Figure 2
Context in source publication
Context 1
... fossil fuels have historically been the main electricity generation source, the fraction of electric power produced from these traditional power plants has steadily decreased in recent years in favor of renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels provide about 50 percent of the total electricity generated in the European Union, as shown in Figure 2. Hydroelectric power production plants are concentrated in the transalpine range, the Carpathians and the Scandinavian countries, and accounted for 12% of total generation in 2016. ...
Similar publications
This research paper mainly focuses on the simulation of Static Scherbius Drive Scheme for efficient speed control using Inverter firing angle control method. A slip ring induction motor (SRIM) which is an asynchronous type is used, since the rotor does not run in synchronous speed with the stator poles. It is employed in high power, narrow range of...
Citations
... It offers a substantial amount of information, operates with high efficiency, and enables rapid and effective large-scale disaster monitoring and assessment. The electricity system and building infrastructure are often influenced by disasters, which can result in widespread power outages [2][3][4], and a noticeable reduction in nighttime light (NTL) intensity. Daytime imagery, used primarily for assessing surface structural failures, and NTL images are more dominant in capturing the dynamics of human activity and interruptions [5]. ...
The power system is one of the most important urban lifeline engineering systems. Identifying the damage to the power system is an important task in earthquake disaster assessments. Considering the importance of timeliness and accessibility, a hyperparameter optimization model is proposed to address the assessment of disaster losses in power systems on earthquakes. The power system vulnerability on earthquakes, PSVE, is assessed by the hyperparameter optimization model based on nighttime light information. Through the utilization of the computational resources provided by Google Earth Engine, the accuracy of the baseline model has been significantly improved to 87.9%; meanwhile, the cost-effectiveness in the evaluation process is maintained. The PSVE-based damage evaluation has the potential to aid in assessing earthquake damage to cities’ energy supply, power infrastructure, and lighting. Furthermore, the PSVE-based damage evaluation can provide valuable guidance for prioritizing and efficiently allocating resources for rapid repair and reconstruction efforts.
... Any disruption to these systems can have significant implications for the economy and society. Due to the crucial nature of these infrastructure systems, governments around the world have established regulatory frameworks designed to ensure that they can remain at acceptable levels of service even during periods of disruption [9,10]. These frameworks include legislation that governs the design of critical systems and the need to maintain sufficient redundancy to allow for repairs and maintenance during periods of system failure [9]. ...
... Instead of passively responding to a disaster, there are many actions, processes, policies and procedures that can be adopted before, during, and after the event to safeguard the uninterruptible power provision to critical loads. Resilience also requires the network reconfiguration to face multiple threats and the improvement of response times (Karagiannis et al. 2017). However, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), only a small percentage (16%) of IEA family countries have planned specific climate resilience enhancement actions across the electricity supply chain in their national portfolios (IEA 2020). ...
Electricity infrastructures are critical lifeline systems that are designed to serve with a high degree of reliable power supply to consumers under normal operating conditions and also in case of common failures or when expected disturbances occur. However, many recent weather-induced disasters have brought unprecedented challenges to the electricity networks, underlining that power systems remain unprepared to absorb the disruptive large-scale and severe events. Worse still, it is expected that such climate hazards will take place at rising frequency and intensity rates due to climate change. The intensification of meteorological extremes will lead to higher losses and changes in transmission capacity increasing the frequency and importance of material damage to the aging electric infrastructure, thus resulting in significant disruptions, cascading failures, and unpredictable power outages. This paper presents real-life examples of different types of extreme weather incidents and their impacts on the distribution network in Greece, a country that is highly vulnerable because of its location, geomorphology, and the existing overhead assets, highlighting lessons learned related to adaptation options and disaster management best practices. Literature review and benchmarking with other grid operators are also employed to explore resilience-enhancing technical capabilities, weatherproof solutions, and operational strategies on which policy-making initiatives should focus.
... According to [42], short power outages lasting up to 60 min are the most common in Italy, especially during summer. However, in the case of earthquakes, as reported in [43], the average recovery time can range from 1 to 4 days, while for floods, it can be as long as 24 h or 3 weeks. The recovery time is highly dependent on the location and the extent of the damage. ...
