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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the history of the creation of the laser as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of e...
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... to (Hess, 2013), the first commercial laser was manufactured by Raytheon and sold for $ 5,850 at a meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers in New York in March 1961. This LH-1 pulsed ruby laser ( Figure 4) had a housing designed for easy rod and lamp replacement and it operated at room temperature. Theodore Maiman was one of the first, initially setting up a laser group at a shortlived company called Quantatron in Santa Monica, California, then taking his laser group to form the core of Korad Inc., also in Santa Monica, with funding from Union Carbide (Hecht, 2010). ...
Citations
... The MASER principle was applied to the optical component of the electromagnetic field by Schawlow andTownes in 1958 (Schawlow &Townes, 1958). Theodore Hurold Maiman performed the first successful laser operation with a synthetic ruby made of aluminium oxide doped with chromium oxide in 1960 (Bernatskyi et al., 2021). Peter.P.Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson invented the first Uranium laser in 1960 [158]. ...
Female breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer globally, and it poses a serious global health threat. Traditional cancer treatments have several undesirable side effects. The most effective therapy for treating breast cancer is doxorubicin (Adriamycin), but it has severe side effects, so developing better therapies for breast cancer is necessary, such as laser therapy which could be a promising treatment option. In this regard, the current review focuses on reviewing the used breast cancer treatments and the progress on using laser therapy.
... further prospects for development of laser-plasma welding and related processes are associated with application of fiber lasers (λ = 1.07 μm), as the most accessible ones for a wide range of users [47]. The plasma component characteristics are related to the metal being welded (straight polarity for steels and multipolar asymmetrical current for aluminium alloys) [48]. ...
... electric arc plasma [6,8]. Recently, more and more publications on the use of combined processes for applying coatings based on the combined use of laser radiation and a plasma arc have appeared in the modern scientific and technical literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. This combination of processes, due to the incomplete overlap of the plasma spraying zone with the laser heating zone, provides a surface preparation effect and eliminates the need for abrasive jet postprocessing. ...
In modern conditions, volumetric alloying of steels is becoming an increasingly less economically viable process. However, the level of performance properties of unalloyed steels cannot cover the current industry needs. One of the ways to solve this problem – usage of various surface alloying methods of steels, makes it possible to obtain the required properties of the working surface of the alloyed part with minimal consumption of expensive alloying elements. Over the course of the study, combined method of laser-plasma alloying of steel surfaces was analyzed, its technological capabilities were determined, and the structural-phase state of surface layers, formed during laser and hybrid laser-plasma processing was compared. During comparative studies of samples obtained by both methods of surface alloying, it was found that in the case of laser-plasma alloying, the observed structure and carbide phases are smaller in size, with a low density and uniform distribution of dislocations in the metal of the alloyed layer. After various analysis, it was established that during both laser and laser-plasma methods of surface alloying, the crack formation tendencies was mostly attributed to various structural and concentration changes associated with the redistribution of elements, leading to the formation of sharp grain-boundary concentration gradients. An increase in the number of cracks is observed in regimes with higher heating temperatures, increased duration of exposure to high temperatures and reduced cooling rates.
... Also, resistance welding is complicated due to lack of possibility to perform this process on the side of lining. In this case, however, it is more expedient to use other welding methods of sequential welding to provide possibility to work on each side of a honeycomb structure: arc spot welding with non-consumable electrode in shielding gas [13]; electron beam welding [14]; laser welding [15]. ...
