FIGS 10-13 - uploaded by Deborah Jean Lodge
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Hypocrea brevipes Trichoderma anamorph on CMD. From van der Gucht & L. De Meester 92-14325b. Scale bars: 10-12 = 50 µm; 13 = 10 µm.
Source publication
Hypocrea brevipes, H. poronioidea and H. capitata, a new species, were grown in pure culture from individual part-ascospores. Each produced a Trichoderma anamorph, but none of the anamorphs were referable to any named Trichoderma aggregate species. Stromata with fertile ascospores formed in cultures derived from single part-ascospores of H. po ron...
Citations
... Hermosa et al (1997) usaron análisis filogenético de los fragmentos de ITS para determinar que existían cuatro haplotipos diferentes de T. harzianum en un conglomerado que se consideraba era una sola variedad. Samuels et al (1999) usaron el mismo enfoque para determinar que en la especie T. viride se encontraban agrupadas dos especies diferentes bien definidas. Samuels et al (2006) determinaron que en la especie hasta entonces considerada como T. koningii existen 7 especies nuevas entre ellas, T. petersenii, T. koningiopsis, T, dingleye y 4 más. ...
Las cepas de Trichoderma en una colección aislada en las inmediaciones
del volcán “Nevado de Toluca”, México, fueron identificadas hasta el
nivel de especie usando sus características morfológicas como la forma
y color de sus colonias y estructuras reproductivas durante su
crecimiento sobre medios de cultivo, auxiliándose de un árbol de
decisión con las claves de identificación taxonómica y mediante un
análisis filogenético comparativo de las secuencias de las regiones
génicas ITS y TEF de cada aislado y de cepas de colección usadas como
referencia. Este análisis permitió la identificación todos los aislados en
la colección y el hallazgo de 2 cepas que presuntamente pertenecen a
una nueva especie.
... Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MAT thus consists of four genes, MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-5, MAT1-2-1 and MAT1-2-4 and the same genes are present in the close relative and heterothallic Botrytis cinerea, but in a heterothallic MAT arrangement where MAT1-1 individuals contain MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-5, and MAT1-2 individuals MAT1-2-1 and MAT1-2- 4 [17]. Whereas most filamentous ascomycete species are either heterothallic or homothallic, there are examples of mating type switching that occurs within a single generation, from heterothallism to homothallism [18,19,20], and vice versa [21,22,23]. Mating systems also change over larger evolutionary time scales, and in general homothallic species evolve from heterothallic ancestors [24,25,26,27]. ...
is a fungal plant pathogen and the causal agent of lettuce drop, an economically important disease of California lettuce. The structure of the mating type locus has previously been reported and consists of two idiomorphs that are fused end-to-end as in other homothallics. We investigated the diversity of using a total of 283 isolates from multiple hosts and locations, and identified a novel allele that differed by a 3.6-kb inversion and was designated Inv+, as opposed to the previously known that lacked the inversion and was Inv-. The inversion affected three of the four genes: and were inverted and was truncated at the 3'-end. Expression of genes differed between Inv+ and Inv- isolates. In Inv+ isolates, only one of the three transcript variants of Inv- isolates was detected, and the alpha1 domain of Inv+ transcripts was truncated. Both Inv- and Inv+ isolates were self-fertile, and the inversion segregated in a 1∶1 ratio regardless of whether the parent was Inv- or Inv+. This suggested the involvement of a highly regulated process in maintaining equal proportions of Inv- and Inv+, likely associated with the sexual state. The inversion region, defined as the 3.6-kb inversion in Inv+ isolates and the homologous region of Inv- isolates, was flanked by a 250-bp inverted repeat on either side. The 250-bp inverted repeat was a partial that through mediation of loop formation and crossing over, may be involved in the inversion process. Inv+ isolates were widespread, and in California and Nebraska constituted half of the isolates examined. We speculate that a similar inversion region may be involved in mating type switching in the filamentous ascomycetes and in certain species.
