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Spores of Cortinarius aureovelatus. Fig. 10. E. Bendiksen 49/87 (holotypus) (O). Fig. 11. E. Bendiksen 27.07.02 (O). Fig. 12. K. Metsänheimo 20.08.84 (OULU).
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Studies of the Cortinarius saniosus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. complex and a new closely related species, C. aureovelatus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)
The variation of the widely spread Cortinarius saniosus is described with respect to morphological, ecological and molecular characteristics. C. chrysomallus D. Lamoure and C. aureomarginatus P.D. Orton are regar...
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Morpho-anatomical and phylogenetic descriptions of Cortinarius castaneopallidus & C. diasemospermus from Pakistan
Oak forests accompanied by Cistus species are a common landscape in the Mediterranean basin. It is argued that Cistus dominated fields serve as recruitment areas for Quercus seedlings, as they help in the transmission of the fungal community through vegetative succession in these ecosystems. To test these assumptions, we analyzed the fungal communi...
Cortinarius
is the largest genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi worldwide. Recent molecular studies have shown high levels of morphological homoplasy within the genus. Importantly, DNA phylogenies can reveal characteristics that have been either over- or underemphasized in taxonomic studies. Here we sequenced and phylogenetically analysed a large set of...
Citations
... In a landmark taxonomic revision of the C. saniosus (Fr.) Fr. complex, Lindström et al. [34] identified a group of four sequences in a so-called "clade 2", sister to C. saniosus. Three of these sequences were later shown [14,35] to belong to C. subsaniosus Liimat. ...
... Spore size may be a key feature to disentangle this species complex: FA1724 displayed spores reaching 11 × 7 µm, whilst our collections of C. saniosus displayed spores measuring (8) 8.5-10 × 5-6.5 µm in accordance with previous studies [14,34,35]. Our unique collection of C. subsaniosus displayed similar spores, measuring 7.5-10 (10.5) × 5.5-6.5 µm, thus smaller than those published in the protologue (9.5-11 × 6-7 µm, MV = 10.2 × 6.1 µm [35]) but in accordance with Kokkonen (8-10 × 5.5-6 µm, MV = 9.1 × 5.7 µm), suggesting some phenotypic plasticity within C. subsaniosus, already reported at the macroscopic level [14]. ...
Thirty-one alpine species of Cortinarius (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) were described from the alpine zone of the Alps during the second half of the XX century, by the Swiss mycologist Jules Favre, and by the French mycologists Denise Lamoure and Marcel Bon. Notoriously difficult to identify by macro-and microscopical characters, most of these species, which belong to subgen. Telamonia, have been thoroughly revised in global publications based on type sequencing. Recent surveys in the alpine areas of France (Savoie) and Italy (Lombardy), as well as the sequencing of D. Lamoure's collections, identified three new species that are here described and illustrated: C. dryadophilus in sect. Castanei, C. infidus in sect. Verni, and C. saniosopygmaeus in sect. Saniosi. The holotypes of C. caesionigrellus Lamoure and C. paleifer var. brachyspermus Lamoure could be sequenced. A recent collection of the former is described and illustrated here for the first time, and based on available data, the latter name is recombined as Cortinarius flexipes var. brachyspermus comb. nov. Lastly, C. argenteolilacinus var. dovrensis is reported from the alpine zone for the first time and a new combination, Thaxterogaster dovrensis comb. & stat. nov. is introduced in the present work.
... G.Palfner, datos no publicados). Cabe mencionar que la especialización de hongos como por ejemplo C. saniosus, entre otros, al parecer es más bien por el tipo de ambiente que por la especie de árbol, por lo cual ha sido reportado en el hemisferio norte no solamente asociado a Salix sino también a Betula o Populus, entre otros (Lindström et al. 2008, Täglich 2009), árboles que típicamente cohabitan en humedales, bosquetes aluviales y riparianos. ...
A preliminary inventory of macrofungi associated with Salix babylonica in south central Chile is presented. Sporomas of twelve basidiomycetes and one ascomycete were recorded during the 2021 season, functionally dividing into four ectomycorrhizal symbionts and nine wood decomposers. Pholiota conissans and Xerocomellus ripariellus, specialists in alluvial forests, are first records for Chile, along with Cortinarius saniosus and Junghuhnia nitida. Compatibility of endemic lignicolous Anthracophyllum discolor, Clitocybe pleurotus and Pluteus brunneoolivaceus with wood of allochthonous S. babylonica could also be shown.