The research results on the application of the laser and electric arc welding technologies on AISI 316Ti/AISI 321 joints in the process of creation of a honeycomb thin-walled structure are presented. A comparative analysis of characteristics of spot welded joints of thin-sheet high-alloy steels produced by electric arc and laser welding in different spatial positions is carried out. Both technologies considered in this work are challenging to use in manufacture of shell structures of honeycomb panels with cellular filler. Over the course of this study the structure and the microhardness of the weld, as well as the heat-affected-zone were determined. As a result, it was established that the laser welding is more rational for use in mass production of large-sized structures due to the possibility to increase in the overall efficiency of the process, while the usage of argon-arc welding will be more rational if it is necessary to manufacture a large range of single parts or to manufacture small series of products.KeywordsArgon-arc weldingContinuous wave laser weldingWelding of AISI 316Ti/AISI 321 jointsHigh-alloy steelsHoneycomb thin-walled structuresThin-sheet panel
... Nevertheless, by reviewing the practical applications of lasers on military equipment of the past, as well as test data of various prototypes of laser weapons, it is possible to acquire a general picture of the main efforts on the technological development of laser weaponry (Lazov, Teirumnieks, & Ghalot, 2021;Ji, Zong, & Yang, 2020). Such an analysis can provide us an opportunity to find and understand various principles of interaction between scientific progress and its integration into military affairs (Jianli et al., 2022;Zhihe, Jianqiu, & Jinbao, 2021;Kombarov, Sorokin, Tsegelnyk, Plankovskyy, Aksonov, & Fojtů, 2021;Strelko, Pylypchuk, Berdnychenko, Hurinchuk, Korobchenko, & Martyian, 2019;Babyak, Neduzha, & Keršys, 2020;Tao, & Feng, 2020;Romanova et al., 2021;Bernatskyi & Khaskin, 2021). ...
The aim of this research is to study the development as well as the known cases of military applications of laser technologies – from the first lasers employed in auxiliary systems to modern complex independent laser systems. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems. To summarize and compare the results, an analysis of a number of previous works was considered, which considered the historical development, prospects and problems of the laser weaponry development. The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. Due to the constant comprehensive modernization of laser technology systems in use, it was decided not to use the periodic classification model, but to indicate important and key events that indicated the main directions of further developmental work. However, it is important to note that the main focus of historical development of laser weapons depended not only on the technological limitations of the time, but also on the military-geopolitical situation in the world.
... It is used to create products for construction purposes, railway cars, frame structures in rocket building, etc. As compared to continuous welding [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], spot welding [6,10,19] provides minimal deformations of structures and allows manufacture them with a high accuracy. The use of spot welding provides high efficiency and quality of performed works and saves time and material resources due to reduction of efforts to straighten products, required because of their buckling after welding and decrease in electric power consumption. ...
The aim of the work is a comparative analysis of structural features and mechanical characteristics of spot welded joints of thin-sheet stainless steels 03Х11Н10М2T and 12Х18Н10Т, produced by laser welding in different welding positions. The change in the welding position from vertical to flat allowed extend the ranges of variation of welding modes from about ±5% to about ±10%, at which it is possible to produce a welded joint with satisfactory shape and mechanical characteristics. Higher strength is typical for welded joints obtained in a flat position. It also concerns the maximum value of the shear stress, which for the flat position is higher by approximately 10%, and the average value, which is higher by approximately 24%. In addition, the results of mechanical shear tests of these joints have a significantly lower dispersion.
... На сьогодні у зв'язку з постійним ростом споживання більшості природних ресурсів актуальності набуває розвиток ресурсозберігаючих технологій [1][2][3][4][5]. Використання покриттів на робочих поверхнях деталей дозволяє по-новому підійти до проблеми підвищення строку роботи деталей за рахунок формування поверхневого шару, що володіє більш високими експлуатаційними характеристиками [6]. ...
The design of laminated composite structures used in mechanical engineering presents a major challenge in terms of computational cost. The most important aspect in designing laminated structures is the composition selection. An iterative procedure for minimization of the mass of laminated composite elements under an impulse load is offered. Both thicknesses and fiber orientation angles of layers are selected as design variables. The hybrid search method of optimization with adaptive control of the computing process is applied to solving the problem of optimal plate design. Deformation of plates is considered in a linear statement. Calculation of parameters of the stress-strain state of elements is carried out with the finite element method. Mass and deflection optimization of a composite plate subjected to the Tsai-Wu criteria-based design constraint have been carried out. The two-stage approach allows getting a design with the greatest bending stiffness without a significant structure mass increase. The approach makes it possible to develop new composite elements with improved characteristics.
