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Various studies have already been performed involving the whole aerial parts of Centella asiatica (L.) (Umbelliferae), commonly known as gotukola or jalbrahmi and thus the present investigation has been carried out for the phytochemical study of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Centella asiatica. To perform this activity, the drug (1.5kg) w...
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Background: Phytochemistry of Centella asiatica (CA) gained momentum after the discovery of asiaticoside in the early 1940s. Though there is lot of literature on this precious herb, its chemistry has not been comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, several duplicate names, synonyms and contradictory findings were observed in CA literature. The traditional, food and vegetable, pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses of CA are steadily on the rise, resulting in its ever increasing biomass requirements. Methods: This article is an inclusive review of the last eight decades of chemistry of CA. Its biological activities, food and beverage, cosmetic applications and natural and alternate biomass sources are also assessed. CA literature for this review was gathered from web-based resources such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, and chemical structures were drawn using ChemDraw software. Results: So far 139 secondary metabolites were isolated from CA, viz., ursane-type triterpenes (11), oleanane-type triterpenes (5), ursane-type triterpene glycosides (30), oleanane-type triterpene glycosides (14), dammarane-type triterpene glycosides (15), steroids (4), steroid glycosides (2), flavonoids (18), polyacetylenes (9), phenolic acids (13) and other miscellaneous compounds (18). Of these 139 compounds, 70 are new entities described for the first time. Most prominent CA metabolites are the four ursane type triterpenes, viz., asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside. Naming issues and contradictory findings are resolved in this article. Biological activities of CA and its secondary metabolites are also reviewed. The wide use of CA as a vegetable and food ingredient is justified by the antioxidant activities of its phenolics, flavonoids and other constituents. The traditional uses, geographical sources, conservation status, industrial demand, elite clones, alternative sources, chemical variability, ecological and other allied parameters and quality control requirements of CA are also discussed in the context of its chemistry and secondary metabolites. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the need to study the biology of the least investigated CA metabolites, viz., oleanane-type triterpenoids, caffeoyl quinic acids, polyacetylenes, phenolics, miscellaneous compounds. Moreover , a comprehensive description of the secondary metabolites in CA will aid its future chemistry, biosynthesis, chemical transformation and biological activity studies. [Journal: Phytomedicine Plus Elsevier]
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and is associated with an increased risk of obesity, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and endometrial cancer. This study analyzed 544619 women using the Korean Informative Classification of Disease, version 10, codes E28.0-E28.9 in the population-based National Health Information Databases from 2010 to 2019. The age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates of PCOS over 10 years among Korean women were 2.8% and 4.3%, respectively; and they increased in the late teens, peaked in the 20s, and began to decrease at the age of 30. We also found that the body mass index, levels of fasting blood glucose, and high-density lipoprotein values in the recent two years (2018-2019) were higher in women with PCOS compared to the general population. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of PCOS in a nationwide population of reproductive-aged Korean women. Further research is needed to examine the short- and long-term health risks and psychological problems associated with PCOS.
