Figs 11-13 - uploaded by Tina Antje Hofmann
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Micropeltis lecythisii on Crysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae; Hofmann 102). 11. Longitudinal section through a thyriothecium. Bar = 50 µm. 12. Young and mature asci surrounded by pseudoparaphyses. Bar = 50 µm. 13. Mature ascospores with mucous sheaths. Bar = 20 µm.
Source publication
Hofmann, T.A. and Piepenbring, M. (2006). New records and host plants of fly-speck fungi from Panama. Fungal Diversity 22: 55-70. Fly-speck fungi are bitunicate Ascomycota forming small thyriothecia on the surface of plant organs. New records of this group of fungi for Panama and new host plants are described and illustrated, Asterina sphaerelloide...
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Citations
... Arrangement of appressoria can be opposite, alternate and intercalary on hyphae and the cell shape can be oval, globose, pyriform or cylindrical (Fig. 8) (Hosagoudar 2012, Chethana et al. 2021b. The shape and position of appressoria are important characters for species and generic segregation combined with other characters of thyriothecia, asci and ascospores (Bezerra 2004, Hofmann & Piepenbring 2006, Hosagoudar 2012. However, species and generic segregation based on the morphology of appressoria has not been proven using molecular approaches (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2014, Hongsanan et al. 2014. ...
... Species of Micropeltidaceae are also 585 considered as a kind of flyspeck fungi (Zeng et al. 2019). These flyspeck taxa often have epiphytical growth on living leaves, stems and fruits (Hofmann & Piepenbring 2006). Zeng et al. (2019) stated that the reason for the bluish-green upper walls in this family is due to the presence of cyanobacteria communities. ...
... Microthyriaceae species have ascomata that appear as small black dots on host plants, which represent flattened ostiolate thyriothecia, with poorly developed bases and cells radiating from the prominent central ostiole. Asci are bitunicate and ascospores are hyaline to brown, 1-septate, and with or without ciliate appendages (Hofmann and Piepenbring 2006;Hofmann 2010;Wu et al. 2011Wu et al. , 2014Hongsanan et al. 2014b). This family comprises foliar epiphytes, biotrophs or saprotrophs on leaves of various plants (Wu et al. 2011;Hongsanan et al. 2014bHongsanan et al. , 2017a. ...
This article provides descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the leaf litter of Celtis formosana, Ficus ampelas, F. septica, Macaranga tanarius and Morus australis collected from Taiwan. These host species are native to the island and Celtis formosana is an endemic tree species. The study revealed 95 species, consisting of two new families (Cylindrohyalosporaceae and Oblongohyalosporaceae), three new genera (Cylindrohyalospora, Neodictyosporium and Oblongohyalospora), 41 new species and 54 new host records. The newly described species are Acrocalymma ampeli (Acrocalymmaceae), Arthrinium mori (Apiosporaceae), Arxiella celtidis (Muyocopronaceae), Bertiella fici (Melanommataceae), Cercophora fici (Lasiosphaeriaceae), Colletotrichum celtidis, C. fici, C. fici-septicae (Glomerellaceae), Conidiocarpus fici-septicae (Capnodiaceae), Coniella fici (Schizoparmaceae), Cylindrohyalospora fici (Cylindrohyalosporaceae), Diaporthe celtidis, D. fici-septicae (Diaporthaceae), Diaporthosporella macarangae (Diaporthosporellaceae), Diplodia fici-septicae (Botryosphaeriaceae), Discosia celtidis, D. fici (Sporocadaceae), Leptodiscella sexualis (Muyocopronaceae), Leptospora macarangae (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Memnoniella alishanensis, M. celtidis, M. mori (Stachybotryaceae), Micropeltis fici, M. ficina (Micropeltidaceae), Microthyrium fici-septicae (Microthyriaceae), Muyocopron celtidis, M. ficinum, Mycoleptodiscus alishanensis (Muyocopronaceae), Neoanthostomella fici (Xylariales genera incertae sedis), Neodictyosporium macarangae (Sordariales genera incertae sedis), Neofusicoccum moracearum (Botryosphaeriaceae), Neophyllachora fici (Phyllachoraceae), Nigrospora macarangae (Apiosporaceae), Oblongohyalospora macarangae (Oblongohyalosporaceae), Ophioceras ficinum (Ophioceraceae), Parawiesneriomyces chiayiensis (Wiesneriomycetaceae), Periconia