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Phaeocollybia benzokauffmanii. Fig. 18. Habit: Exterior views contrasting robust and slender forms within the same collection (holotype). The appressed fibrillose remnants of the primordial sheath on the stipe (arrow) are typical. Scale bar = 5 cm. Fig. 19. Beaked amygdaliform-limoniform basidiospores. The plage (arrow)—an area of lowered ornamentation above the apiculus on the spore face—can be found to some degree in all species of the complex. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 20. Thin-walled clavate cheilocystidia. Scale bar = 10 µm. Fig. 21. Basidia. Scale bar = 10 µm.
Source publication
Morphological and molecular investigations during a taxonomic reevaluation of the genus Phaeocollybia revealed four new agaric species from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California that are morphologically similar to Phaeocollybia kauffmanii (Smith) Singer. All five species produce large basidiomes with brown pilei, stipes with cartilag...
Similar publications
Morphological and molecular reevaluation of the genus Phaeocollybia has uncovered the existence of two new forest agarics from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Phaeocollybia phaeogaleroides produces small, fragile basidiomes with large, lightly ornamented, ellipsoid basidiospores, abundant clamp connections, and a unique fruiti...
Two new phaeocollybias are described from coastal and coastal montane coniferous forests of California, Oregon, and Washington. Phaeocollybia rufotubulina, closely related to the gregarious, hollow-stiped P. californica and P. scatesiae, differs in pileipellis pigments, pseudorhizal branching pattern, and RFLP profile. P. tibiikauffmanii differs fr...
Citations
... Singer [68] considered that members of the genus were not obligatorily ectomycorrhizal, whereas Norvell [69] presented evidence for the consideration of Phaeocollybia as a mycorrhizal genus. At the taxonomic level, the complexity remains, as may be exemplified in Norvell [70]. The author proposed the re-evaluation of the genus Phaeocollybia by revealing four new agaric species morphologically similar to Phaeocollybia kauffmanii. ...
Background
Fungi are among the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth. However, a substantial amount of the species diversity, relationships, habitats, and life strategies of these microorganisms remain to be discovered and characterized. One important factor hindering progress is the difficulty in correctly identifying fungi. Morphological and molecular characteristics have been applied in such tasks. Later, DNA barcoding has emerged as a new method for the rapid and reliable identification of species. The nrITS region is considered the universal barcode of Fungi, and the ITS1 and ITS2 sub-regions have been applied as metabarcoding markers. In this study, we performed a large-scale analysis of all the available Basidiomycota sequences from GenBank. We carried out a rigorous trimming of the initial dataset based in methodological principals of DNA Barcoding. Two different approaches (PCI and barcode gap) were used to determine the performance of the complete ITS region and sub-regions.
Results
For most of the Basidiomycota genera, the three genomic markers performed similarly, i.e., when one was considered a good marker for the identification of a genus, the others were also; the same results were observed when the performance was insufficient. However, based on barcode gap analyses, we identified genomic markers that had a superior identification performance than the others and genomic markers that were not indicated for the identification of some genera. Notably, neither the complete ITS nor the sub-regions were useful in identifying 11 of the 113 Basidiomycota genera. The complex phylogenetic relationships and the presence of cryptic species in some genera are possible explanations of this limitation and are discussed.
Conclusions
Knowledge regarding the efficiency and limitations of the barcode markers that are currently used for the identification of organisms is crucial because it benefits research in many areas. Our study provides information that may guide researchers in choosing the most suitable genomic markers for identifying Basidiomycota species.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0958-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Phaeocollybia R. Heim is an agaric genus, characterized by its umbonate pileus, subterranean pseudorhiza, brown ornamented basidiospores, and the presence of tibiiform diverticula (Smith 1957, Horak 1977, Redhead & Malloch 1986, Norvell 1998, 2000. The genus is widely distributed in moist temperate (Smith 1957, Horak 1977, Redhead & Malloch 1986, Rees & Wood 1996, Norvell 2000 and tropical zones (Singer 1970, Horak 1980, Horak & Halling 1991, Halling & Horak 2008. ...
