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10. Spiritestis arabii, dorsal wholemount, not all eggs or vitelline follicles illustrated, specimens killed while under pressure; 11. Spiritestis arabii, hermaphroditic sac of same specimen in Figures 10; 12. S. machidai n. sp. ventral wholemount, not all eggs or vitelline follicles illustrated, specimen killed while pressure; 13. S. machidai n. sp. hermaphroditic sac, specimen killed while pressure. Scale-bars 10, 12, 600 lm; 11, 13, 300 lm
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Species of the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914 with elaborate muscularisation of the oral sucker belong in three trematode genera, including three new species and a new genus from the intestine of fishes in Australian waters. Spiritestis Nagaty, 1948 is resurrected and S. herveyensis n. sp. is described from the mullet Moolgarda seheli (Forsskål) collect...
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Aporcella charidemiensis sp. n. is described from the southern Iberian Peninsula. It is characterised by its 1.38-1.81 mm long body, lip region offset by constriction and 16-17 μm broad, odontostyle 12-13 μm long with aperture occupying 65-73% of its length, 354-420 μm long neck, pharyngeal expansion 164-212 μm long or 46-51% of total neck length,...
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... Species of different subfamilies (except the cosmopolitan Megasoleninae Manter, 1935) are somehow related to certain geographical territories, infecting mainly fish species of Mugilidae Jarocki, 1822 and, rarely, Cyprinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Representatives of three subfamilies, Haploporinae, Waretrematinae Srivastava, 1937 and Pseudohaploporinae Atopkin, Besprozvannykh, Ha, Nguyen, Bguyen & Chalenko, 2018, of the eight known at present, have mainly been detected in the Indo-West Pacific region [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Most of the trematodes have been extracted from Mugilidae fish species. ...
We restore the genus Paraunisaccoides (Haploporidae), synonymised earlier with the genus Skrjabinolecithum. Adult worms, detected in Vietnamese mullet fish, were highly similar to trematodes described as P. lobolecithum via digestive and genital system structures and relative organ arrangement. Differences are expressed as absence and presence of pads on the hermaphrodite duct, respectively, and the disjunction of some metric parameter values, namely body, ovary and eggs. Ribosomal DNA sequences, based on the phylogenetic analysis of Haploporidae, indicates that new worms represent a sister clade to Unisaccus tonkini. Genetic divergence between new worms and Skrjabinolecithum species can be interpreted as intergeneric. Based on morphological and molecular data, we recognise Paraunisaccoides as a valid genus within Waretrematinae and worms from Vietnam as a new species of this genus, P. elegans n. sp. Other worms detected in Vietnamese mugilids are morphologically similar to representatives of Paraunisaccoides и Skrjabinolecithum. However, molecular-based phylogenetic analysis showed that these trematodes are closely related to Unisaccus tonkini; the genetic divergence between them is at the interspecific level, despite considerable differences in vitellarium structure as intergeneric character. Accepting the priority of molecular results, we include these new worms into the genus Unisaccus as new species, Unisaccus halongi n. sp.
... In contrast, the present analysis (Fig. 5) did not resolve the placement of this subfamily relative, as observed by Andres et al. (2015). Saccocoelioides nanii Szidat, 1954, representing Chalcinotrematinae Overstreet & Curran, 2005, and Capitimitta darwinensis Pulis & Overstreet, 2013 representing Waretrematinae, formed a polytomy. This could be explained by the fact that many haploporid species were absent in the current analysis. ...
Members of Forticulcitinae Blasco-Costa, Balbuena, Kostadinova & Olson, 2009 include endoparasites of mullet fishes distributed worldwide. Adult specimens were collected from the intestines of white mullet (Mugil curema) and flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) from five localities in the Gulf of Mexico and a single locality in Venezuela. Photogenophores were sequenced for two nuclear molecular markers, the large subunit (LSU) and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear rDNA. The new sequences were aligned with other sequences downloaded from GenBank. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences were deduced using the combined dataset (LSU + ITS2). The phylogenetic analyses revealed four new lineages belonging to Forticulcitinae. Three new species are described in the present study. Ekuarhuni mexicanus n. sp. can be differentiated from its congeneric species by presenting a longer hermaphroditic sac length (136–180 μm) and a wider testis (91–123 μm). Forticulcita macropharyngis n. sp. and Forticulcita venezuelensis n. sp. are the 8th and 9th species described in Forticulcita. Both species belong to the diminutive morphotype of Forticulcita. Forticulcita macropharyngis n. sp. can be morphologically distinguished from the other congeneric species by the presence of a massive and muscular pharynx (46–110 μm long, 74–106 μm wide). Forticulcita venezuelensis n. sp. is the second species of the studied genus recorded in South America and can be differentiated from congeneric species by possessing the largest testis (138–201 μm long, 83–100 μm wide). Finally, the fourth lineage corresponds to Overstreetoides Andrade-Gómez & García-Varela, 2021; however, few specimens of this lineage were collected, precluding any description of the species. In addition, a key is proposed for differentiating the genera and species of Forticulcitinae.
