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4: 13 C NMR spectra shown with 1 Hz line broadening, acquired without proton decoupling. a) Hyperpolarized signal acquired after applying the S2hM pulse sequence. An expansion of the signal is shown and compared to a SpinDynamica simulation in blue. The simulation code is given in Appendix II. b) Thermal equilibrium signal acquired in one scan, expanded by a factor of 100 for clarity. The peak assignments are as follows: acetylene [1-13 C]dicarboxylate precursor (151.6 ppm), [1-13 C]fumarate (166.5 ppm). The [1-13 C]fumarate hyperpolarization is revealed when an S2hM sequence is used to convert the 1 H singlet order into 13 C magnetization, and the signal enhancement achieved here is over 1000.

4: 13 C NMR spectra shown with 1 Hz line broadening, acquired without proton decoupling. a) Hyperpolarized signal acquired after applying the S2hM pulse sequence. An expansion of the signal is shown and compared to a SpinDynamica simulation in blue. The simulation code is given in Appendix II. b) Thermal equilibrium signal acquired in one scan, expanded by a factor of 100 for clarity. The peak assignments are as follows: acetylene [1-13 C]dicarboxylate precursor (151.6 ppm), [1-13 C]fumarate (166.5 ppm). The [1-13 C]fumarate hyperpolarization is revealed when an S2hM sequence is used to convert the 1 H singlet order into 13 C magnetization, and the signal enhancement achieved here is over 1000.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance is a powerful spectroscopic tool, which has found applications in fields such as chemistry, the life sciences, medical imaging, and even fundamental physics, but is often limited by the low polarization of nuclear spins in ambient conditions. Hyperpolarization techniques are used to increase the spin polarization, which c...