... Phaeocollybia R. Heim is an agaric genus, characterized by its umbonate pileus, subterranean pseudorhiza, brown ornamented basidiospores, and the presence of tibiiform diverticula (Smith 1957, Horak 1977, Redhead & Malloch 1986, Norvell 1998, 2000. The genus is widely distributed in moist temperate (Smith 1957, Horak 1977, Redhead & Malloch 1986, Rees & Wood 1996, Norvell 2000 and tropical zones (Singer 1970, Horak 1980, Horak & Halling 1991, Halling & Horak 2008. However, the ecological status of Phaeocollybia still remains uncertain. ...
... Of the 96 names published in Phaeocollybia (CABI 2010), ~50 species are currently accepted by Kirk et al. (2008). Phaeocollybia species have been mostly documented from North America and Mexico (Smith 1957, Singer 1970, Smith & Trappe 1972, Horak 1977, Redhead & Malloch 1986, Guzmán et al. 1987, Bandala et al. 1989, Norvell 2000, 2002, 2004, Norvell & Redhead 2000, Redhead & Norvell 2004, Norvell & Exeter 2007, Halling & Horak 2008, with some from Europe (Pearson 1952, Horak 1977, Asia (Horak 1974(Horak , 1977(Horak , 1980, South America (Singer 1970, Horak 1977, Horak & Halling 1991, and Oceania (Horak 1973, 1977, Rees & Wood 1996. ...
A new species in Phaeocollybia, P. purpurea, is described in this paper based on collections from Wuyishan, Fujian Province, China. The new taxon is distinct within the genus for its persistently purple basidiomata, non-viscid pileus, and small basidiospores. The morphological
characters used to distinguish the new species from its related species are also provided and discussed in this paper.
... Other mycologists in the region also made significant contributions to improving the knowledge base for SMP fungi. These included treatises on Bridgeoporus (Burdsall et al. 1996; Redberg et al. 2003), Albetrellus (Ginns 1997), Phaeocollybia (Norvell 2000Norvell , 2002Norvell , 2004 Norvell & Redhead 2000a), Ramaria (Exeter et al. 2006), Stropharia (Norvell & Redhead 2000b), and Cantharellus (Redhead et al. 1997). Norvell & Exeter (2004) examined effects of forest thinning and stand age on fungal communities in the Oregon Coast Range. ...
In 1994, 234 fungal species were listed for protection under the Survey and Manage Programme (SMP) guidelines of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), an area encompassing 9.7 Mha of federal land in the states of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. The fungal species were presumed rare, associated with late-successional old-growth forests, and in need of protection not afforded by the major elements of the NWFP, including a vast system of forest reserves. The SMP guidelines thus called for protecting known sites while gathering information through surveys to learn more about species rarity, distribution, habitat requirements, and persistence concerns. If new information revealed that a species was not rare, not associated with late-successional old-growth forests, or that other aspects of the NWFP guidelines provided for their persistence (e.g. adequate protection provided by forest reserves), the species could be removed from the programme. The first assemblage of known site records from fungal herbaria yielded approximately 3500 records for all listed species. After 12 y of survey the total number of records increased four-fold to approximately 14,400 records. Fifty-five percent of species were found at 20 or fewer sites and considered rare; 42% were found at ten or fewer sites. Over the life of the programme, 39 species were removed from the programme primarily because they were no longer considered rare; many were found at several hundred sites throughout the NWFP area. Mapped distributions of known sites varied among species. When viewed across species, however, known sites were well distributed throughout the NWFP area, thus indicating the importance of the entire NWFP area in maintaining this diverse array of fungi. The NWFP relies on a system of late-successional forest reserves to act as a coarse-filter conservation approach to provide protection for late-successional species. Ninety percent of fungal species had some portion of their known sites within reserves, but only 34% of total sites occurred within reserves. Thus, for the rarest species, applying a fine-filter conservation approach that protects known sites outside of reserves becomes an important aspect of species protection. The SMP became a costly and controversial aspect of the NWFP and underwent several administrative revisions including attempts to end the programme in 2004 and 2007. Regardless of costs and controversy, this conservation programme represents an unprecedented attempt to conserve rare fungal species at a regional scale. One of the more important lessons learned is the absolute need for professional mycologists to develop long-term partnerships with resource managers and other scientists, and apply mycological expertise to complex species and habitat conservation issues in an interdisciplinary setting.