... Numbers near internal nodes show posterior probabilities (BI) and ML bootstrap clade frequencies. n = number of specimens sequenced, number of localities correspond to data shown inTable 1, * = type locality genus Capitimitta range from 2.7 to 2.8% for LSU and 7.3 to 11% for ITS2(Blasco-Costa et al. 2009a;Pulis and Overstreet 2013). Finally, the genetic divergence among five species of Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954 ranged from 1 to 1.6% for LSU and 0.07 to 3.4% for ITS2(Andrade-Gómez et al. 2019). ...
Two new genera and four new species from subfamily Forticulcitinae are described from the intestines of white mullet (Mugil curema) and flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected in 27 localities across a wide geographical range on Pacific Ocean slopes comprising three countries in Middle America: Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. The new genera Ekuarhuni n. gen. and Overstreetoides n. gen. had to be erected to accommodate two new species, Ekuarhuni papillatum n. sp. and Overstreetoides pacificus n. sp., with unique morphological traits that differentiate them from the two genera described previously. In addition, two new species, Forticulcita minuta n. sp. and Forticulcita isabelae n. sp., were described, which were characterized as exhibiting a small body size (<1100 μm long). These new species were classified as the diminutive morphotype, together with three other congeneric species of Forticulcita. Forticulcita minuta n. sp. is distinguished by being the smallest species within the genus (<305 μm). Meanwhile, Forticulcita isabelae n. sp. is distinguished by its body size and testis length. In specimens of the four new species, sequencing was performed with two molecular markers, the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear rDNA, and the results were compared with other sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses performed withthe combined dataset of the two nuclear molecular markers (LSU+ITS2)placed all the analysed species within the clade of Forticulcitinae with strong bootstrap support (100%) and a high Bayesian posterior probability (1.0). The four new species showed differences in abundance in their definitive hosts and were widely distributed along the Pacific Ocean coasts of Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica, in Middle America.
... rDNA and 28S rDNA of Paragonimus westermani (Braun, 1899), Brachycladium goliath (van Beneden, 1858), and Hurleytrematoides chaetodoni (Manter, 1942) Yamaguti, 1954 from GenBank were used as the outgroup. Authors of these and other sequences from GenBank [1,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and their accession numbers are given in Table 1. Adult worm ( Table 2, Fig. 1 a, b). ...
Two new species of Pseudohaploporinae, Pseudohaploporus pusitestis sp. n. and Parahaploporus elegantus n. g., sp. n., are described from intestines of the Vietnamese mullet fish Moolgarda seheli and Osteomugil cunnesius, respectively. Pseudohaploporus pusitestis sp. n. differs from two known Pseudohaploporus species, P. vietnamensis and P. planiliza, by the absence of a diverticulate hermaphroditic duct and muscular sphincters at the proximal end of the hermaphroditic sac. Metrically, P. pusitestis sp. n. is close to P. vietnamensis and differs from this species and from P. planilizum by lower maximum sizes of most parameters. Parahaploporus elegantus n. g., sp. differs from representatives of Pseudohaploporus by the presence of a single testis and the armament of hermaphroditic duct and is morphologically close to trematodes of the genus Haploporus. However, P. elegantus n. g differs from all known Haploporus species from mugilids of the Indo-West Pacific by the structure of the armament of the hermaphroditic duct and also by size of body, organs and eggs. The validity of designating two new species and a new genus of trematodes is supported by ITS and 28S rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed that the new trematodes belong to the Pseudohaploporinae, which formed a well-supported cluster within the monophyletic Haploporidae.
... antonioi Lunaschi, 1984;and S. guaporense (Thatcher, 1999) Curran, Pulis, Andres and Overstreet, 2018). The authors analyzed two nuclear genes, the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) from rDNA, that have been used to recognize and validate some species of Saccocoelioides and other species of the family Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914 [2][3][4][5]. ...