... Most of the Hypocrea holomorphs (i.e. combined anamorph and teleomorph) known today have been described from Japan, South East Asia, Australasia, North and Latin America by Y. Doi and G. J. Samuels and coworkers (Doi 1966, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975a, b, 1976, 1978; Samuels et al 1990; Chaverri et al 2001a, b; Dodd et al 2002, 2003; Druzhinina et al 2004; Lu et al 2004; Samuels et al 1998; Samuels and Lodge 1996; Seifert and Samuels 1997). In contrast, little is known about Hypocrea spp. ...
The holomorph of the new species Hypocrea voglmayrii (Hypocreales, Ascomycota, Fungi) is described by a combined approach, using morphology of the teleomorph, morphology of the anamorph, culture studies and phylogenetic analyses of ITS1 and 2, ech42 and rpb2 gene sequences. Its anamorph Trichoderma voglmayrii is described as a new anamorph species. Unlike most other species of Hypocrea the teleomorph of H. voglmayrii occurs on dry standing trunks and exhibits well defined black ostioles. Although exclusively collected at higher altitudes, this species grows at 35 C in culture. Hypocrea voglmayrii develops pale yellowish to greenish conidia, a yellowish pigment and a coconut-like odor on CMD. Phylogenetically, H. voglmayrii forms a distinct, isolated branch between the section Trichoderma and the H. pachybasioides clade but does not associate with any of these clades in different gene trees.
... Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MAT thus consists of four genes, MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-5, MAT1-2-1 and MAT1-2-4 and the same genes are present in the close relative and heterothallic Botrytis cinerea, but in a heterothallic MAT arrangement where MAT1-1 individuals contain MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-5, and MAT1-2 individuals MAT1-2-1 and MAT1-2- 4 [17]. Whereas most filamentous ascomycete species are either heterothallic or homothallic, there are examples of mating type switching that occurs within a single generation, from heterothallism to homothallism [18,19,20], and vice versa [21,22,23]. Mating systems also change over larger evolutionary time scales, and in general homothallic species evolve from heterothallic ancestors [24,25,26,27]. ...
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a fungal plant pathogen and the causal agent of lettuce drop, an economically important disease of California lettuce. The structure of the S. sclerotiorum mating type locus MAT has previously been reported and consists of two idiomorphs that are fused end-to-end as in other homothallics. We investigated the diversity of S. sclerotiorum MAT using a total of 283 isolates from multiple hosts and locations, and identified a novel MAT allele that differed by a 3.6-kb inversion and was designated Inv+, as opposed to the previously known S. sclerotiorum MAT that lacked the inversion and was Inv-. The inversion affected three of the four MAT genes: MAT1-2-1 and MAT1-2-4 were inverted and MAT1-1-1 was truncated at the 3'-end. Expression of MAT genes differed between Inv+ and Inv-isolates. In Inv+ isolates, only one of the three MAT1-2-1 transcript variants of Inv-isolates was detected, and the alpha1 domain of Inv+ MAT1-1-1 transcripts was truncated. Both Inv-and Inv+ isolates were self-fertile, and the inversion segregated in a 1:1 ratio regardless of whether the parent was Inv-or Inv+. This suggested the involvement of a highly regulated process in maintaining equal proportions of Inv-and Inv+, likely associated with the sexual state. The MAT inversion region, defined as the 3.6-kb MAT inversion in Inv+ isolates and the homologous region of Inv-isolates, was flanked by a 250-bp inverted repeat on either side. The 250-bp inverted repeat was a partial MAT1-1-1 that through mediation of loop formation and crossing over, may be involved in the inversion process. Inv+ isolates were widespread, and in California and Nebraska constituted half of the isolates examined. We speculate that a similar inversion region may be involved in mating type switching in the filamentous ascomycetes Chromocrea spinulosa, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and in certain Ceratocystis species.
... (1905) and authors since then (Clements & Shear 1931, Rossman et al. 1999 ) have regarded Podostroma leucopus to be synonymous with P. aluta-Later Doi (1973) linked P. cornu-damae to a verticillium-like anamorph with subglobose, green conidia and in the same paper he attributed a verticillium-like anamorph with hyaline conidia to P. giganteum Imai. Samuels & Lodge (1996) described typical Trichoderma anamorphs for the turbinate species H. brevipes (Mont.) Sacc.) (≡P. brevipes (Mont.) Seaver), H. poronioidea A. Möller (= P. orbiculare Chardón) and H. capitata Samuels. Neither P. alutaceum nor P. leucopus have been subjected to DNA sequence analysis. However, Chaverri and Samuels (2003) found that one uni ...
