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Scale insects are frequent invaders. With 129 established species, they numerically represent one of the major group of insects alien to Europe. Scales are usually small insects with wingless females. Due to this small size and concealment, many species, mainly belonging to the families Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Pseudococcidae, have been acci...
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... The Japanese wax scale C. japonicus Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) is a polyphagous pest of soft and hardwood trees, fruit trees, citrus trees, and ornamentals (Garcıá Morales et al., 2016). The host plants most commonly infested by these insects are Citrus, Diospyros, Ilex, and Hedera (Pellizzari and Germain, 2010). ...
The idea of CUAD (contact unmodified antisense DNA) biotechnology and the use of oligonucleotide insecticides (briefly, olinscides, or DNA insecticides) was proposed on lepidopterans and gradually disseminated on hemipteran pests. As the next-generation platform for creation of insecticides, it has a number of unique characteristics (short unmodified antisense DNA as contact insecticide, insect rRNAs as target, DNA containment as mechanism of action) that distinguish it from existing classes of chemical insecticides. Oligonucleotide insecticides possess low carbon footprint, high safety for non-target organisms, rapid biodegradability, avoidance of target-site resistance, ensuring prosperity for agricultural countries that will implement this innovation. As the next-generation class of insecticides olinscides create opportunities that have never existed before in crop protection. Using flexible CUAD platform, any farmer, botanical garden or pest control company is capable of creating its own unique arsenal of insecticides, well-tailored for a particular population of insect pest. Most technological innovations start out very expensive and don't work well, but eventually start working well and become very cheap. CUAD biotechnology has come a long way for 16 years and is very close to the point to be implemented on a large scale against certain groups of pests. In this article we provide basic knowledge of use of oligonucleotide pesticides and list pests (mainly from suborder Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera) which were successfully controlled by us recently.
... The Japanese wax scale C. japonicus Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) is a polyphagous pest of soft and hardwood trees, fruit trees, citrus trees, and ornamentals (Garcıá Morales et al., 2016). The host plants most commonly infested by these insects are Citrus, Diospyros, Ilex, and Hedera (Pellizzari and Germain, 2010). ...
The idea of CUAD (contact unmodified antisense DNA) biotechnology and the use of oligonucleotide insecticides (briefly, olinscides, or DNA insecticides) was proposed on lepidopterans and gradually disseminated on hemipteran pests. As the next-generation platform for creation of insecticides, it has a number of unique characteristics (short unmodified antisense DNA as contact insecticide, insect rRNAs as target, DNA containment as mechanism of action) that distinguish it from existing classes of chemical insecticides. Oligonucleotide insecticides possess low carbon footprint, high safety for non-target organisms, rapid biodegradability, avoidance of target-site resistance, ensuring prosperity for agricultural countries that will implement this innovation. As the next-generation class of insecticides olinscides create opportunities that have never existed before in crop protection. Using flexible CUAD platform, any farmer, botanical garden or pest control company is capable of creating its own unique arsenal of insecticides, well-tailored for a particular population of insect pest. Most technological innovations start out very expensive and don't work well, but eventually start working well and become very cheap. CUAD biotechnology has come a long way for 16 years and is very close to the point to be implemented on a large scale against certain groups of pests. In this article we provide basic knowledge of use of oligonucleotide pesticides and list pests (mainly from suborder Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera) which were successfully controlled by us recently.
... Bosem Baillod et al., 2017;Gómez-Marco et al., 2016;Redlich et al., 2018;Rusch et al., 2016). However, there is little literature addressing this issue on mealybugs, which are major pests in subtropical crops and are expanding into subtropical and temperate ecosystems (Miller et al., 2002;Pellizzari & Germain, 2010). ...
... Delottococcus aberiae was first detected in Spain in 2009 (Beltrà et al., 2015) and is not parasitized by native or naturalized parasitoids (Tena et al., 2017); thus, the parasitoid Anagyrus aberiae was introduced (Soto et al., 2021). On the other hand, P. longispinus has been in Spain for over a century (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010), and naturalized parasitoids parasitize this mealybug species (Plata, Gómez-Martínez, et al., 2023b). Additionally, monoculture landscapes could facilitate mealybug dispersion and benefit both mealybug species, regardless of their natural enemies. ...
