Table 2 - uploaded by Mike Morris
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Source publication
The report describes current livelihood strategies in the semi-arid areas of the country and analyses the factors determining those strategies.
Citations
... Striga infestation was the second most limiting factor of maize production after drought as described by respondent farmers across the study districts (Table 4). This was not surprising because in Tanzania, the western zone, central zone and some parts of lake zone are characterised by semi-arid conditions with poor soil fertility, low and erratic rainfall (Morris et al. 2001;Yanda et al. 2015). Low moisture and suboptimal soil nitrogen aggravate the spread of Striga infestation in marginal production areas (Ejeta2007a; Badu-Apraku and Akinwale 2011), and maize is greatly affected under these conditions (Badu-Apraku 2007; Bua and Nowamani 2014). ...
Striga spp. severely affect maize yields in Tanzania causing yield losses varying from 20% to 100%. The use of Striga resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly option that can be easily adopted by smallholder farmers. Uptake of newly developed varieties would be high if the breeding process is inclusive and consultative to farmer preferred traits and preferences. The aim of this study was to identify farmers’ maize production constraints, current Striga control options, trait preference and perceptions among smallholder farmers in western Tanzania. Surveys were conducted in four districts, namely Igunga, Shinyanga rural, Urambo and Uyui during the 2017/2018 cropping season. Data were collected from 324 farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire (166), focus group discussions (158) and field observations. The major maize production constraints reported by farmers were; drought (97.2%), Striga infestation (93.1%), insect pests in field (90.1%) and in stores (72.7%). The main Striga control options described by farmers across the studied districts were: hoe weeding, uprooting, manure application and crop rotation in descending order. Only 59% of the farmers used the seed of improved maize varieties of either hybrids or open-pollinated varieties (OPV) which are Striga susceptible and the remaining used home saved seed. A breeding programme aiming at improving maize varieties for Striga resistance, including farmers’ preferred traits, should be designed and executed to control Striga infestations thus improving maize production, productivity and profitability in western Tanzania.
... Not only does low and unpredictable rainfall make for uncertainty, but it also lends emphasis to the need for timely access to key resources (e.g. oxen for ploughing, seeds for planting, labor for weeding) for optimum harvest outcomes (Morris et al., 1998). The Gogo agro-pastoral societies in semi-arid Tanzania provide examples of how social protection mechanisms, especially social networks, have helped vulnerable households to cope with various forms of risks like food shortage. ...
... Not only does low and unpredictable rainfall make for uncertainty, but it also lends emphasis to the need for timely access to key resources (e.g. oxen for ploughing, seeds for planting, labour for weeding) for optimum harvest outcomes (Morris, et al 1998). The Gogo agro-pastoral societies in semi-arid Tanzania provide examples of how social protection mechanisms, especially social networks, have helped vulnerable households to cope with various forms of risks like food shortage. ...
This paper addresses issues related to cultural values realized in food and personal
names in the Nigerian community as found utilized by the contemporary novelists. The
intent is to decipher how the different individual societies in the country (Igbo, Hausa
and Yoruba) are united as single Nigerian nation. Findings from novels written by third
generation novelists demonstrate that there are at least three divisions of the names of
food and persons: (i) usage of Nigerian names available in Nigerian English (e.g. yams,
suya, asu, fufu, pepper soup, ube etc.), (ii) utilization of traditional names of Yoruba,
Igbo and Hausa communities, and (iii) presence of foreign (Christian and Islamic)
names (Maryamu, Chiaku, Briggs, Obiora, Faruk, Afolabi, Kevin, Adamu etc.). The
existence of nationwide names is a sign of the efforts to create a Nigerian homogenous
territory from the three major divisions: the South Eastern part which is mostly the
Christian community of Igbo, the South Western part which is Yorubaland, the home of
Christians and Muslims, and Northern parts (Hausaland) which is the home of Islamic
civilisation.
... Para esse mesmo ano, a Organização das Nações Unidas -ONU estima que 60% da população chinesa estará vivendo nas cidades (SICILIANO, 2012, p. 165 A intensificação do uso da terra acarreta o aumento da produção mediante níveis elevados de insumos por unidade de área e tempo (LEWIS, 2007b). Se, por um lado, o aumento do desempenho econômico dos estabelecimentos agrícolas nos países em desenvolvimento pode se dar devido à intensificação do uso da terra (SICILIANO, 2012;BAUDRON et al., 2011;ERENSTEIN, 2006;STOATE et al., 2001) e à diversificação da produção (BUSCK et al., 2008;PAUL;NEHRING, 2005;MORRIS et al., 2001), por outro, pode tornar a atividade agrícola insustentável por causa dos efeitos ambientais adversos, quer seja pelo uso indiscriminado de insumos, quer seja pelos efeitos negativos da mecanização agrícola (NEMECEK et al., 2011;STOATE et al., 2001;LAMBIN et al., 2001). ...