... The most important characters for distinguishing species of stipitate Hypocrea include substratum, gross morphology, color of the stroma, internal anatomy of the stroma, extent of the fertile region of the stroma, pigmentation in the surface of the stroma, and ascospore shape, size and ornamentation . According to Samuels and Lodge (1996) there is nearly continuous variation in stromatal form within Hypocrea. Within Hypocrea stromata may vary from indefinitely effused, pulvinate but broadly attached at a central point, to stipitate, clavate. ...
... Sacc., H. capitata Samuels, H. pezizoides Berk. & Broome, and H. poronioidea A. Möller, the fertile part of the stromata forms an expanded cap that is sharply delimited from the sterile stipe ( Samuels & Lodge 1996). Among stipitate species of Hypocrea, the base of the stroma is sterile to some degree. ...
Stipitate species of Hypocrea have traditionally been segregated as the genus Podostroma. The type species of Podostroma is P. leucopus for which P. alutaceum has been considered an earlier synonym. Study of the type and existing specimens suggest that these two taxa can be distinguished based on morphology and biology. Podostroma leucopus is recognized as Hypocrea leucopus, thus Podostroma is considered a synonym of Hypocrea. The genus Podocrea, long considered a synonym of Podostroma, is based on Sphaeria alutacea, a species that is herein recognized as H. alutacea. A neotype is designated for Sphaeria alutacea. Both H. leucopus and H. alutacea are redescribed and illustrated. The new species H. nybergiana T. Ulvinen & H. Chamb. sp. nov. is described and illustrated, and six species of Podostroma are transferred to Hypocrea, viz. H. africana (Boedijn) H. Chamb. comb. nov., H. daisenense (Yoshim. Doi) H. Chamb. comb. nov., H. eperuae, comb. nov., H. truncatum (Imai) H. Chamb .comb. nov. and H. sumatranum (Boedijn) H. Chamb. comb. nov. A key to the 17 species of Hypocrea included in Podostroma and/or Podocrea is presented.
... Also, both the mating type and the ascospore trait require precise recognition between differing nuclei prior to karyogamy to ensure Mendelian 4:4 segregation in individual asci. Hypocrea poronioidea resembles C. spinulosa and S. trifoliorum in having asci in which 1:1 segregation occurs for self-fertile:self-sterile (Samuels and Lodge, 1996 ). H. poronioidea differs from these species, however , in having both ascospore types equal in size. ...
Immature asci of Coniochaeta tetraspora originally contain eight uninucleate ascospores. Two ascospore pairs in each ascus survive and mature, and two die and degenerate. Arrangement of the two ascospore types in individual linear asci is what would be expected if death is controlled by a chromosomal gene segregating at the second meiotic division in about 50% of asci. Cultures originating from single homokaryotic ascospores or from single uninucleate conidia are self-fertile, again producing eight-spored asci in which four spores disintegrate, generation after generation. These observations indicate that differentiation of two nuclear types occurs de novo in each sexual generation, that it involves alteration of a specific chromosome locus, and that the change occurs early in the sexual phase. One, and only one, of the two haploid nuclei entering each functional zygote must carry the altered element, which is segregated into two of the four meiotic products and is eliminated when ascospores that contain it disintegrate. Fusion of nuclei cannot be random-a recognition mechanism must exist. More study will be needed to determine whether the change that is responsible for ascospore death is genetic or epigenetic, whether it occurs just before the formation of each ascus or originates only once in the ascogonium prior to proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, and whether it reflects developmentally triggered alteration at a locus other than mating type or the activation of a silent mating-type gene that has pleiotropic effects. Similar considerations apply to species such as Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Chromocrea spinulosa, in which all ascospores survive but half the spores in each ascus are small and self-sterile. Unlike C. tetraspora, another four-spored species, Coniochaetidium savoryi, is pseudohomothallic, with ascus development resembling that of Podospora anserina.