The simplification of agricultural landscapes has been associated with an increase in pest pressure. While monocultures increase the resources available for pests and may facilitate their dispersion, the lack of non‐crop habitats may reduce the resources available for pest natural enemies. Herein, we tested which of these hypotheses, namely ‘resource concentration’ and ‘natural enemies’, can better explain the abundance of invasive mealybug pests in two subtropical fruit crops.
For this aim, 17 persimmon orchards and 16 citrus orchards were sampled during three different seasons across two consecutive years. Using a model selection approach, we assessed the effects of the surrounding landscape (proportion of focal crops and semi‐natural habitats at different distances) and inter‐row ground cover vegetation on the abundance of mealybugs and their natural enemies.
The proportion of focal crop in the landscape increased the abundance of mealybugs attacking both crops. This effect was found at closer distances (up to ~600 m) in citrus and at both closer and further distances (up to 1250 m) in persimmon.
Non‐crop habitats, both surrounding semi‐natural habitats and ground cover vegetation, decreased the abundance of mealybugs by increasing the activity of their parasitoids in persimmon. Conversely, non‐crop habitats did not decrease the abundance of the main mealybug species attacking citrus, likely because this mealybug species was not attacked by native or naturalized parasitoids.
Synthesis and applications. Our models show that the increase in habitat heterogeneity at local and landscape scales can reduce the abundance of invasive mealybugs in subtropical crops via ‘resource concentration’ and ‘natural enemies’ mechanisms. Therefore, habitat diversification strategies should be considered in the conservation biological control of invasive mealybugs. Importantly, our findings also show that the presence of efficient natural enemies is critical to maximize their control through habitat diversification strategies.
... The superfamily Coccoidea (Hempitera, Sternorrhyncha) includes organisms commonly known as scale insects [1] that feed on plant sap, causing serious damage and thus impacting agriculture and forest environments worldwide [2,3]. There are many examples of Coccoidea that have become serious threats in non-native areas, such as Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Coccoidea, Coccidae), infesting plants of the genus Olea [4], or Planococcus citri ...
Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) is becoming a potential main pest of stone pine plants (Pinus pinea L.), both in urban parks and pinewood forests in Europe. Its recent distribution is a source of concern in several regions of Italy and in France. The early detection of this pest plays a fundamental role to contain its geographical expansion, but its taxonomic identification is still based on laborious observations of the morphological traits. The identification is also complicated by the small size of the pest, which makes the observations possible only through a stereomicroscope. Molecular identification is beneficial for detection, but currently, there is only a single gene sequence available for this pest. This study fills this gap in knowledge by providing the sequences of five different genes (COI, 28S, elongation factor (EF-1α), wingless (wg), and histone H3 (HexA)), together with a phylogenetic analysis carried out among species belonging to Coccidae, one of the most important families of scale insects. The results provide new valuable information about T. parvicornis and may represent useful data for its detection and management practices.
... Effectively, scale insects are frequent invaders in forest and agriculture areas. Illustratively, alien scale insect species represent an important component of the European entomofauna, accounting for about 30% of the total scale fauna in Europe (Pellizzari and Germain 2010). Some examples of well-known invasive scale insects are, the maritime pine blast scale M. feytaudi, which is native to southwestern Europe and invasive in Corsica and Italy (Sciarretta et al. 2016); the Israeli bast scale Matsucoccus josephi is native to Cyprus and invasive in Israel (Mendel et al. 2016); and Matsuccocus matsumarae is native to Japan and invasive in North America and China (McClure 1986). ...
Sap-sucker insects are distinguished by their specialized mouthparts, adapted to penetrate and suck fluids from plant tissues. Many sap-sucking insect species are of major economic importance for forests, forest nurseries, and urban trees, causing plant stress, distortion, shoot stunting, and gall formation, or transmitting plant pathogens. In this chapter, we give an overview of the diversity and biology of sap-sucker insects of forest trees, with an emphasis on the two major groups, aphids, and scale insects. We further present their ecology highlighting their biotic interactions with other organisms. Finally, we discuss sap-sucking forest pests and their management.
... This mealybug species is native to Australia (Flanders, 1940), but it is currently present in Europe, New Zealand, America and Southern Africa (Daane et al., 2012). In the Mediterranean basin, P. longispinus has been present since 19th century (Pellizzari and Germain, 2010), and it was considered a dangerous pest due to its potential to transmit diseases in vineyard and the high damage it caused to avocados from Israel in the 1970 s (Bertin et al., 2010;Krüger et al., 2015;La Notte et al., 1997;Swirski et al., 1980). However, P. longispinus did not cause severe damage in other Mediterranean crops until its recent detection in Spanish persimmons (García-Martínez et al., 2017;Plata et al., 2023a). ...