... Phaeocollybia redheadii Norvell 2000 Misapplied -P. kauff manii sensu Norvell (1992), Norvell & Redhead (1993), Redhead & Norvell (1993). ...
This 2008 publication (no longer available in print and now in revision) offers a key to all described 25 Phaeocollybia species from Pacific Northwest United States (California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon) and Canada (British Columbia). Detailed summary descriptions are accompanied by color photos depicting each species in the field, in the lab, and under the microscope. Discussions of global distribution, ecology, development, biology, taxonomy, and suspected phylogenetic relationships offer essential background information to those working within and outside the Pacific Northwest region.
The original images have been downsized and the book divided into three parts for easy downloading on ResearchGate. Part 3 (presented here) provides 6–8-page treatments of Phaeocollybia phaeogaleroides, P. piceae, P. pleurocystidiata, P. pseudofestiva, P radicate, P. redheadii, P rifflipes, P. rufotubulina, P. scatesiae, P. sipei, P. spadicea, and P. tibiikauffmanii. Part 2 treats the remaining PNW species, and Part 1 covers the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the genus as well as keys to PNW species, a complete glossary, and references. A list of errata (part 4), still in preparation, will be uploaded to ResearchGate when completed.
... Perception of rarity prompted the United States government -the USDI-Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and USDA-Forest Service (FS) -to cite fourteen phaeocollybias (among 234 potentially endangered or threatened fungi in oldgrowth Pacific coast temperate rainforests) as species of concern in the Federal Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) report on Northern Spotted Owl habitats (USDA-USDI 1993). All fourteen were included in the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) and Record of Decision (ROD, USDA-USDI 1994; see also Castellano & al. 1999Castellano & al. , 2003Norvell 2000Norvell , 2002Norvell , 2004Norvell & Exeter 2004, 2007aNorvell & Redhead 2000) that contained the Resource Management Plan (RMP) to implement the NWFP (Molina 2008) and governed the survey and management of organisms on BLM and FS lands within the range of the Northern Spotted Owl. ...
... In other species, the cap remains closely pressed over the stipe and does not expand until within a few cm of the surface, when most veil tissues rupture, leaving occasional fi brillose remnants on the stipe just below the still strongly inrolled pileus. Observation of two P. kauff manii and P. redheadii clusters in place for one month (figs a-c, p. 166, see also Norvell 1998bNorvell , 2000 indicated that those species matured slowly. In such robust species, the cartilaginous rind surrounds a proliferating context that continues to grow during the fi nal elongation and expansion phases so that stipes remain stuff ed with a conspicuous fi rm pith even when fully mature. ...
... They inferred a pathogenic relationship between host and fungus based on the degree of senescence of the rootlet, noting that the fruitbodies erupted '... through the cortical layers from a loosened vascular stele... ' through which nutrients were thought to flow from host to fungus (Redhead & Malloch 1986). Norvell (1998bNorvell ( , 2000 published the first persuasive evidence that Phaeocollybia might be ectomycorrhizal after successful excavations of fruitbodies representing P. redheadii, P. kauffmanii, P. benzokauffmanii, P. pseudofestiva, and P. spadicea. Microscopical examinations of pseudorhizal origins showed them to be connected to ectomycorrhizal root-tips, as demonstrated by the presence of a Hartig net within the tips; both the mantle surfaces and surrounding mycelial hyphae bore the characteristic tibiiform diverticula diagnosing Phaeocollybia. ...
This 2008 publication (no longer available in print and now in revision) offers a key to all described 25 Phaeocollybia species from Pacific Northwest United States (California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon) and Canada (British Columbia). Detailed summary descriptions are accompanied by color photos depicting each species in the field, in the lab, and under the microscope. Discussions of global distribution, ecology, development, biology, taxonomy, and suspected phylogenetic relationships offer essential background information to those working within and outside the Pacific Northwest region.
The original images have been downsized and the book divided into three parts for easy downloading on ResearchGate. Part 1 (presented here) contains the covers and introductory matter, sections on distribution & ecology, development & biology, taxonomy & phylogeny, diagnostics, and the conspectus and keys to species. The acknowledgments, bibliography, and glossary conclude Part 1. Individual species descriptions are included in parts 2 & 3. A list of errata (part 4), still in preparation, will be uploaded to ResearchGate when completed.
