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![111 West 57 th Street: plan and section (developed by authors based on [44])](publication/349316446/figure/fig8/AS:11431281100240421@1669340529007/111-West-57-th-Street-plan-and-section-developed-by-authors-based-on-44.png)
Source publication
The purpose of this paper is to present a new skyscraper typology which has developed over the recent years – super-tall and slender, needle-like residential towers. This trend appeared on the construction market along with the progress of advanced structural solutions and the high demand for luxury apartments with spectacular views. Two types of c...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 111 West 57 th was designed on a square shape plan with a dimension of 18.3 m, Fig. 11. From the south side, approximately two-thirds of building height gradually set back and taper the cross-section. The highest section of the building is steel frame structure situated at the level of 383 m with a high of 52.4 m. The architects were inspired by the famous skyscrapers from the golden era of Manhattan, namely the 30 ...
Citations
... Contemporary skyscrapers exhibit diverse atypical structures, including tapered, setback, or twisted forms [5,6]. However, prismatic configurations, characterized by rectangular and box-like shapes, remain prevalent, as exemplified by iconic structures like Marina 106 in Dubai and 432 Park Avenue (Figure 1) in New York [7][8][9]. Prismatic forms offer several advantages, including structural stability, cost-effective construction, efficient space utilization, flexibility for various functions, creative facade design opportunities, and floor plate efficiency [10]. ...
The enduring appeal of prismatic shapes, historically prevalent in office building designs, persists in contemporary skyscraper architecture, which is attributed particularly to their advantageous aspects concerning cost-efficiency and optimal space utilization. Space efficiency is a crucial factor in prismatic skyscraper design, carrying substantial implications for sustainability. However, the current academic literature lacks a complete exploration of space efficiency in supertall towers with prismatic forms, despite their widespread use. This paper seeks to address this significant gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of data gathered from a carefully selected set of 35 case studies. The primary discoveries presented in this paper are outlined as follows: (i) average space efficiency stood at approximately 72%, covering a range that extended from 56% to 84%; (ii) average core to gross floor area ratio averaged around 24%, spanning a spectrum that ranged from 12% to 36%; (iii) the majority of prismatic skyscrapers utilized a central core approach, mainly customized for residential use; (iv) the dominant structural system observed in the analyzed cases was the out-riggered frame system, with concrete being the commonly utilized material for the structural components ; and (v) the impact of diverse structural systems on space efficiency showed no significant deviation, although differences in function led to variations in average space efficiency. The authors expect that these findings will provide valuable guidance, especially for architects, as they strive to enhance the sustainable planning of prismatic towers.
... The building length, width, and height parameters [81]are automatically in compliance with the slenderness ratio (height: width = 10: 1). This ratio is usually measured to ensure that the building is structurally stable [82]. ...
... The building length, width, and height parameters [81]are automatically in compliance with the slenderness ratio (height: width = 10: 1). This ratio is usually measured to ensure that the building is structurally stable [82]. ...
... The history of slender towers can be divided into the following periods (Szołomicki and Golasz-Szołomicka, 2021): In the early 20th century, there was a rapid increase in the height of design (Galsworthy et al., 2016). A building with an aspect ratio greater than 7 is considered slender by New York State Building Code. ...
... (2) aspect ratios around 5 became the threshold for design solutions driven by local strength demand. Szołomicki and Golasz-Szołomicka (2021) presented the needle-like residential towers as a new typology. Their results addressed a variety of issues related to wind-induced vibrations, structural limitations and construction costs. ...
... The high slenderness ratio of the three locations mentioned above (the median ≥8) can be explained by the following drivers: (1) prestige concern, (2) high demand for luxury living, (3) narrow-base construction due to scarcity of buildable areas and (4) high land prices (Willis, 2016;Szołomicki and Golasz-Szołomicka, 2021;Ilgın, 2021a, b). For example, 432 Park Avenue offered the iconic mailing address specifically targeted at the investment aspirations of the world's ultra-wealthy buyers. ...
Purpose
To date, there are no studies in the literature that provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships between the slenderness ratio and the main design criteria in supertall towers (=300 m). In this paper, this important issue was explored using detailed data collected from 75 cases.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper was carried out with a comprehensive literature review including the database of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat(CTBUH) (CTBUH, 2022), peer-reviewed journals, MSc theses and PhD dissertations, conference proceedings, fact sheets, architectural and structural magazines and other Internet sources. In this study, the case study method was also used to gather and consolidate information about supertall towers to analyze the interrelationships. Cases were 75 supertall buildings in various countries [44 from Asia (37 from China), 16 from the Middle East (6 from Dubai, the United Arab Emirates), 11 from the United States of America and 3 from Russia, 1 from the UK].
Findings
The paper's findings highlighted as follows: (1) for buildings in the height range of 300–399 m, the slenderness ratio was usually between 7 and 7.9 and megatall towers were frequently built at a slenderness ratio of 10–15; (2) the median slenderness ratio of buildings in the 400–599 m height ranges was around 8.6; (3) a trend towards supertall slender buildings (=8) was observed in Asia, the Middle East and North America; (4) residential, office and mixed-use towers had a median slenderness ratio of over 7.5; (5) all building forms were utilized in the construction of slender towers (>8); (6) the medium slenderness ratio was around 8 for supertall buildings constructed with outriggered frame and tube systems; (7) especially concrete towers reached values pushing the limits of slenderness (>10) and (8) since the number of some supertall building groups (e.g. steel towers) was not sufficient, establishing a scientific relationship between aspect ratio and related design criteria was not possible.