... rDNA and 28S rDNA of Paragonimus westermani Braun, 1899, Brachycladium goliath (van Beneden, 1858), and Hurleytrematoides chaetodoni (Manter, 1942) Yamaguti, 1954 from GenBank were used as the outgroup. Authors of these and other sequences from GenBank [2][3][4]6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and their accession numbers are given in Table 1. ...
Adult specimens representing Pseudohaploporus vietnamensis n. g., sp. n., Pseudohaploporus planilizum n. g., sp. n., and Pseudohaploporus sp. were collected from the intestines of Osteomugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858), Moolgarda seheli (Forsskål, 1775), and Planiliza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from Vietnam. The new genus Pseudohaploporus n. g. is similar to the genus Haploporus Looss, 1902 in morphology and host-specificity. Species of Pseudohaploporus and Haploporus both possess an elongated body, a long oesophagus, an intestinal bifurcation behind the ventral sucker, a large hermaphroditic bursa, vitellarium consisting of two compact accumulations, concretions in the excretory vesicle, and numerous small eggs that contain miracidia with a pigment eye, and both infect mullet. In contrast to Haploporus, both species of the genus Pseudohaploporus possess two testes. These species differ from each other morphometrically. Pseudohaploporus planilizum sp. n., in comparison with P. vietnamensis sp. n., possess a larger maximum and mean size for the body length, oral and ventral suckers, pharynx, oesophagus length, hermaphrodite bursa, and egg width. Molecular data (ITS and 28S rDNA sequences) support the validity of the new genus and the two new species and indicate the presence of another representative of this genus, Pseudohaploporus sp. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that Pseudohaploporus formed a well-supported clade within a large clade that represents the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914. Based on morphological and molecular data for P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. planilizum sp. n., we erected a new subfamily, Pseudohaploporinae subfam. n., which appears to be a sister taxon to Haploporinae Nicoll, 1914. Molecular data show that Pseudohaploporus differ from other haploporids at a level similar to that between other subfamilies.
... For the description of the new species, data for the type-specimen are followed by the range of data for the other specimens in parenthesis. We followed the terminology of Pulis and Overstreet [14] pertaining to the hermaphroditic sac and its structures and use the same terminology for cadenatellids despite their lack of a hermaphroditic sac. Museum abbreviations are as follows: GCRLM, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum, Ocean Springs, MS, USA, USNM, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA, and USNPC United States National Parasite Collection now housed at the USNM. ...
... Morphologically, H. gymnocephali possesses characters in line with the diagnosis of Pseudohapladena by Besprozvannykh el al. [6], namely vitelline fields along the lateral margin that do not unite posttesticularly, a uterus that is short and contains few eggs, and a testis that is longitudinally elongate. Besprozvannykh et al. [6] consider members of the genus to infect only mugilids, but host switching within the Waretrematinae seems to be common across genera [3,14]. Thus, we do not consider a perciform rather than mugilid host to be of significance for its generic affiliation, whereas this species, if maintained in Hapladena would represent the only species of freshwater or estuarine fish. ...
Megasolena mikra sp. nov. is described from the queen angelfish, Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus), off Florida, USA. The new species can be differentiated from all other species of Megasolena Linton, 1910 except Megasolena littoralis Muñoz, George-Nascimento, and Bray, 2017 in possessing testes that are smaller in diameter than the ovary. The new species can be differentiated from M. littoralis in lacking tegumental spines and possessing oral sucker papillae. Molecular data are provided for two species each of Cadenatella Dollfus, 1946, Hapladena Linton, 1910, and Megasolena Linton, 1910. Bayesian inference analysis of concatenated internal transcribed spacer region-2 (ITS2) and partial 28S rDNA sequences of 50 haploporoids revealed 1) a monophyletic Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939 sister to the rest of the haploporoids tested; 2) a paraphyletic Megasoleninae Manter, 1935 - if Hapladena is included; and 3) a monophyletic Cadenatellinae Gibson and Bray, 1982 sister to the 'mugilid' haploporids. The 'mugilid' haploporids formed a monophyletic clade consisting of the subfamilies Chalcinotrematinae Overstreet and Curran, 2005, Forticulcitinae Blasco-Costa, Balbuena, Kostadinova, and Olson, 2009, Haploporinae Nicoll, 1914, and Waretrematinae Srivastava, 1937. Based on our analysis we restrict the Megasoleninae to include Megasolena, Vitellibaculum Montgomery, 1957, and Metamegasolena Yamaguti, 1970, all of which have species with two testes. To accommodate the former megasolenine taxa with a single testis, we erect the Hapladeninae subf. nov. for species in Hapladena and tentatively, Myodera Montgomery, 1957. Our results further support that haploporoids had a common marine ancestor with two testes, and that members of the superfamily underwent diversification following a shift from a primarily marine life history with eupercarian hosts to a more euryhaline one with diadromous hosts (namely mullet).