alishanica, P. celtidis (Periconiaceae), Pseudocercospora fici-septicae (Mycosphaerellaceae), Pseudoneottiospora cannabacearum (Chaetosphaeriaceae) and Pseudopithomyces mori (Didymosphaeriaceae). The new host records are Alternaria burnsii, A. pseudoeichhorniae (Pleosporaceae), Arthrinium hydei, A. malaysianum, A. paraphaeospermum, A. rasikravindrae, A. sacchari (Apiosporaceae), Bartalinia robillardoides (Sporocadaceae), Beltrania rhombica (Beltraniaceae), Cladosporium tenuissimum (Cladosporiaceae), Coniella quercicola (Schizoparmaceae), Dematiocladium celtidicola (Nectriaceae), Diaporthe limonicola, D. millettiae, D. pseudophoenicicola (Diaporthaceae), Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii (Dictyosporiaceae), Dimorphiseta acuta (Stachybotryaceae), Dinemasporium parastrigosum (Chaetosphaeriaceae), Discosia querci (Sporocadaceae), Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum (Stictidaceae), Gilmaniella bambusae (Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Hermatomyces biconisporus (Hermatomycetaceae), Lasiodiplodia thailandica, L. theobromae (Botryosphaeriaceae), Memnoniella echinata (Stachybotryaceae), Muyocopron dipterocarpi, M. lithocarpi (Muyocopronaceae), Neopestalotiopsis asiatica, N. phangngaensis (Sporocadaceae), Ophioceras chiangdaoense (Ophioceraceae), Periconia byssoides (Periconiaceae), Pestalotiopsis dracaenea, P. formosana, P. neolitseae, P. papuana, P. parva, P. portugallica, P. trachycarpicola (Sporocadaceae), Phragmocapnias betle (Capnodiaceae), Phyllosticta capitalensis (Phyllostictaceae), Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis (Sporocadaceae), Pseudopithomyces chartarum, P. sacchari (Didymosphaeriaceae), Pseudorobillarda phragmitis (Pseudorobillardaceae), Robillarda roystoneae (Sporocadaceae), Sirastachys castanedae, S. pandanicola (Stachybotryaceae), Spegazzinia musae (Didymosphaeriaceae), Stachybotrys aloeticola, S. microspora (Stachybotryaceae), Strigula multiformis (Strigulaceae), Torula fici (Torulaceae), Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Wiesneriomycetaceae) and Yunnanomyces pandanicola (Sympoventuriaceae). The taxonomic placement of most taxa discussed in this study is based on morphological observation of specimens, coupled with multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of sequence data. In addition, this study provides a host-fungus database for future studies and increases knowledge of fungal diversity, as well as new fungal discoveries from the island.
... The scutellum of Micropeltidaceae is distinctive in that it is ostiolate and formed as a flat, compact reticulum-like network of overlapping hyphae. As illustrated by Hofmann and Piepenbring (2006), the hyphae do not radiate from the center to the margins of the scutellum. ...
Premise
Fossils show that fly‐speck fungi have been reproducing with small, black thyriothecia on leaf surfaces for ~250 million years. We analyzed morphological characters of extant thyriothecial fungi to develop a phylogenetic framework for interpreting fossil taxa.
Methods
We placed 59 extant fly‐speck fungi in a phylogeny of 320 Ascomycota using nuclear ribosomal large and small subunit sequences, including newly determined sequences from nine taxa. We reconstructed ancestral character states using BayesTraits and maximum likelihood after coding 11 morphological characters based on original observations and literature. We analyzed the relationships of three previously published Mesozoic fossils using parsimony and our morphological character matrix, constrained by the molecular phylogeny.
Results
Thyriothecia evolved convergently in multiple lineages of superficial, leaf‐inhabiting ascomycetes. The radiate and ostiolate scutellum organization is restricted to Dothideomycetes. Scutellum initiation by intercalary septation of a single hypha characterizes Asterinales and Asterotexiales, and initiation by coordinated growth of two or more adjacent hyphae characterizes Aulographaceae. Scutella in Microthyriales are initiated apically on a lateral hyphal branch. Patterns of hyphal branching in scutella contribute to distinguishing among orders. Parsimony resolves three fossil taxa as Dothideomycetes; one is further resolved as a member of a Microthyriales‐Zeloasperisporiales clade within Dothideomycetes.