As telecommunication networks become increasingly critical for societal functioning, ensuring their resilience in the face of energy disruptions is paramount. This review paper comprehensively analyzes strategies and challenges associated with achieving energy resilience in telecommunication networks. It explores various aspects, including policies, energy backup systems, renewable energy integration, and energy management techniques. This paper discusses how these strategies can be implemented to build resilience across three phases: preparedness (referring to the proactive measures taken in advance), response and relief, recovery and reconstruction. Additionally, it discusses the challenges associated with implementing energy resilience measures, taking into account policies, sustainability and environment, and climate change. By synthesizing existing research and identifying research gaps, this review paper aims to provide insights into the state-of-the-art practices and future directions for enhancing energy resilience in telecommunications, enabling robust and uninterrupted communication services.
... Several factors contribute to the non-stationarity in flow regimes, including variations in human activities, changes in land cover and land use, climate changes, and low-frequency internal climate variability (i.e., multidecadal oscillations) 25 (Cunderlik and Burn, 2003;Mostofi Zadeh et al., 2020). Consequently, flood trends over the past decades have changed worldwide (Chang et al., 2007;FEMA, 2013;Karagiannis et al., 2017;McEvoy et al., 2012;Ziervogel et al., 2014), with critical impacts on society and the environment (Blöschl et al., 2019;Dottori et al., 2022Dottori et al., , 2018Hattermann et al., 2014;Milly et al., 2002;Mostofi Zadeh et al., 2020;Slater et al., 2015). https: //doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1969 ...
Due to global climate change, flooding is predicted to become more frequent in the coming decades. Recent literature has highlighted the importance of river morphodynamics in controlling flood hazards at the local scale. Abrupt and short-term geomorphic changes can occur after major storms. However, our ability to foresee where and when substantial changes will happen is still limited, hindering our understanding of their ramifications on future flood hazards. This study sought to understand the implications of major storm events for future flood hazards. For this purpose, we developed self-organizing maps (SOMs) to predict post-storm changes in stage‐discharge relationships, based on storm characteristics and watershed properties at 3,101 stream gages across the continental United States (CONUS). We tested and verified a machine learning (ML) model and its feasibility for (1) mapping the variability of geomorphic impacts of extreme storm events and (2) representing the effects of these changes on stage‐discharge relationships at gaged sites as a proxy for changes in flood hazard. The established model allows us to select rivers with stage-discharge relationships that are more prone to change after severe storms, for which flood frequency analysis should be revised on a regular basis so that hazard assessment can be up to date with the changing conditions. Results from the model show that, even though post-storm changes in channel conveyance are widespread, the impacts on flood hazard vary across CONUS. The influence of channel conveyance variability on flood risk depends on various parameters characterizing a particular landscape or storm. The proposed framework can serve as a basis for incorporating channel conveyance adjustments into flood hazard assessment.
... Seismic waves can transfer an excessive amount of energy in the TLS, which can lead to critical limit states being exceeded, potentially causing local member failures or even the collapse of the transmission tower in the worst-case scenario. However, other earthquake-induced hazards such as ground failure or soil liquefaction are often the primary cause of such collapses, as noted in studies by [3,4]. ...
... Considering the fact that the substation repair process is time-consuming, e.g. takes from 14 hours to a couple of months [57], the number of out-ofservice customers drastically increases economic loss and impacts businesses besides the mere dollar cost for utility companies. ...
This paper presents a methodological framework to evaluate the resilience, with the primary focus on performance degradation, of levee-protected electric power networks to flooding in a changing climate. To this end, a multidisciplinary framework is established by integrating climate science, hydrology, and electric power network analysis. The framework quantifies the effect of climate change on flood hazard levels in a levee-protected area and the subsequent changes in the resilience of the electric power network. In the first step, the changes in the exposure of levee-protected regions to flooding hazard in a warming climate are calculated. Then, the probabilities of failure of power network components due to flooding under current and projected future climate are determined. Finally, the power system resilience index is used to assess the system resiliency for pre-flooding (baseline), historic flooding, and two projected future flooding scenarios. For demonstration, the proposed framework is applied to a levee-protected area in Northern California. The IEEE 118-bus standard test system is employed to represent the power network in the study area. Results reveal that climate change can considerably decrease the system resilience of the levee-protected electric power network. The findings of this study can contribute towards more resilient power network systems under a changing climate.
... Configuration of the energy system The energy system's configuration may also increase energy system resilience. As stated in [47], configurations allow the energy system to be modified in case of failure of one or more nodes and arcs by opening and closing switches. Switches may be controlled manually, automatically, or remotely using supervisory control and data acquisition systems. ...
... For instance, electric power utilities often maintain small stocks of relatively inexpensive equipment for maintenance and emergencies. Some of the spare parts are difficult to maintain because of their high cost and specificity [47]. Thus, just having a larger number of spare parts necessarily increases resilience meaningfully. ...