... Current classification based upon morphological and molecular data recognizes two families, the Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939 and Haploporidae, within the superfamily Haploporoidea Nicoll, 1914 (Jones 2005;Overstreet & Curran 2005a, b;Blasco-Costa et al., 2009;Pulis & Overstreet, 2013;Andres et al., 2014Andres et al., , 2016. Atractotrematids possess two symmetrical testes and utilize only estuarine and marine fishes as hosts, whereas haploporids usually have a single testis or, rarely, two tandem or oblique testes, and utilize marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes as hosts (Jones, 2005;Overstreet & Curran 2005a, b;Andres et al., 2016). ...
We describe Isorchis cannoni n. sp. from the rabbitfishes Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn) and Siganus lineatus (Valenciennes) (Siganidae) collected off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia and, using molecular data, demonstrate that ‘ Cercariae queenslandae II’ of Cannon (1978) from the gastropod Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kosuge (Cerithiidae) is the larval form of this new species. The cercariae of I . cannoni n. sp. develop in rediae, encyst in the environment after emergence, and are inferred to then be consumed by grazing rabbitfish. Additionally, we provide a new report of Isorchis currani Andres, Pulis & Overstreet, 2016 from the type host, Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson) (Scatophagidae) collected in Moreton Bay, south-east Queensland, Australia, greatly expanding the known geographical range of this species. Molecular sequence data (ITS1, ITS2 and 28S rDNA) generated for I . cannoni n. sp. and the new specimens of I . currani , confirm the identification of I . currani and demonstrate a distinct genotype for I . cannoni n. sp. relative to other species of Isorchis Durio & Manter, 1969, for which molecular data are available. Isorchis cannoni n. sp. is morphologically distinct from all other species in the genus, and is further distinguished by utilizing species of Siganidae as definitive hosts, rather than species of Chanidae or Scatophagidae. Because haploporid and atractotrematid cercariae have well-developed reproductive organs, we find cercariae of these closely related families morphologically distinguishable in the same way as adult trematodes: atractotrematids have two symmetrical testes and haploporids have a single testis or, rarely, two tandem or oblique testes.
... These values of genetic divergence among species are similar to those between other haploporids. For instance, the genetic divergence found among 4 species of Saccocoelium (Saccocoelium cephali Blasco-Costa, Montero, Gibson, Blabuena, Raga and Kostadinova, 2009, Saccocoelium tensum Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Saccocoelium brayi Blasco-Costa, Balbuena, Raga, Kostadinova and Olson, 2010) ranged from 0.9% to 4.8% for LSU and from 2.1% to 10.9% for ITS2, between 2 species of Dicrogaster (Dicrogaster perpusilla Looss, 1902, and Dicrogaster contracta Looss, 1902) the genetic divergence was 4.6% and 8.7% for LSU and ITS2 respectively, and among 3 species of the genus Capitimitta (Capitimitta sp., Capitimitta darwinensis Pulis andOverstreet, 2013, andCapitimitta costata Pulis andOverstreet, 2013), ranged from 2.7% to 2.8% for LSU and from 7.3% to 11% for ITS2 (Blasco-Costa et al., 2009;Pulis and Overstreet, 2013). ...
... These values of genetic divergence among species are similar to those between other haploporids. For instance, the genetic divergence found among 4 species of Saccocoelium (Saccocoelium cephali Blasco-Costa, Montero, Gibson, Blabuena, Raga and Kostadinova, 2009, Saccocoelium tensum Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Saccocoelium brayi Blasco-Costa, Balbuena, Raga, Kostadinova and Olson, 2010) ranged from 0.9% to 4.8% for LSU and from 2.1% to 10.9% for ITS2, between 2 species of Dicrogaster (Dicrogaster perpusilla Looss, 1902, and Dicrogaster contracta Looss, 1902) the genetic divergence was 4.6% and 8.7% for LSU and ITS2 respectively, and among 3 species of the genus Capitimitta (Capitimitta sp., Capitimitta darwinensis Pulis andOverstreet, 2013, andCapitimitta costata Pulis andOverstreet, 2013), ranged from 2.7% to 2.8% for LSU and from 7.3% to 11% for ITS2 (Blasco-Costa et al., 2009;Pulis and Overstreet, 2013). ...