... Recent morphological, macrochemical, and molecular analyses suggest a high degree of endemism for Phaeocollybia, supporting 15 of the above named species as valid (Norvell 1998ab, 2000Norvell 1998ab, , 2002Norvell 1998ab, , 2004 Norvell & Redhead 2000). Norvell (1998a Norvell ( , 2000) excluded P. deceptiva A.H. Sm. & Trappe as a species of Cortinarius subg. Telamonia, and Norvell (1998a) and Norvell & Redhead (2000) found P. carmanahensis conspecific with P. oregonensis. ...
... Telamonia, and Norvell (1998a) and Norvell & Redhead (2000) found P. carmanahensis conspecific with P. oregonensis. During the past seven years, Norvell (2000 Norvell ( , 2002 Norvell ( , 2004) and Norvell & Redhead (2000) described nine additional phaeocollybias from British Columbia in western Canada and California, Oregon, and Washington in the Pacific Northwest United States (Table 1). Phaeocollybia has come to be regarded as an old-growth indicator for the region (Ammirati & al. 1993 Norvell 1992 Norvell , 1995 Norvell & Exeter 2004). ...
... The Oregonian old growth transect and Californian Jedediah Smith State Park specimens noted above share many features with Phaeocollybia luteosquamulosa: robust stature, fibrillose pileus, trilaminate pileipellis, thinwalled clavate cheilocystidia, and spore shape and ornamentation. However, Norvell (2000) excluded the two collections from her new species, referring them instead to 'lut x' based on differences in pileus color and basidiospore size. Since then, eleven additional Oregon collections — eight from the same Polk County site and one each from Coos, Douglas and Lane counties — support recognition of 'lut x' as a separate species, described below. ...
A new phaeocollybia is described from Oregon and California temperate coniferous rainforests that shares with P. luteosquamulosa a trilaminate suprapellis, a feature unusual in the genus. Phaeocollybia ochraceocana differs in its orange to tawny coloration, more abundant pileus squamules, more extensive suprapellis, a mediopellis lacking in roughened gel-encrusted hyphae, cheilocystidia that rarely produce apical extensions and lack gel incrustations, and much smaller basidiospores. Both species belong to the P. kauffmanii complex, a morphologically defined group characterized by robust stature, vertical-monopodial pseudorhizae, stuffed stipes with cartilaginous rinds surrounding firm pith, brown verruculose limoniform basidiospores, and thin-walled, clavate cheilocystidia. A revised key to the complex incorporates the new and four morphologically similar species.
... As part of a continuing study of the genus Phaeocollybia begun in 1991, a large number of fresh specimens (>1,000 collections) from Pacific coastal temperate rainforests of western North America have been examined and compared closely with older dried material (including type specimens). During this research, 160 collections were molecularly analyzed (Norvell 1998ab, 2000Norvell 1998ab, , 2002 Norvell & Redhead 2000), new insights into the development and biology of the genus gained (Norvell 1998ab), new morphological characters revealed (e.g., the existence of a universal pellicular veil, different pseudorhizal morphologies, the presence of sarcodimitism, see Norvell 1998ab), and seven new species named (Norvell 2000Norvell , 2002 Norvell & Redhead 2000). Two additional undescribed species characterized by large ornamented basidiospores, absence of clamp connections, and narrow-necked thick-walled capitulate tibiiform cheilocystidia are described below. ...
... Amplification and enzymatic digestion of the ITS region from 160 isolates representing 27 Phaeocollybia species and five out-taxa (Norvell 1998aNorvell , 2000Norvell , 2002 Norvell & Redhead 2000) revealed nine different ITS lengths within Phaeocollybia (Norvell 1998a). Most ITS lengths and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) support morphologically based species hypotheses.Table 2 summarizes ITS lengths, number of restriction sites, and RFLP profiles for eight tibiiform species. ...