Conclusions
This is the most comprehensive systematic study of thyriothecial fungi and their relatives to date. Parsimony analysis of the matrix of character states of modern taxa provides an objective basis for interpreting fossils, leading to insights into morphological evolution and geological ages of Dothideomycetes clades.
... Known distribution. Uganda (Hansford, 1946), Panama (Hofmann and Piepenbring 2006). ...
... Chaetothyrium vermisporum was introduced by Hansford (1946) which was collected from Uganda based on morphological characteristics. Subsequently, it has been collected from Panama by Hofmann and Piepenbring (2006). After in-depth morphological investigations, we found that Chaetothyrium vermisporum shares some similar morphology with Longihyalospora ampeli by having mycelial pellicle with ring of setae, pale brown to brown peridium and hyaline, fusiform, elongated and multi-septate ascospores (Hansford (1946). ...
... Chaetothyriaceae species are widespread in tropical and temperate regions (Hofmann and Piepenbring 2006;Chomnunti et al. 2011Chomnunti et al. , 2014Hongsanan et al. 2015;Zeng et al. 2016;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2018;Yang et al. 2018;Farr and Rossman 2019). Wijayawardene et al. (2018) accepted 16 genera in Chaetothyriaceae, but currently only seven genera (Aphanophora, Camptophora, Ceramothyrium, Chaetothyrium, Cyphellophoriella, Phaeosaccardinula and Vonarxia) have DNA sequence data. ...
A novel ascomycete genus, Longihyalospora , occurring on leaf litter of Ficus ampelas in Dahu Forest Area in Chiayi, Taiwan is described and illustrated. Longihyalospora is characterized by dark mycelium covering the upper leaf surface, elongate mycelial pellicle with ring of setae, pale brown to brown peridium, broadly obovoid, short pedicellate asci and hyaline, fusiform, elongated (tapering ends) and multi-septate ascospores with a thin mucilaginous sheath. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU and SSU sequence data revealed Longihyalospora as a distinct genus within the Chaetothyriaceae with high bootstrap support. Moreover, based on morphological similarities, Chaetothyrium vermisporum transferred to the new genus. In addition, Ceramothyrium longivolcaniforme is reported for the first time on Ficus ampelas . Newly added species are compared with other similar species and comprehensive descriptions and micrographs are provided.
... This material could be associated with early stages of development of ascomata, like those illustrated in Hofmann and Piepenbring (2006). This specimen resembles immature stages of Phragmothyrites concentricus Carlie J. Phipps & Rember (Phipps and Rember 2004, fig . ...
Fungal remains similar to those described as Desmidiospora willoughbyi were found in samples of the Río Foyel section (El Foyel Group), Ñirihuau Basin, Argentina. A full description and illustrations are presented. The names D. willoughbyi and D. marginiconvoluta as defined are shown to be inadequate. The history of the names and actual affinity of taxa presently assigned to those names are discussed. Arguments against the use of Desmidiospora for fungal remains other than the conidia of an entomopathogenic species are presented. Instead, the lobulate fossil remains should be treated as germlings or immature ascomata from epiphyllous fungi of polyphyletic origin.
... Asterina miosphaerelloides shows a close resemblance to extant A. sphaerelloides Speg. recorded on plant families Aquifoliaceae, Loranthaceae and Ranunculaceae in having similar morphology as irregularly ellipsoidal, sessile appressoria with curved ends and the presence of typical central stellate opening (Theissen 1913;Stevens and Ryan 1939;Hofmann and Piepenbring 2006;Vishnu et al. 2017 (Hosagoudar 2012;Vishnu et al. 2017). However, Hongsanan et al. (2014b) treated Bheemamyces Hosag., Gangamyces, and Ishwaromyces Hosag. ...
Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages. There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations. Therefore, reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important. Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic (66–23 Mya), with fewer from the late Mesozoic (174–145 Mya). However, it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear; thus, the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic. This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota, using descriptions, fossil images and illustrations, coupled with recent age estimations, and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species. As an integrated approach, this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz. crown of Aigialus, Anzia, Aspergillus, Asterina, Calicium chlorosporum–C. nobile, Capnodiales, Chaenotheca, Colletotrichum, Diaporthales, Meliola, Ophiocordyceps, Microthyriales, Microthyrium, Muyocopron, Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces. A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.
... Description: Mycelial colony brown (Fig. 5A, E); vegetative hyphae septate, branching unilateral or alternate, appressoriate (Fig. 5B, F); hyphal cells cylindrical, 8-50 × 4-6 µm (n = 10), slender, thickwalled; appressoria unicellular, alternate, ovoid to elongated globoid (Fig. 5B, F), curved at ends, irregularly ellipsoidal to ampuliform, sometimes with one deep lobe at the middle, sessile, 9.5 × 11.5 µm (n = 20); thyriothecia at different stages of development (Fig. 5C, D), dark brown, circular, discoid, margin curved; mature thyriothrcia rupture centrally with a stellate opening (Fig. 5D), then centre with indistinguishable cellular details, 75-200 µm in diameter (n = 3); asexual conidiospores unicellular, slightly thick-walled, ovoid to globose (Fig. 5B) (Theissen, 1913) and Panama (Hofmann & Piepenbring, 2006). The fossil species has irregularly ellipsoidal, sessile appressoria with curved ends (9.5 × 11.5 µm), similar to those of extant A. sphaerelloides (Table 3) (Fig. 7C); hyphal cells 3-5 × 20-30 µm (n = 20); appressoria intercalary, opposite couplet fused to form swollen (Fig. 6C), resemble those of Asterina, but differ in appressorial features (Table 3). ...
This study presents six new species of Asterina (Asterinaceae), A. indodeightonii, A. mioconsobrina, A. miosphaerelloides, A. neocombreticola, A. neoelaeocarpi and A. presaracae, on fossil angiosperm leaf remains recovered from the Siwalik sediments (mid-Miocene to early Pleistocene) of Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya. On the basis of leaf architecture, host leaves resemble the modern genera Actinodaphne (Lauraceae), Anthocephalus (Rubiaceae), Combretum (Combretaceae), Lindera (Lauraceae), Unona (Annonaceae) and one unidentified dicotyledonous plant. The in situ occurrence of Asterinaceae on these angiosperm leaf remains suggests diverse fungal associations in the phylloplane of ancient evergreen-deciduous tropical forest of Siwalik. The diversity of Asterinaceae also supports the rise of plant pathogenic forms during the mid-Miocene to early Pleistocene for which host plant diversity and environment may have played significant roles. Similar host parasitic interactions in modern Asterina spp. further support a co-evolutionary trend since the Neogene in Asterinaceae.
... Description: Mycelial colony brown (Fig. 5A, E); vegetative hyphae septate, branching unilateral or alternate, appressoriate (Fig. 5B, F); hyphal cells cylindrical, 8-50 × 4-6 µm (n = 10), slender, thickwalled; appressoria unicellular, alternate, ovoid to elongated globoid (Fig. 5B, F), curved at ends, irregularly ellipsoidal to ampuliform, sometimes with one deep lobe at the middle, sessile, 9.5 × 11.5 µm (n = 20); thyriothecia at different stages of development (Fig. 5C, D), dark brown, circular, discoid, margin curved; mature thyriothrcia rupture centrally with a stellate opening (Fig. 5D), then centre with indistinguishable cellular details, 75-200 µm in diameter (n = 3); asexual conidiospores unicellular, slightly thick-walled, ovoid to globose (Fig. 5B) (Theissen, 1913) and Panama (Hofmann & Piepenbring, 2006). The fossil species has irregularly ellipsoidal, sessile appressoria with curved ends (9.5 × 11.5 µm), similar to those of extant A. sphaerelloides (Table 3) (Fig. 7C); hyphal cells 3-5 × 20-30 µm (n = 20); appressoria intercalary, opposite couplet fused to form swollen (Fig. 6C), resemble those of Asterina, but differ in appressorial features (Table 3). ...