... Rime et al. (2015) in the glacier forefield recorded fungal taxa that are known from alpine and arctic regions, such as Cortinarius aureomarginatus (=C chrysomallus, =C. saniosus), C. croceus, and C. diasemospermus (Senn-Irlet, 1987;Graf, 1994;Lindström et al., 2008;Niskanen et al., 2008). Some other fungi also known from alpine regions were detected as well, e.g., Psilocybe montana, Arrhenia lobata, A. griseopallida, Hygrocybe conica, H. miniata, and Galerina vittiformis. ...
Historical datasets of living communities are important because they can be used to document creeping shifts in species compositions. Such a historical data set exists for alpine fungi. From 1941 to 1953, the Swiss geologist Jules Favre visited yearly the region of the Swiss National Park and recorded the occurring fruiting bodies of fungi >1 mm (so-called “macrofungi”) in the alpine zone. Favre can be regarded as one of the pioneers of alpine fungal ecology not least to the fact that he noted location, elevation, geology, and associated plants during his numerous excursions. However, some relevant information is only available in his unpublished field-book. Overall, Favre listed 204 fungal species in 26 sampling sites, with 46 species being previously unknown. The analysis of his data revealed that the macrofungi recorded belong to two major ecological groups, either they are symbiotrophs and live in ectomycorrhizal associations with alpine plant hosts, or they are saprotrophs and decompose plant
... In recent years, many species-level studies of Cortinarius, using morphological and molecular data, have been done in Europe (e.g., subgenus Telamonia: Kytövuori et al. 2005a;Lindström et al. 2008;Niskanen et al. 2009Niskanen et al. , 2011aSuárez-Santiago et al. 2009;subgenus Phlegmacium: Frøslev et al. 2007;Ortega et al. 2008;subgenus Myxacium: Peintner 2008;subgenus Cortinarius: Niskanen et al. 2012), but only few papers including North American material have been published (Moser and Peintner 2002;Matheny and Ammirati 2006;Garnica et al. 2009Garnica et al. , 2011Harrower et al. 2011). ...
Five new Cortinarius species with medium to large basidiomata are described based on morphological and molecular data. Three of them, Cortinarius aavae, Cortinarius brunneocalcarius, and Cortinarius grosmorneënsis, belong to subgenus Telamonia and one, Cortinarius subfloccopus, to clade /Fulvescentes. The relationship of the fifth species, Cortinarius brunneotinctus, was not solved but it resembles species of clade /Anomali. Cortinarius brunneocalcarius and C. aavae do not have close relatives within the subgenus Telamonia; whereas, C. grosmorneënsis belongs to section Brunnei. Cortinarius grosmorneënsis is only known from eastern Canada, but the other four species have a wide distribution: C. brunneocalcarius and C. subfloccopus occur in North America and Europe, and C. brunneotinctus and C. aavae in western and eastern North America. The descriptions of the novel species are presented and comparison to similar species provided.
... The introduction of DNA sequence characteristics in fungal taxonomy has been a significant improvement. The most widely used regions for studies at species rank are rDNA ITS1 and ITS2, which have proven useful for species delimitation in Cortinarius by for example Frøslev et al. (2007), Garnica et al. (2009), Kytö vuori et al. (2005), Lindströ m et al. (2008, Niskanen et al. (2009, 2011), Ortega et al. (2008 and Suárez-Santiago et al. (2009). These regions also have been proposed as species-identifier sequences (barcodes) in Cortinarius (Frøslev et al. 2007, Ortega et al. 2008. ...