Two new phaeocollybias are described from coastal and coastal montane coniferous forests of California, Oregon, and Washington. Phaeocollybia rufotubulina, closely related to the gregarious, hollow-stiped P. californica and P. scatesiae, differs in pileipellis pigments, pseudorhizal branching pattern, and RFLP profile. P. tibiikauffmanii differs from the similarly robust, orange-brown, viscid capped P. kauffmanii in its thick-walled narrow-necked capitulate cheilocystidia. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of restriction data generated from thirty-seven isolates representing P. californica, P. pseudofestiva, P. scatesiae, P. spadicea, P. radicata, and the two new species support the existence of a clade characterized by thick-walled tibiiform cheilocystidia. Characters previously used to diagnose Section Versicolores are re-examined, and the implied phylogenetic separation of the vernal P. pleurocystidiata from the fall-fruiting tibiiform western species is discussed.
... Norvell 1998ab), molecular support for the existence of 25 species (inferred from restriction digests of 160 collections, cf. Norvell 1998a Norvell , 2000), new insights into the development and biology of the genus (Norvell 1998ab), and naming of five new species (Norvell 2000, Norvell & Redhead 2000). Two additional new species --P. ...
... Norvell 1998ab), molecular support for the existence of 25 species (inferred from restriction digests of 160 collections, cf. Norvell 1998a Norvell , 2000), new insights into the development and biology of the genus (Norvell 1998ab), and naming of five new species (Norvell 2000, Norvell & Redhead 2000). Two additional new species --P. ...
Morphological and molecular reevaluation of the genus Phaeocollybia has uncovered the existence of two new forest agarics from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Phaeocollybia phaeogaleroides produces small, fragile basidiomes with large, lightly ornamented, ellipsoid basidiospores, abundant clamp connections, and a unique fruiting phenology. First revealed during molecular analyses, Phaeocollybia rifflipes produces small basidiomes with tawny viscid pilei and lilac-colored lamellae. It shares affinities with two western species (Phaeocollybia fallax and Phaeocollybia lilacifolia) with glutinous pilei, lilac lamellae, vertical-monopodial pseudorhizae, limoniform basidiospores, and thin-walled clavate cheilocystidia. The close morphological relationship of three western species to the European Phaeocollybia festiva is discussed.
The analysis of a combined dataset including 5.8S (ITS) rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and rpb2 data from species of the Agaricineae (Agaricoid clade) supports a shared monophyletic origin of the monotypic genera Mythicomyces and Stagnicola. The new family Mythicomycetaceae, sister to Psathyrellaceae, is here proposed to name this clade, which is characterised, within the dark-spored agarics, by basidiomata with a mycenoid to phaeocollybioid habit, absence of veils, a cartilaginous-horny, often tapering stipe, which discolours dark brown towards the base, a greyish brown, pale hazel brown spore deposit, smooth or minutely punctate-verruculose spores without a germ pore, cheilocystidia always present, as metuloids (thick-walled inocybe-like elements) or as thin-walled elements, pleurocystidia, when present, as metuloids, pileipellis as a thin ixocutis without cystidioid elements, clamp-connections present everywhere, and growth on wood debris in wet habitats of boreal, subalpine to montane coniferous forests. Simocybe parvispora from Spain (two collections, including the holotype), which clusters with all the sequenced collections of Stagnicola perplexa from Canada, USA, France and Sweden, must be regarded as a later synonym of the latter
This 2008 publication (no longer available in print and now in revision) offers a key to all described 25 Phaeocollybia species from Pacific Northwest United States (California, Idaho, Washington, Oregon) and Canada (British Columbia). Detailed summary descriptions are accompanied by color photos depicting each species in the field, in the lab, and under the microscope. Discussions of global distribution, ecology, development, biology, taxonomy, and suspected phylogenetic relationships offer essential background information to those working within and outside the Pacific Northwest region.
The original images have been downsized and the book divided into three parts for easy downloading on ResearchGate. Part 2 (presented here) provides 6–8-page treatments of Phaeocollybia ammiratii, P. attenuata, P. benzokauffmanii, P. californica, P. dissiliens, P. fallax, P. gregaria, P. kauffmanii, P. lilacifolia, P. luteosquamulosa, P. ochraceocana, P. olivacea, and P. oregonensis. Part 3 treats the remaining PNW species, and Part 1 covers the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the genus as well as keys to PNW species, a complete glossary, and references. A list of errata (part 4), still in preparation, will be uploaded to ResearchGate when completed.