Originality/value
To date, there are no studies in the literature that provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships between the slenderness ratio and the main design criteria in supertall towers (=300 m). This important issue was explored using detailed data collected from 75 cases.
... New buildings tend to be taller and slenderer (CTBUH 2020). Based on the summary by Szołomicki et al. (2021), Fig. 1 gives a border summary. It illustrates that not necessarily the tallest buildings are the slenderest, but the slenderness momentarily climaxes in heights between 472 m (Central Park Tower, New York) and 426 m (111 West 57 Street, New York). ...
... . The 25 most slender and top 10 highest buildings. Key building data based on Mehl (2020), CTBUH (2021) and Szołomicki et al. (2021) ...
The worlds spectacular skylines host tall and slender buildings to create a maximum of office, residential and commercial space on a minimized footprint. These structures need to cope with increasing wind forces at height and are additionally affected by wind-induced vibration due to their lower natural frequencies. The resulting vibrations make users uncomfortable. Therefore, heavy tuned mass dampers are installed in structures and occupy valuable space especially in the costliest top-floors. As an example, Taipei 101’s steel damper is located between the 87th and 91st floor and weights astonishing 660 metric tons. This raises the need for additional reinforcement which increases cost and carbon footprint.Most buildings in expensive metropolises are cladded with remarkable glass facades. Therefore, we asked the question if it was possible to use the existing mass – more specifically the glass mass in a Double‑Skin Facade – to dampen the building’s movement, create a comfortable space for the user, exploit more floor area for the investor and finally to minimize the amount of building material to reduce carbon footprint for society. The idea was realized in a collaborative research effort of TU Berlin, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg and Josef Gartner GmbH that resulted in a full-scale mock-up of a Double‑Skin Facade. Its outer skin can move laterally on a guide rail system. As the building starts to move, the facade's inner skin remains fixed to the base structure while the outer skin follows the building’s movement in a delayed manner due to its mass inertia. The fixed inner skin and the moveable outer skin are connected by a spring system that is tuned to the first natural frequency of the base structure. During the motion of the facade’s outer skin, the spring system redirects the relative movement and generates a stabilizing force for the base structure in the opposite direction. Additionally, an electrical machine is placed in between to provide an adjustable damping effect for semi-active and passive control. It also serves the purpose of a generator to study the opportunity to harvest energy. The paper shows the structural design options for the novel facade concept in the context of a project review of Double-Skin and Closed-Cavity Facades. The function of a full-scale mock-up, its fabrication and installation are described to show feasibility and ongoing challenges. First test results reveal a close match between theoretical assumptions and the applied testing. This engineering-driven and experimentally validated design opens a new field of architectural options in sustainable facade design which is focused on tuning physical parameters that affect the damping properties of the global structure.
This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of energy-efficient Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) technologies for sustainable buildings. The focus is on exploring the latest advancements, benefits, challenges, and future prospects in the realm of HVAC systems designed to enhance energy efficiency and promote sustainability in building operations. The review begins with an overview of the importance of energy-efficient HVAC technologies in the context of sustainable building design and operation. It underscores the critical role of HVAC systems in reducing energy consumption, minimizing environmental impact, and enhancing occupant comfort and well-being. The paper delves into various categories of energy-efficient HVAC technologies, including advanced heating and cooling systems, ventilation strategies, and smart controls. Each category is examined in detail, highlighting key features, performance metrics, and real-world applications. Furthermore, the review evaluates the benefits associated with energy-efficient HVAC technologies, such as significant energy savings, reduced operating costs, improved indoor air quality, and enhanced building resilience. It also discusses the potential challenges and barriers to adoption, such as high upfront costs, complexity of implementation, and retrofitting existing buildings. The paper explores emerging trends and innovations in the field of energy-efficient HVAC technologies, including the integration of renewable energy sources, smart sensors and actuators, and predictive maintenance algorithms. These advancements have the potential to further optimize energy performance, increase system reliability, and enable proactive management of HVAC systems. In conclusion, the review emphasizes the importance of energy-efficient HVAC technologies as a cornerstone of sustainable building practices. It underscores the need for continued research, innovation, and collaboration among stakeholders to overcome existing challenges and unlock the full potential of energy-efficient HVAC systems in contributing to a more sustainable built environment. Overall, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current state of energy-efficient HVAC technologies, their applications, benefits, and challenges, while also highlighting opportunities for future advancements and their crucial role in achieving sustainability goals in the building sector.
The following paper is devoted to research on the types of forms of skyscrapers built in Warsaw from 1989 to 2022. The research focuses on defining the architectural typology of such forms as elements of the image of the city. The research was carried out in the following stages: defining the character of international examples of skyscrapers, research on types of forms of high-rise buildings realized in Warsaw and their formal classification, determination of typological features of twenty-four high-rise buildings under study, and their changes over time. The characteristic elements of the image of the city and urban composition related to the examined buildings were determined. As a result of the research, it was determined that the most common types of forms found in the study group were free forms—41.6%, polygonal forms—25%, and obelisk forms—20.8%. In individual cases, there are tapered, aerodynamic, and regional forms. The research showed a trend in the latest projects, dating back to the last five years, consisting of an increase in the number of buildings constructed, an increase their scale, a lowering of their slenderness, and a tendency to implement polygonal forms more often than free forms. High-rise buildings are landmarks in the urban composition and the image of Warsaw. Most often, they designate paths and nodes with which they are associated. The types of forms of high-rise buildings in Warsaw vary; there is no uniform type of form of high-rise building implemented in the period. For this reason, the research should be updated and carried out using the methodology presented in the paper.
