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9. Microscopic structures: 147–154. Psilocybe yungensis. 147. Pleurocystidia (holotype). 148. Pleurocystidia (syntype of P. isauri). 149. Pleurocystidia (G. Heredia s.n.). 150. Cheilocystidia (holotype). 151. Cheilocystidia (syntype of P. isauri). 152. Cheilocystidia (G. Heredia s.n.). 153. Cheilocystidia (M. A. Gómez 2467). 154. Caulocystidia (M. A. Gómez 2467). 155–157. Deconica aureicystidiata (isotype). 155. Basidiospores. 156. Chrysocystidia. 157. Chrysocystidia (E. Horak 7310). 158–159. D. neocaledonica (isotype). 158. Basidiospores . 159. Chrysocystida. Bar 8 µm.
Source publication
A revision of 40 types from ten herbaria is presented to contribute to the taxonomic understanding of Psilocybe and Deconica. In all cases, descriptions of the types were completed, with characters not previously included such as the presence of pileocystidia, subhymenium type, and arrangement of the hyphae from pileus trama. We found that P. chiap...
Citations
... Traditionally, Psilocybe and Deconica belong to Strophariaceae, order Agaricales (Guzmán 1978(Guzmán , 1983. However, multiphylogenetic analyses have revealed that Psilocybe formed a monophyletic genus in Hymenogastraceae, order Agaricales, which clearly separates it from Deconica (Ramírez- Cruz et al. 2013). There are more than 300 accepted species of Psilocybe in the Index Fungorum (2022a, b), however, only eight Psilocybe species have been reported in Thailand (P. ...
The description of a new Mediterranean species, Coltricia insularis, is provided, on the basis of material collected in Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Spain
... Traditionally, Psilocybe and Deconica belong to Strophariaceae, order Agaricales (Guzmán 1978(Guzmán , 1983. However, multiphylogenetic analyses have revealed that Psilocybe formed a monophyletic genus in Hymenogastraceae, order Agaricales, which clearly separates it from Deconica (Ramírez- Cruz et al. 2013). There are more than 300 accepted species of Psilocybe in the Index Fungorum (2022a, b), however, only eight Psilocybe species have been reported in Thailand (P. ...
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
... These resources are not always available or difficult to find for members of the public or others studying these mushrooms, such as law enforcement officers and medical researchers. Although available studies include increasingly more detailed descriptions of species, there is currently no up to date monograph or guide (Høiland, 1978;Guzmán et al., 2004Guzmán et al., , 2016Borovička, 2008;Ramírez-Cruz et al., 2013a;Cortés-Pérez et al., 2021). ...
Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in "magic mushrooms," have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders without the addictiveness and overdose risks found in other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines and alcohol. Psychedelic mushrooms occur naturally, are wide distributed and easily accessible. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus. This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA sequence data and psychedelic species in Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, as well as similar looking genera that could be harmful.
... In attempt to clarify the taxonomy of the genus, new studies were carried out and lead to re-examination of many species of the genus. As a result, 15 taxa were synonymized (Guzmán 2012, Guzmán et al. 2013, Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013a) and 10 were transferred to the genus Deconica (Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2012, 2013a. These taxonomic changes originated in light of the results of phylogenetic inferences in the group (Moncalvo et al. 2002, Matheny et al. 2006, Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013b or are based on microscopic re-examinations of the type specimens. ...
... In attempt to clarify the taxonomy of the genus, new studies were carried out and lead to re-examination of many species of the genus. As a result, 15 taxa were synonymized (Guzmán 2012, Guzmán et al. 2013, Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013a) and 10 were transferred to the genus Deconica (Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2012, 2013a. These taxonomic changes originated in light of the results of phylogenetic inferences in the group (Moncalvo et al. 2002, Matheny et al. 2006, Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013b or are based on microscopic re-examinations of the type specimens. ...
... Caulocystidia were not observed in the type specimen, but they are present in the additional collections reviewed. These new observations led us to propose P. armandii, P. galindoi and P. pileocystidiata as synonyms of P. mexicana, along with P. subacutipilea, which was already proposed as synonym by Ramírez-Cruz et al. (2013a). First, Guzmán & Pollock (1979) separated P. armandii from P. mexicana by the presence of a pseudorhiza, small basidiospores and narrow cheilocystidia in the first species. ...
A revision of twenty-eight type collections of Psilocybe is presented. Descriptions of thetypes were completed with characteristics not previously mentioned such as the presence of pseudorhizain the stipe, pileocystidia, caulocystidia and pleurocystidia, as well as the subhymeniumtype and the arrangement of the hyphae in the pileus trama. From this review, only five species: P.aztecorum, P. caerulescens, P. hoogshagenii, P. mexicana and P. muliercula are recognized, leavingthe others as synonyms of these five. In addition, P. hoogshagenii was an invalid name and hereis formally validated. This mushroom is distinguished from the other species of Psilocybe by thepapillate pileus, subrhomboid basidiospores and the presence of two forms of pleurocystidia.