Structural and rDNA studies were conducted on several Asian and African fungi with affinity to the genus Epichloë (Balansieae; Clavicipitaceae; Hypocreales). These species were found to be epibiotic in habit, to produce brown to black ascomata, and to be symbionts of warm-season grasses. Epichloë spp. from Europe and North America are endophytic in habit, produce yellow to orange ascomata, and are symbionts of cool-season grasses. Phylogenetic studies employing the ITS1 region of the rDNA suggest that Epichloë, as defined to include both endophytic and epibiotic species, is polyphyletic. To improve the taxonomy in this group of symbionts, a new genus Parepichloë is proposed to accommodate epibiotic species.
We describe or redescribe species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) having hyaline ascospores and pachybasium-like conidiophores. Teleomorphs are reported for Trichoderma minutisporum (Hypocrea minutispora sp. nov.) and T. polysporum (H. pachybasioides). Hypocrea pilulifera/T. piluliferum is redescribed. Trichoderma croceum is synonymized with T. polysporum. The new species H. parapilulifera, H. stellata and H. lacuwombatensis are described. All of these species fall within the morphological concept of Trichoderma sect. Pachybasium and within the phylogenetic group pachybasium B5 of Kullnig-Gradinger et al (2002) Kullnig-Gradinger C, Szakacs G, Kubicek CP. 2002. Phylogeny and evolution of the genus Trichoderma: a multi-gene approach. Mycol Res 106:757–767. . Parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from three unlinked loci—ITS1 and 2, endochitinase (ech42) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1)—detects two distinct phylogenetic lineages within the group pachybasium B5. One comprises H. pachybasioides/T. polysporum, H. pilulifera/T. piluliferum, H. parapilulifera and H. stellata; this group, the “polysporum” lineage, is characterized by having conidia that are white in mass and is the only lineage within Hypocrea characterized by such conidia. The second group includes the green conidial T. minutisporum and H. lacuwombatensis. The partition homogeneity test reveals significant recombination within the “polysporum” lineage but not within the “minutisporum” lineage.
The holomorph of the new species Hypocrea voglmayrii (Hypocreales, Ascomycota, Fungi) is described by a combined approach, using morphology of the teleomorph, morphology of the anamorph, culture studies and phylogenetic analyses of ITS1 and 2, ech42 and rpb2 gene sequences. Its anamorph Trichoderma voglmayrii is described as a new anamorph species. Unlike most other species of Hypocrea the teleomorph of H. voglmayrii occurs on dry standing trunks and exhibits well defined black ostioles. Although exclusively collected at higher altitudes, this species grows at 35 C in culture. Hypocrea voglmayrii develops pale yellowish to greenish conidia, a yellowish pigment and a coconut-like odor on CMD. Phylogenetically, H. voglmayrii forms a distinct, isolated branch between the section Trichoderma and the H. pachybasioides clade but does not associate with any of these clades in different gene trees.
The Hypocreales with over one thousand described species have been the repository for all light- to bright-colored, soft-textured, perithecial ascomycetes with a Nectria-type centrum. Rogerson (1970) published a key to the genera in the Hypocreales and accepted over 115 genera with 26 generic synonyms in the order. Since then, 58 genera have been added. For this study all available type specimens of the type species of genera classified in the Hypocreales were examined. Fifty six genera, including six newly described genera with 43 generic synonyms, are accepted in three families, Bionectriaceae fam, nov., Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae, of the order. Although now considered either part of or closely related to the Hypocreales, neither the Niessliaceae nor the Clavicipitaceae are treated comprehensively in this study. Fourteen genera with two generic synonyms are included in the Niessliaceae and six genera with one generic synonym are placed in the Clavicipitaceae. The remaining 84 genera are excluded from the Hypocreales and redisposed in their appropriate family and order. Genera excluded from the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae are described and illustrated based on their