O processo de urbanização das áreas rurais cresce em todo o mundo. Na Amazônia brasileira, a ocorrência desse processo de expansão pode possibilitar, em assentamentos periurbanos, o aumento do desempenho econômico dos estabelecimentos agrícolas devido à intensificação do uso da terra e à diversificação da produção. O objetivo do artigo foi avaliar o desempenho econômico dos estabelecimentos agrícolas, considerando que ele é fundamental para a permanência dos agricultores no Projeto de Assentamento Cupiúba localizado no Estado do Pará. Foram amostrados 30% dos assentados no projeto, o que corresponde a 65 estabelecimentos agrícolas. O levantamento de dados foi feito por meio da aplicação de questionário semiestruturado sobre diversos aspectos das características dos estabelecimentos, incluindo dados da família, dados econômicos, de práticas agrícolas, de mão de obra e de venda dos produtos. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado por comparação de média pela ANOVA - fator único e de análises de correspondência simples entre variáveis que apresentaram correlações. Nos aspectos econômico-financeiros, foram investigadas as atividades geradoras de renda agropecuária e não agropecuária do estabelecimento. Com base nos resultados analisados, conclui-se que os estabelecimentos se viabilizam pela renda agropecuária enquanto os chefes são jovens, e pelo recebimento de aposentadoria quando estão em idade avançada. A viabilidade agropecuária se dá por meio da venda de produtos vegetais. A intensificação não mostrou efeitos claros sobre a renda e a diversificação mostrou efeito dependendo do método de avaliação. Os estabelecimentos possuem viabilidade econômica e a grande maioria se encontra acima do nível de reprodução simples, que é a renda que permite o nível mínimo de alimentação, habitação, saúde e educação aos membros das famílias em determinadas condições.
... During that time he also conducted gendered observations and interviews in Dodoma; 12 key informants (six females and six males), identified from his prior study, were interviewed. As the author started to prepare an article for publication, he reviewed data from other case studies (Allessandro, 1997;Hatibu et al., 1997Hatibu et al., , 2000Tiluhongelwa, 2002;Hella et al., 2003;Kusiluka et al., 2004;Eriksen et al., 2005;Morris et al., 2000;Liwenga, 2008;Slegers, 2008;Nelson and Stathers, 2009) conducted in the region for comparison purpose only. This was juxtaposed with in-depth literature review, using data bases offered by UB library such as gender watch, academic search complete and JSTOR. ...
... A third way of life combines the above into agro-pastoralism. Droughts and soil conditions dictate when and where people live by these options (Morris et al., 2000;Hella et al., 2003;Slegers, 2008). ...
... As far as coping with drought is concerned, both women and men sell their labour power[6] to earn a living. The presence of such habit is shared by Morris et al. (2000) and Hatibu et al. (1997) who conducted research in Central Tanzania before this study. The labour power is seasonal and is entirely used in agricultural production. ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to facilitate an understanding of influence of gender roles in drought so as to come with relevant recommendation aimed at bettering the lives of men, women and female children.
Design/methodology/approach
– Data have been collected via participant observation, interviews and collection of unpublished primary and secondary data generated by case studies conducted by the author. After which, content analysis was employed for its potentiality as a means of systematically identifying, classifying and analyzing information relevant to this study.
Findings
– It is argued in this study that the survival of the community, in Central Tanzania, is questionable because effects of drought have reached intolerable levels and strategies adopted aren't that helpful. More specifically, socially assigned gender roles, position women and female children at the most disadvantageous position as the main victims of the disaster. Accordingly, gender roles have to be changed, if the effects of drought have to be mitigated and the community rescued from disappearance.
Originality/value
– The research is original as data obtained cannot be easily accessed by short term researchers who have inadequate knowledge of the community and cannot observe season changes. Practitioner, social scientists and natural scientists, engineers and contractors included, can have their confidence in the findings: the findings are ready to be used.
... From a bio-physical perspective the semi-arid areas are associated not only with low and erratic rainfall, but also in many parts being with poor soils and degraded environments. On the socio-economic front, large areas of these regions have minimal infrastructural development which impedes people's access to markets, health and educational facilities, safe water resources etc. (Morris et al., 2001). This situation is subjecting people to poverty and in turn might lead to community members looking for alternative strategies for survival such as street begging. ...