... These values of genetic divergence among species are similar to those between other haploporids. For instance, the genetic divergence found among 4 species of Saccocoelium (Saccocoelium cephali Blasco-Costa, Montero, Gibson, Blabuena, Raga and Kostadinova, 2009, Saccocoelium tensum Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Saccocoelium brayi Blasco-Costa, Balbuena, Raga, Kostadinova and Olson, 2010) ranged from 0.9% to 4.8% for LSU and from 2.1% to 10.9% for ITS2, between 2 species of Dicrogaster (Dicrogaster perpusilla Looss, 1902, and Dicrogaster contracta Looss, 1902) the genetic divergence was 4.6% and 8.7% for LSU and ITS2 respectively, and among 3 species of the genus Capitimitta (Capitimitta sp., Capitimitta darwinensis Pulis andOverstreet, 2013, andCapitimitta costata Pulis andOverstreet, 2013), ranged from 2.7% to 2.8% for LSU and from 7.3% to 11% for ITS2 (Blasco-Costa et al., 2009;Pulis and Overstreet, 2013). ...
This study investigates the systematic position of some species of the genus Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954, and the species Culuwiya cichlidorum Aguirre-Macedo and Scholz, 2005 from North and Middle America using new morphological data and partial sequences of 2 nuclear genes, the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) from ribosomal DNA. In total 74 specimens representing 4 species of Saccocoelioides (41 of Saccocoelioides sogandaresi, 3 of Saccocoelioides chauhani, 6 of Saccocoelioides lamothei, and 12 of Saccocoelioides olmecae) plus 12 specimens of Culuwiya cichlidorum were analyzed. The phylogenetic analyses inferred with maximum likelihood method and Bayesian inference, showed that the 4 species of Saccocoelioides formed a clade divided into 4 sub clades representing each species. In addition, 7 specimens sequenced from the type host and locality of Culuwiya cichlidorum were nested in 2 clades: the first clade with specimens of C. cichlidorum from Costa Rica and the second clade with specimens of S. sogandaresi from Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Our analyses suggested that C. cichlidorum, should be reallocated into Saccocoelioides, as was originally designated by Aguirre-Macedo et al., 2001. Saccocoelioides cichlidorum (Aguirre-Macedo and Scholz, 2005) n. comb., is restricted to Nicaragua and Costa Rica and associated with cichlid fishes. In contrast, the specimens identified previously as Culuwiya cichlidorum from the coast of Gulf of Mexico by Aguirre-Macedo and Scholz, (2005) belong to S. sogandaresi, which has a wide distribution that extends from Galveston Bay (U.S.A) in Gulf of Mexico to Atlantic and Pacific slopes associated with poeciliid and cichlid fishes. New morphological data derived from scanning electron microscopy photographs of the body surface, show a characteristic pattern of spination that is useful to distinguish between S. cichlidorum n. comb. and S. sogandaresi.
... Reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships was performed using the sequencing data for rDNA from S. spasskii and other species of trematodes that are presented in the International Genebank (Table 1) [11,12]. Belous, 1954 The body of a mature worm ( Table 2; Figs. 1, 2a-2c) is elongated, fusiform, spined from the front end to the last third. ...
The trematode Skrjabinolecithum spasskii was described by Belous from a redlip mullet, Mugil soiuy (= Liza haematocheila), that was caught in the Razdolnaya (Suifun) River (in the southern Far East of Russia). In the description of the species the author noted that the adult S. spasskii had no pigment eye spots; it had a spherical testis and short caeca; the uterus contained eggs with miracidia devoid of an eye spot. We found adult worms of this species in the intestine of the redlip mullet Liza haematocheila and the striped mullet Mugil cephalus from Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan and in the striped mullet M. cephalus from northern waters of Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. Our study of the morphology of S. spasskii showed that the worms have diffuse eye spots, V-shaped testis, long caeca that reach the level of the middle of the posterior third of the body, as well as a uterus with unembryonated eggs with an operculum on one pole and a knob on the other pole. The miracidium develops on eggs that hatch in water and has an eye spot. An analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the 28S rRNA gene and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment revealed the intraspecific differentiation of three genotypes of S. spasskii; two of these were detected in the trematodes from the Primorskii krai and one genotype was found in the trematodes from Vietnam.