This study presents six new species of Asterina (Asterinaceae), A. indodeightonii, A. mioconsobrina, A. miosphaerelloides, A. neocombreticola, A. neoelaeocarpi and A. presaracae, on fossil angiosperm leaf remains recovered from the Siwalik sediments (mid-Miocene to early Pleistocene) of Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya. On the basis of leaf architecture, host leaves resemble the modern genera Actinodaphne (Lauraceae), Anthocephalus (Rubiaceae), Combretum (Combretaceae), Lindera (Lauraceae), Unona (Annonaceae) and one unidentified dicotyledonous plant. The in situ occurrence of Asterinaceae on these angiosperm leaf remains suggests diverse fungal associations in the phylloplane of ancient evergreen-deciduous tropical forest of Siwalik. The diversity of Asterinaceae also supports the rise of plant pathogenic forms during the mid-Miocene to early Pleistocene for which host plant diversity and environment may have played significant roles. Similar host parasitic interactions in modern Asterina spp. further support a co-evolutionary trend since the Neogene in Asterinaceae.
... Micropeltidaceae and Microthyriaceae were placed in Microthyriales (Dothideomycetes) based on their flattened, easily removed thyriothecia, and poorly-developed base. However, thyriothecium of Microthyriaceae comprise cuboid or angular cells, arranged in parallel rows from the prominent central ostiole and uniseptate ascospores (Doidge 1942, Müller & von Arx 1962, Luttrell 1973, Barr 1987, Hofmann & Piepenbring 2006, Hofmann 2010, Wu et al. 2011, Hyde et al. 2013, Hongsanan et al. 2015a. ...
"Microthyriaceae-like" taxa are fungal epiphytes which appear as black dots on the host surface. The families Micropeltidaceae and Microthyriaceae have been poorly studied, particularly with molecular data, due to the difficulty in obtaining pure cultures. The two families were placed in Microthyriales in many studies based on thyriothecial characters. Two species of Micropeltidaceae (Micropeltis dendrophthoes and M. zingiberacicola ) clustered at the base of Dothideomycetes and were unrelated to Microthyriaceae in previous phylogenetic trees. Their placements were treated as unresolved. We restudied sequence data of Micropeltidaceae and its related strains to clarify the current placement using authentic strains available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses generated from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses (used ITS, LSU, RPB2, SSU and TEF1 sequence data) including Blast results, indicate that the current placement of Micropeltidaceae is in Ostropales (Lecanoromycetes), although it is not strongly supported. A revised phylogenetic tree for Micropeltidaceae and selected families from Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes is provided with discussions in this paper.
... Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2007) placed Muyocopron in the family Microthyriaceae, and other authors have accepted this (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2010, Index Fungorum 2016, MycoBank 2015. However in the family, Microthyriaceae (type Microthyrium), ascomata are true thyriothecia with pseudoparaphyses developing above the asci, ascospores are 1-septate and with or without ciliate appendages (Doidge 1942, Müller & von Arx 1962, Luttrell 1973, Hofmann & Piepenbring 2006, Hofmann 2010, Wu et al. 2011a, b, Hyde et al. 2013, Ariyawansa et al. 2015, while ascomata in the family Muyocopronaceae (type Muyocopron) are pseudothyriothecia with the peridial wall comprising two layers, pseudoparaphyses are longer than the asci, and ascospores are aseptate. Molecular studies indicate that Muyocopron species group with Dyfrolomyces rhizophorae, in the family Dyfrolomycetaceae , in the order Dyfrolomycetales . ...
Muyocopron species are associated with a wide variety of plant substrates worldwide and presently 57 species epithets are listed in Index Fungorum. Species in this genus form distinctive black, dull, rounded regions on the surface of plants and the genus is probably polyphyletic. The present study clarifies the phylogenetic placement of Muyocopron and related species, using fresh tropical collections from northern Thailand. Three Muyocopron species are characterized based on analyses of combined LSU and SSU sequence datasets. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Muyocopron species form a distinct lineage with the Dyfrolomycetales and Acrospermales lineages. The new order Muyocopronales with three new Muyocopron species is introduced based on its distinct phylogeny and unique morphological characteristics. The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of tropical Muyocopron species are reappraised with suggestions for future work.