The red species of Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe in Europe were studied based on morphological and molecular data. Three completely red species were recognized: C. sanguineus (syn. C. sanguineus var. aurantiovaginatus), C. puniceus (syn. C. cruentus, C. rubrosanguineus) and C. vitiosus comb. nov. Cortinarius sanguineus has dusky red to red pileus, reddish yellow mycelium and lacking or with only slightly encrusted hyphae in pileipellis. It occurs in mesic to damp forests with Picea, often on rich soil in the boreal and montane areas of Europe, presumably also in eastern Canada. Cortinarius puniceus differs from C. sanguineus by its stronger purplish red, narrower spores and spot-like encrusted hyphae in pileipellis. It grows with deciduous trees in the temperate zone of Europe. Cortinarius vitiosus is known only from Fennoscandia and occurs in dry to mesic coniferous forests. It has fairly thin, often zonate, dark red to dark reddish brown pileus, pale red mycelium, small spores and encrusted lamellar trama and pileipellis hyphae. In addition to these three species C. fervidus and C. phoeniceus occasionally have red basidiomes. The relationships of the species were inferred by analysis of ITS sequences. Our study suggests that the section Sanguinei, as earlier defined, is polyphyletic. Here the section is limited to include C. sanguineus, C. puniceus and North American D. sierraensis. The relationships with other red species were not determined. Section Dermocybe, including C. cinnamomeus, C. croceus and C. uliginosus, formed a monophyletic group, and the section Malicoriae had some support. A total of 34 new sequences are published including nine from type specimens.
... Recently, the use of molecular data has facilitated taxonomic work. Several studies on Telamonia species combining morphological and molecular data have been published by, e.g., Ammirati et al. (2007), Kytövuori et al. 2005, Lindström et al. (2008, Matheny and Ammirati (2006), Niskanen et al. (2006, 2008b), and Suárez-Santiago et al. (2009. The molecular markers used have been the rDNA ITS1 and ITS2 regions, which have also proved to be suitable species-level markers in other genera of Agaricales (e.g. ...
A new species, Cortinarius badiolaevis Niskanen, Liimat., Mahiques, Ballarà, Kytöv. in subgenus Telamonia, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Typical for the species is a dark brown cap, pale flesh, indistinct
universal veil, small amygdaloid to ellipsoid spores [7.0–8.5 × 4.5–5.0(−5.5) µm], and dark exsiccata. It occurs in mesic
to dryish coniferous forests, and grows in calcareous soil presumably with Pinus and Picea. So far, it is only known from Spain and Sweden, and considered rare. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the ITS regions,
it does not belong to any of the known sections, nor does it have any very closely related sister species.
KeywordsTaxonomy–ITS–DNA
... internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS) data are useful for establishing relationships between closely related species. The suitability of rDNA ITS sequences has been demonstrated in many studies (Frøslev et al. 2006(Frøslev et al. , 2007Kytö vuori et al. 2005;Lindströ m et al. 2008;Liu et al. 1995Liu et al. , 1997Peintner et al. 2003;Seidl 2000), and they have been proposed as species-identifier sequences (barcoding) in Cortinarius (Frøslev et al. 2007;. Resolved phylogenies allow the evaluation of the taxonomic value of morphological characters used in the taxonomy. ...
In this paper we have attempted to clarify the taxonomy and nomenclature of thirteen taxa of the genus Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (sections Hydrocybe, Fraternii) well represented in the southwestern Mediterranean area of Europe (C. atrocoeruleus, C. bombycinus, C casimiri, C. contrarius, C. decipiens, C. fraternus, C. gallurae, C. hoffmannii, C. petroselineus, C. sertipes, C. subturibulosus, C. urdaibaiensis and C. vernus). To this end we have performed a combined study of morphological and molecular data (rDNA ITS sequences). The morphological analysis was carried out on 114 collections and the molecular analysis involved 31 of the 114 collections, including 11 type collections (types for C. casimiri and C. fraternus were not available). In addition, a study of spores under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was conducted. The results of the combined analysis allowed us to asign the studied material to five species (C. casimiri s.l., C. decipiens s.l., C. gallurae, C. subturibulosus s.l. and C. vernus s.l.). Thus, all collections from more continental areas, which were originally identified as six different taxa (C. atrocoeruleus, C. contrarius, C. decipiens, C. fraternus, C. sertipes, C. flexipes fo. sertipes) corresponded to C. decipiens sensu lato, a widely distributed, genetically and morphologically variable species. Cortinarius casimiri is also found in such habitats, but it is confirmed as distinct taxon. Collections from Mediterranean sclerophyllous communities correspond to C. gallurae, C. vernus sensu lato and C. subturibulosus sensu lato. Due to close phylogenetic relationships we propose the new combinations C. casimiri var. hoffmannii (=C. decipiens var. hoffmannii non C. hoffmannii) and C. subturibulosus var. bombycinus (=C. bombycinus), and the new variety C. vernus var. nevadavernus (=C. vernus H. Lindstr. & Melot sensu auct.).
