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![Different types of fiber orientation in composites: a) unidirectional; b) random; c) bidirectional; and d) multi-directional for different planes [26,27].](profile/Hasan-Alhashmy/publication/267779397/figure/fig10/AS:332539110674433@1456294910120/11-Different-types-of-fiber-orientation-in-composites-a-unidirectional-b-random-c.png)
Different types of fiber orientation in composites: a) unidirectional; b) random; c) bidirectional; and d) multi-directional for different planes [26,27].
![Figure 2-17: Summary of the classic PM process [11].](profile/Hasan-Alhashmy/publication/267779397/figure/fig16/AS:332539110674439@1456294910538/17-Summary-of-the-classic-PM-process-11_Q320.jpg)
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... The first model follows the linear upper bound reinforcement that can be defined by the simple rule of mixture as shown in Equation (1.1). This expression is applied for continuous fibre [21]. ...
... The second model is valid for non-linear bound and for non-continuous fibre. This expression is more complex as seen in Equation (1.2) (1.2) [21] where E is the elastic modulus, V the volume fraction and the subscripts c, m and r refer to the composite, matrix and reinforcement, respectively. It is clear from the above considerations that the addition of either short fibres or continuous fibres with high stiffness can increase the stiffness of the aluminum matrix composites substan-tially [21]. ...
... This expression is more complex as seen in Equation (1.2) (1.2) [21] where E is the elastic modulus, V the volume fraction and the subscripts c, m and r refer to the composite, matrix and reinforcement, respectively. It is clear from the above considerations that the addition of either short fibres or continuous fibres with high stiffness can increase the stiffness of the aluminum matrix composites substan-tially [21]. Accurate stiffness predictions allow engineers to optimize the design of composite laminates by selecting the appropriate materials and layer orientations to achieve the desired stiffness and strength. ...
Kenaf, a natural fiber, is being used to reinforce thermoplastic polymer composites, offering advantages such as lightweight, high strength-to-weight ratio, cost-effectiveness, high energy absorption, and environmental sustainability. The recyclability of thermoplastic polymers like Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) has also garnered global interest, making them attractive for composite applications. This review aims to characterize the physical and mechanical performance of hybrid kenaf/fiberglass mesh-reinforced thermoplastic ABS composites. The composites are fabricated using a hot press process. The study analyzes optimal quasi-isotropic sequences for kenaf fibers and characterizes the void content and water absorption under different stacking sequences. Mechanical tests, including tensile and flexural evaluations, support the identification of the optimal pattern. Impact and indentation tests assess energy absorption and damage resistance in hybrid kenaf/fiberglass mesh/ABS composites, while the inter-laminar shear strength test examines the effect of ribbing fiberglass mesh. The goal is to achieve optimal quasi-isotropic ABS composites reinforced with kenaf and fiberglass mesh for structural applications. The results inform the effective utilization of biomass and recyclable materials in structural components, such as airplane radomes. This promotes sustainability by reducing reliance on non-renewable resources, increasing fuel efficiency, and reducing carbon emissions through lighter weight products. The applications of these materials extend beyond radomes to industries like automotive and construction, driving innovation in material manufacturing and processes.
... Compared to traditional infiltration, it has a shorter processing time, produces a relatively complex shape, and minimal porosity improves wettability, good dimensional precision, and minimization interfacial reactions [64,65]. Carbon fiber-reinforced Al composites with better toughness, hardness, strength and better wettability have been successfully achieved by using this technique [66]. The solid-state-based processes mainly involve powder metallurgy (PM). ...
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... For bidirectional composites, ultimate strength is low, but occurs in two unique directions. Since the direction of the fibers turn out to be more statistically diversified throughout the composite, decrease in ultimate strength, where the properties are consistent in all stacking/loading directions as in Fig. 5 (1,2) [28]. ...
... (a) Fiber orientation and (b) property of composite along fiber orientation[28]. ...
... Strength of composite with fiber content/volume fraction[28]. ...
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