The “Clean Energy for all Europeans” package highlights the need to create a resilient critical energy infrastructure in the European Union. Resilience is an emerging term to describe the energy system’s ability to withstand shocks caused by natural hazards, technical accidents, or intentional threats. In this paper, a framework to assess the resilience of energy systems using quantitative indicators is presented. Two main groups of resilience indicators are proposed that depend on what is being measured within the energy system: capacity (attribute-based) indicators or performance in the presence of disruption (performance-based) indicators. This study concentrates on the first resilience phase, when the energy system has to absorb the impact of the shock. The approach considers various disruptions (both internal and external) as triggering events. There is a particular focus on future shocks affecting the prospective energy system, which will have changed with respect to the current one. The future foresight capabilities and potential of the selected resilience indicators are demonstrated using calculations for the Lithuanian energy system. The results revealed that the most important factors that impact energy system resilience are a rich electricity production mix and the diversification of both supply and production in the prospective energy system.
... Modern societies rely on the proper functioning and sustainability of critical infrastructure networks (CINs) such as electric power systems, water supply systems, transportation, and telecommunications (Karakoc et al., 2019). Therefore, maintaining secure and resilient critical infrastructures (CIs) has become one of the most demanding challenges for governments around the globe, especially in the last three decades (White House, 2013;Karagiannis et al., 2017;Humphreys, 2019). For instance, the United States (U.S.) federal planning documents suggest the importance of addressing CI resilience in such a way that reflects its ''interconnectedness and interdependency'' (White House, 2013). ...
... In planning ICINs restoration, prioritizing components is key in improving the recovery process and system resilience. It is also necessary to consider the practical significant challenges that face recovery actions such as repair times uncertainty and poor access to damaged facilities when developing restoration plans (Karagiannis et al., 2017). To this end, the development of effective restoration strategies and scheduling approaches for CIs post-disruption restoration is typically accomplished through optimization approaches. ...
Critical infrastructure networks (CINs), such as power grids, water distribution systems, and telecommunication networks, are essential for the functioning of society and the economy. As these infrastructure networks are not isolated from each other, their functions are not independent and may be vulnerable to disruptive events (e.g., component failures, terrorist attacks, natural disasters). For decision makers, how to restore the functions of CINs while accounting for interdependencies and various uncertainties becomes a challenging task. In this work, we study the post-disruption restoration problem for a system of interdependent CINs under uncertainty. We propose a two-stage mean-risk stochastic restoration model using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) with the goal of minimizing the total cost associated with unsatisfied demands, repair tasks, and flow of interdependent infrastructure networks. The restoration model considers the availability of limited time and resources and provides a prioritized list of components to be restored along with assigning and scheduling them to the available network-specific work crews. Additionally, the model features flexible restoration strategies including multicrew assignment for a single component and a multimodal repair setting along with the consideration of full and partial functioning and dependencies between the multi-network components. The proposed model is illustrated using the power and water networks in Shelby County, Tennessee, United States, under two hypothetical earthquake scenarios.
... The recovery time depends on the extent of damage; in some cases changing the route of electricity lines is necessary. The recovery period is generally long(Karagiannis et al., 2017); maintenance is costly. Hence, frequent lightning strikes in a location negatively affect the electric-energy supply and household access to the electricity by damaging electricity grids. ...
Evidence for road expansion and electrification as drivers of job creation is limited and mixed, with most studies having considered either one or the other, and only in isolation. This paper estimates the average and heterogeneous impacts of road and electricity investments and the interaction of the two on job creation over the past two decades in 27 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Exploiting the exogenous location of ancestral ethnic homelands, a new instrumental variable is created for road accessibility, inspired by post-independence leaders' agenda of building roads to extend authority over the entire expanse of their country, and to promote nation building. Topography and lightning strike---a key source of damage to electric lines and disruption of service---are used to instrument electricity supply. The paper finds positive and significant effects on employment from enhancing proximity to roads and to electric grids. Moreover, the interaction of the two enhances the effects, making them complementary investments. The impacts of both individual and bundled investments are positive, but with differences between men and women, workers of various ages, and countries at different stages of development. In urban areas, better access to roads and electricity promotes all types of employment. In rural areas, greater access induces a transition from low- to high-skilled occupations. These differential effects suggest that the structural transformation brought about by road and electricity expansion is primarily a rural phenomenon.