type species. For 16 genera previously placed in the Hypocreales the type specimen was either not located or not sufficient to make a modern taxonomic evaluation of the type species. For each genus the type species and species not recently treated are fully described and documented. A key to species is presented unless a recent key to species in that genus is available. In the Bionectriaceae a new genus, Ochronectria, is introduced for Nectria calami. Nectriella minuta, N. rubricapitula, N. utahensis, Pronectria echinulata, P. pertusariicola, and Protocreopsis viridis are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Dimerosporiella cephalosporii, D. gnarapiensis, D. leucorrhodina, D. oidioides, D. pipericola, and D. sensitiva; Hydropisphaera arenula, H. arenuloides, H. boothii, H. cyatheae, H. dolichospora, H. erubescens, H. gigantea, H. haematites, H. hypoxantha, H. leucotricha, H. macrarenula, H. multiloculata, H. multiseptata, H. nymaniana, H. pachyderma, and H. suffulta; Ijuhya peristomialis, I. chilensis, I. aquifolii, I. bambusina, I. corynespora, I. dentifera, I. dictyospora, I. leucocarpa, I. paraparilis, and I. parilis; Lasionectria sylvana and L. vulpina; Nectriella curtisii, N. dakotensis, and N. galii; Nectriopsis sasae and N. queletii; Ochronectria calami; Peethambara spirostriata and for its anamorph Didymostilbe echinofibrosa, Protocreopsis foliicola, P. freycinetiae, P. javanica, P. pertusa, P. pertusoides, and P. phormiicola; Stilbocrea gracilipes and S. impressa. Two new names, Nectriella crouanii for Nectria aurea P. & H. Crouan, and N. halonata for Charonectria umbelliferarum, are proposed. In the Nectriaceae five new genera are introduced: Albonectria for species related with Nectria rigidiuscula, Haematonectria for the Nectria haematococca complex, Lanatonectria for the Nectria flavolanata-group, Rubrinectria for a species previously known as Nectria olivacea, and Viridispora for teleomorphs of Penicillifer. Cosmospora dingleyae and C. obscura are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Albonectria rigidiuscula, A. albosuccinea, and A. verrucosa; Corallomycetella repens and C. jatrophae; Cosmospora aurantiicola, C. biasolettiana, C. camelliae, C. chaetopsinae, C. chaetopsinae-catenulatae, C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae, C. chaetopsinae-polyblastiae, C. chlorina, C. consors, C. digitalicola, C. diminuta, C. diploa, C. episphaeria, C. flammea, C. flavoviridis, C. ganymede, C. geastroides, C. glabra, C. joca, C. jucundula, C. kurdica, C. lasiodiplodiae, C. leptosphaeriae, C. macrochaetopsinae, C. magnusiana, C. meliopsicola, C. metepisphaeria, C. nothepisphaeria, C. papilionacearum, C. peponum, C. pseudepisphaeria, C. pseudoflavoviridis, C. purtonii, C. rickii, C. rishbethii, C. rubrisetosa, C. sansevieriae, C. stilbellae, C. stilbosporae, C. thujana, C. triqua, C. tungurahuana, C. vilior, C. viliuscula, C. wegeliana, and C. xanthostroma; Haematonectria haematococca, H. illudens, H. ipomoeae, H. monilifera, and H. termitum; Lanatonectria flocculenta with anamorph Actinostilbe macalpinei, L. flavolanata, L. mammiformis with anamorph Actinostilbe mammiformis, and L. raripila; Neonectria coccinea and N. galligena; Rubrinectria olivacea; Viridispora penicilliferi, V. alata, V. diparietispora, and V. fragariae; Xenonectriella leptaleae, X. ornamentata, and X. streimannii. In the checklist, some genera are excluded from the families treated here and placed among 19 families in 12 orders of ascomycetes and one basidiomycetous genus. Two genera are uniloculate, discomycetous loculoascomycetes; some have true apothecia and belong in the Helotiales and Pezizales, or are lichenized Lecanorales. Many of these taxa are placed in the Diaporthales and Xylariales (Hyponectriaceae and Thyridiaceae). Genera having immersed ascomata are often difficult to place; they include Charonectria and Hyponectria, now placed in the Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales; and Cryptoleptosphaeria, Cryptonectriella and Schizoparme, now placed in the Diaporthales. Several genera are placed in the Niessliaceae and Clavicipitaceae of the Hypocreales. In this section a new species, Charonectria amabilis, is described, and the new combinations Thyridium ohiense, Charonectria sceptri, Cryptoleptosphaeria gracilis, Cryptonectriella geoglossi, and Thelocarpon citrum, are proposed.