... e Pleurocystidium in patent blue V (chrysocystidium). Bar: a = 5 mm; b-e = 10 μm pleurochrysocystidia and inhabit decayed wood, sticks, or plant debris in subtropical and warm temperate habitats, and the shape of basidiospore varies from subrhomboid in D. thailandensis and D. overeemii (= D. neocaledonica, sensu Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2012) to ellipsoid in D. cokeriana. Subclade 2 (BS = 61%, PP = 0.99) included the new species described here from Australia as D. milvispora along with two species from New Zealand, D. baylisiana and D. novaezelandiae. ...
Two new species of Deconica with chrysocystidia are described from Australia and Mexico. Deconica milvispora, from a warm temperate rainforest in Queensland, Australia, is characterized by rhomboid basidiospores with nodulose angles not observed in any member of the genus until now. Deconica esperancensis, from a cloud forest in the south of Mexico, is characterized by subrhomboid basidiospores and short cheilocystidia. Full descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons with similar species are provided for both species. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed employing sequences of nuc ITS rDNA, including seven new sequences from historical type collections of D. aequatoriae, D. alpestris, D. semiinconspicua, Deconica submaritima, D. thailandensis, D. umbrina, and Psilocybe subrunneocystidiata (= Deconica neorhombispora). As expected, the results showed the phylogenetic position of the new species described here within Deconica sect. Chrysocystidiatae, a supported monophyletic group. This section comprises many species, the majority with chrysocystidia, ten of them newly discovered but unnamed taxa. At this time, two taxa are described. Additionally, discussion of the traits found in the four major clades of Deconica is presented.
... A critical review of the Psilocybe spp. reported from Africa is presented, and a new bluing species from the Congo is described. In spite of recent phylogenetic studies placing the genus Psilocybe s. str. in the family Hymenogastraceae (Ramírez-Cruz et al. 2013), we prefer to consider the genus in the Strophariaceae Singer & A. H. Sm. waiting for new phylogenetic researches on this genus. ...
... However, type material of P. goniospora in K is in bad conditions, and the bluing feature is not observed. It is probable that in fact P. goniospora belongs to the genus Deconica, as Singer (1955) suggested and also discussed by Ramírez-Cruz et al. (2013). ...
Eight species of Psilocybe s. 1. which have been reported from Africa are discussed. Psilocybe aquamarine, P. cubensis, P. cyanescens, P. goniospora, P. mairei, P. natalensis, R semilanceata and P. subcubensis are considered, of which P. cyanescens, P. goniospora and P semilanceata were reported in doubtful way. A new species, Psilocybe congolensis is described, which is the first hallucinogenic mushroom known from the Democratic Republic of Congo. For the first time we established a connection between P. subcubensis described from Mexico and P. aquamarine from Africa. Traditional use in the past of the Psilocybe cubensis-complex in Africa is discussed.
Multigene data sets were assembled to evaluate the phylogeny of species attributed to the genus Pholiota sensu A.H. Sm. & Hesler. This effort included generation of just more than 200 new sequences from 19 type collections of Pholiota and recent samples from East Asia. Phylogenetic analyses reinforced the autonomous phylogenetic positions of pholiotoid taxa in the genera Flammula (Hymenogastraceae) and Kuehneromyces (Strophariaceae). Samples of Pholiota astragalina from diverse geographic regions split into two species-level lineages but occupied an isolated phylogenetic position apart from Pholiota sensu stricto. The new genus Pyrrhulomyces is described to accommodate P. astragalina and a new cryptic species from the Southern Appalachians, Pyrrhulomyces amariceps. Pyrrhulomyces is distinguished from other genera of Strophariaceae by the blackening basidiomata with a bitter taste, smooth basidiospores without a germ pore under light microscopy, presence of pleurochrysocystidia, an ixocutis, rugulose spore ornamentation under scanning electron microscope (SEM), and association with late stages of conifer wood decay. Pholiota subochracea was found to be sister to a clade containing samples of Hypholoma and Bogbodia, but this portion of the Strophariaceae will require further taxon and gene sampling to resolve relationships between these three taxa. Pholiota sensu stricto comprised at least two major groups, but several residual poorly placed lineages were also noted depending on the data set analyzed. New combinations are made in the genera Flammula, Kuehneromyces, and Stropharia for three species of Pholiota—P. abieticola, P. obscura, and P. scabella, respectively, based on molecular annotation of type collections. Overall, 20 new synonymies are proposed, mostly in Pholiota. Illustrations of Pyrrhulomyces are provided along with a key to genera of Strophariaceae and Hymenogastraceae.
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
Deconica cokeriana is proposed as a new combination based on morphological and molecular data. This species is fully described, discussed, and illustrated. Until now, D. cokeriana is only known from the eastern USA, specifically from Connecticut, Georgia, Ohio, and Tennessee.
This paper is a review of the new studies or new explanations of the hallucinogenic mushrooms, regarding their diversity, history, traditions, and problems in their recreational use, new taxonomic studies, and their modern applications in medicine, all of them since the 1970s to the present.