The long-tailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus, represents a threat for several crops worldwide and has become the main pest of Mediterranean persimmon. Parasitoids are the primary natural enemies of P. longispinus, but their efficacy is highly variable among crops and countries. Here, we tested whether hyperparasitoids hinder the biological control of P. longispinus in Mediterranean persimmon. For this aim, we sampled 16 orchards across two consecutive years and measured the impact of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids on P. longispinus. Anagyrus fusciventris was the most abundant and widely distributed primary parasitoid. Population growth rate of the mealybug became negative when parasitism was higher than 30%. The hyperparasitoids Chartocerus sp. and Prochiloneurus sp. emerged mostly from large mealybug mummies that were used by A. fusciventris females. However, and contrary to our hypothesis, hyperparasitism did not affect the population growth rate of P. longispinus within the same year, suggesting that the high abundance of hyperparasitoids did not disrupt the biological control of this invasive mealybug. Based on these results, we propose several strategies based on conservation and augmentative biological control to improve the management of P. longispinus in persimmon.
... Meanwhile, scale insects have strong adaptability when they invade new regions. For example, Pellizzari and Germain reported that alien-scale insects account for about 30% of the total scale insect fauna in Europe [35]. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the risk of invasive scale insects and investigate potential high-risk species in advance. ...
In the present study, a global presence/absence dataset including 2486 scale insect species in 157 countries was extracted to assess the establishment risk of potential invasive species based on a self-organizing map (SOM). According to the similarities in species assemblages, a risk list of scale insects for each country was generated. Meanwhile, all countries in the dataset were divided into five clusters, each of which has high similarities of species assemblages. For those countries in the same neuron of the SOM output, they may pose the greatest threats to each other as the sources of potential invasive scale insect species, and therefore, require more attention from quarantine departments. In addition, normalized ζi values were used to measure the uncertainty of the SOM output. In total, 9 out of 63 neurons obtained high uncertainty with very low species counts, indicating that more investigation of scale insects should be undertaken in some parts of Africa, Asia and Northern Europe.
... Over 8508 species are estimated to occur globally (Gullan & Cook 2007; ScaleNet https://scalenet.info/fams/). These small herbivores can be found today in many habitats, feeding on both the above and below ground stages of many plant groups, especially angiosperms, and sometimes causing serious crop damage (ComstoCk 1950;Gill 1993;Pellizzari & Germain 2010). The males and females are quite different, with the former supposedly living only a few days, having rudimentary or lacking mouthparts and normally possessing wings (Vinis & kozár 1981 have reported on a wingless male scale insect species). ...
... Specii similare: pentru cei neexperimentați și mai ales dacă se face identificarea cu ochiul liber, se confundă foarte ușor cu specia autohtonă Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792) de care se deosebește prin următoarele caractere: dimensiunea corpului mai mică, poziția coxelor anterioare (separate între ele printr-un spațiu mai mare decât scapul antenei), sculptura elitrei (mai slab imprimată) și a bazei pronotului (lucioasă) (Olenici et al., 2015;Tuncer et al., 2017). (Țucă et al., 2010), fiind foarte frecvent pe leandru (Nerium oleander) (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010;Teodorescu & Matei, 2010). ...
... Origine/distribuție nativă: regiunile tropicale ale Africii (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010), de unde s-a răspândit pe toate continentele; la noi în țară prezența acestui dăunător fiind identificată pentru prima dată în anul 1930. ...
... Origine/distribuție nativă: este originară din regiunile tropicale ale Asiei și Australiei, de unde s-a răspândit pe toate continentele (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010). În România prezența acestui dăunător a fost semnalată pentru prima dată în anul 1930 (Teodorescu, 2018). ...
... Detta hanar honor områden har expanderat norrut (Watson & Malumphy 2004;Malumphy 2009). Många av dessa arter är också kraftigt invasiva (Pellizzari & Germain 2010). Ordningen Hemiptera (halvvingar) inkluderar cirka en fjärdedel av alla invasiva insektsarter. ...