... All the genetic studies in the genus Cortinarius have so far treated the amount of variation observed in group 4 to be infraspecific (e. g. Kytö vuori et al. 2005;Lindströ m et al. 2008;Moser & Peintner 2002a). However, Garnica et al. (2003) and Frøslev et al. (2007) found that morphologically accepted C. atrovirens and C. ionochlorus had identical ITS sequences. ...
The section Brunnei was extensively studied based on material from North Europe. To stabilise the nomenclature we studied the relevant types of taxa included in this section. Phylogenetic relationships and species limits were investigated using rDNA ITS sequences and the results were compared with the morphological data. We recognised 11 species: Cortinarius brunneus, C. clarobrunneus comb. nov., C. coleoptera, C. ectypus, C. gentilis, C. glandicolor (neotypified), C. pseudorubricosus, and four species described as new C. caesiobrunneus, C. albogaudis, C. carabus, and C. cicindela. They are described here and their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and relationships are discussed. In addition, a key to species of the section Brunnei is provided. A total of 77 new sequences of 11 species are published including nine type sequences. Also the taxonomic assignments of sequences in the public databases belonging to the section Brunnei are revised.
... Frøslev et al. 2006aFrøslev et al. , b, 2007Garnica et al. 2005;Liu et al. 1997;Moser and Peintner 2002a, b;Niskanen et al. 2006b). Only a few of them, however, have dealt with Telamonia species (Ammirati et al. 2007;Kytövuori et al. 2005;Lindström et al. 2008;Matheny and Ammirati 2006;Niskanen et al. 2006a). ...
Two new Cortinarius species, C. brunneifolius and C. leiocastaneus, are described based on molecular and morphological data. Cortinarius brunneifolius looks like a trivial brown Telamonia. It is characterised by the fairly dark brown cap and gills contrasting with the white stem. The major distinctive features
are the refracting, colourless granules in the epicutis hyphae, broadly ellipsoid, equally verrucose spores, and fruitbody
without bluish tints. Cortinarius leiocastaneus can be fairly easily recognised by the appearance of miniature brown Telamonia species, narrowly amygdaloid spores, and a habitat with Betula. Detailed descriptions of the species are provided as well as comparisons with macro- and microscopically similar existing
telamonioid taxa. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus were studied by use of ITS rDNA sequence data. Ten new ITS sequences
are published. Cortinarius brunneifolius and C. leiocastaneus are fairly closely related and belong to the subgenus Telamonia sensu stricto. The infrasubgeneric relationships were not well resolved, but the new species seem to be unrelated to the
macroscopically similar species and do not clearly belong to any of the existing sections.
... Species delimitation of Cortinarius species is difficult, and the number of accepted species and the application of names vary greatly in the modern literature. Several recent studies of Cortinarius have employed phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal gene sequence data from ITS (the internal transcribed spacer region) and nLSU (nuclear large sub unit) in combination with morphological studies with success (Ammirati et al. 2007, Frøslev et al. 2005, 2006, Garnica et al. 2003a, b, 2005, Høiland & Holst-Jensen 2000, Kytövuori et al. 2005, Lindström et al. 2008, Liu et al. 1997, Moser & Peintner 2002, Niskanen et al. 2006a, b, Peintner et al. 2001, 2003, 2004, Seidl 2000. ...
... Colour photographs of most species and many of the collections cited here are available on www.cortinarius.com (Frøslev & Jeppesen 1999-2008. T Sporis amygdaliformibus, ellipsoideis, distincte verrucosis, 9-10.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm. Typus: DENMARK: Horsens, Elbaek skov, 21 Oct 2006. ...
... It was treated by Eyssartier (2004) under the name C. imperialis (GE 02074) accompanied by a nice photograph and a discussion including references to our initial publication of the species under the misapplied name C. camptoros on www.cortinarius.com (Frøslev & Jeppesen 1999-2008). An examination of Eyssartier's material revealed that it belongs to C. lepistoides. ...
Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies we present three new species in Cortinarius. Species descriptions are provided, along with discussions of phylogenetic and morphological affinities to similar taxa. Cortinarius majoranae, Cortinarius aquilanus and Cortinarius lepistoides spp. nov. are described. The first taxon is placed in section Percomes, whereas the last two belong to section Caerulescentes.