This paper is a result of the study conducted with the objective of examining street beggars and begging life in Dodoma and Singida Municipalities in Central Tanzania. The current paper examined the feelings of street beggars on begging life and their survival livelihoods in urban areas of central Tanzania. This study employed a cross-sectional research design. The population of the study consisted of street beggars and non-street beggars, municipal officials, councilors, business people and community members. This was done for triangulating and enriching data that were collected from street beggars. The study found that most of sampled beggars felt very bad towards begging life and saw begging activity as an immoral conduct. Street beggars obtained their basic necessities from different sources. Furthermore, it was found that begging flourishes because community tends to be generous to beggars. The study recommends that awareness programmes need to be conducted for the poor so as to help them realize how shameful begging is. Step towards banning, or discourage begging should be welcome. Families where beggars come from should be made aware of taking fore responsibility of taking care of their family members who are beggars.
... From a biophysical perspective, the semi-arid areas are associated not only with low and erratic rainfall but also with poor soils and degraded environments in many areas. On the socio-economic front, large portions of these areas have minimal infrastructure, which impedes people's access to markets, health and educational facilities, safe water resources, etc. (Morris et al., 2001). This situation subjects people to poverty and in turn can lead community members to adopt alternative strategies for survival, such as rural-urban migration and street begging. ...
This study examined categories of street beggars and factors influencing begging activities in Central Tanzania using Dodoma and Singida Municipalities as case studies. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. Structured questionnaires were administered to 130 street beggars, who were selected from various public spaces using a convenience sampling technique. Focus-group discussions, key-informant interviews, and observations were also used to collect primary data. The study found that street beggars fell into four categories namely beggars on the streets, beggars of the streets, beggars in the streets, and beggars of street families, based on where they slept after begging hours and contacts with their families. Furthermore, the phenomenon of street begging is an outcome of many factors, including poverty, unemployment, physical challenges, death of parents, and family disintegration. The study recommends that to address the phenomenon of street begging , policy planners and local government authorities must adopt multi-faceted, multi-targeted , and multi-tiered approaches in the form of preventative and responsive interventions.
... From a biophysical perspective, the semi-arid areas are associated not only with low and erratic rainfall but also with poor soils and degraded environments in many areas. On the socio-economic front, large portions of these areas have minimal infrastructure, which impedes people's access to markets, health and educational facilities, safe water resources, etc. (Morris et al., 2001). This situation subjects people to poverty and in turn can lead community members to adopt alternative strategies for survival, such as rural-urban migration and street begging. ...
This study examined categories of street beggars and factors influencing beg-ging activities in Central Tanzania using Dodoma and Singida Municipalities as case studies. A cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. Structured questionnaires were administered to 130 street beggars, who were selected from various public spaces using a convenience sampling technique. Focus-group discussions, key-informant interviews, and observations were also used to collect primary data. The study found that street beggars fell into four categories namely beggars on the streets, beggars of the streets, beggars in the streets, and beggars of street families, based on where they slept after begging hours and con-tacts with their families. Furthermore, the phenomenon of street begging is an outcome of many factors, including poverty, unemployment, physical challenges, death of parents, and family disintegration. The study recommends that to address the phenomenon of street beg-ging, policy planners and local government authorities must adopt multi-faceted, multi-target-ed, and multi-tiered approaches in the form of preventative and responsive interventions.
... Based on Morris et al (2001) Mkuu If on-going levels of deforestation and degradation are not arrested, and future threats -a new port, oil refinery and transport infrastructure are planned for Lamu district -not contained, serious and potentially irreversible damage will be done to the ecosystem and to the services it provides -supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural -which are essential for human wellbeing. Detrimental social and economic implications will play out at local, national and regional scales. ...
The Aweer community are huntergatherers whose culture and lives have been forged from their long and intimate association with the coastal forests of north east Kenya. Following re-location by the state to settlements along the Bothei Junction – Kiunga road at the time of the Shifta War (1963–1967), their lives were further disrupted by the gazettements of the Dodori and Boni National Reserves in 1976, and then by the hunting ban in 1977. Where the gazettements resulted in their exclusion from traditional hunting and gathering grounds and religious sites, the hunting ban put pay to their main livelihood – hunting – and together these impositions have radically altered their lives. Little more than 1,500 Aweer live in the forest today, based at the settlements of Milimani, Basuba, Kiangwe – near the Dodori Creek – Mangai and Mararani, and primarily dependant on crop farming. With only limited access to inputs, services and markets however, many are struggling to survive. This report details a participatory situation analysis undertaken with the Aweer community in the Mangai settlement, July 2011.
... Diversification, and in particular the increasing reliance of poorer groups on wild natural resources (e.g. firewood collection for brickmaking or beer brewing; charcoal making) for income, also puts pressure on the natural resource base (Bryceson, 1999;Morris 2001). ...
... While this is unlikely to be undertaken by a majority of farmers (lacking the required assets, and/or where infrastructure or markets insufficiently developed), it is anticipated that the extensification of land use will continue. Extensification strategies are also linked to environmental degradation (Bryceson, 1999;Morris 2001). Similarly, people will continue to encroach on existing public land (e.g. ...
