimates of species numbers based on known numbers of plants and insects. None of these studies, however, have focused on fungal biodiversity in South Africa. Coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the National Collection of Fungi (PREM) in South Africa in 2005, it is thus timely to reflect on the taxonomic research that has been conducted in South Africa over the past Century. Information is presented on the extent of fungal collections preserved at PREM, and the associated research publications that have largely resulted from this resource. These data are placed in context of the known plant and insect biodiversity, and used as basis to estimate the potential number of fungi that could be expected in South Africa. The conservative estimate is of approximately 200 000 species without taking into account those associated with a substantial insect biodiversity.
