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... Finally, we retained only those studies that were published as full-length articles in peer-reviewed journals in English. The above procedure left us with a superset of 566 papers explicitly referring to trademarks (see Table 2.1). Unlike previous reviews on a similar topic (e.g., Candelin-Palmqvist et al., 2012), we were unable to rely on a journal's impact factor or quality to narrow down the search because the empirical analysis of trademark data is still in its infancy, so even significant contributions can appear in relatively low ranked outlets. ...Context 2
... date, the most cited article that employs trademark statistics is the work by Bosworth and Rogers (2001), which estimates the private returns from investing in intangible assets in Australia (see Table 2.2). Moreover, the performance perspective that includes such topics as market value, profitability, and firm survival, tends to be the most popular area in the empirical trademark literature, with six out of the top 10 publications addressing it in one or another way. ...Similar publications
Le présent rapport donne un aperçu général des concentrations et des rejeteurs de chlorures dans le bassin du Rhin (en 2018). Sa rédaction a été motivée par les faibles débits qui ont marqué le bassin du Rhin en 2018 et les concentrations élevées de chlorures qu’ils ont occasionnées.
Citations
... There is a strong commercial imperative for companies desiring to launch a new product to obtain their own trademark (WIPO, 2004;De Faria and Sofka 2010;Giarratana and Torrisi 2010;Sandner and Block 2011;Nasirov 2018) and evidence that trademarks are good proxies for product innovation across the economy (Jensen and Webster 2009;Nasirov 2018). Trademarks, which are distinctive marks, are relatively cheap to obtain and are almost always granted (Graham et al., 2013). ...
... There is a strong commercial imperative for companies desiring to launch a new product to obtain their own trademark (WIPO, 2004;De Faria and Sofka 2010;Giarratana and Torrisi 2010;Sandner and Block 2011;Nasirov 2018) and evidence that trademarks are good proxies for product innovation across the economy (Jensen and Webster 2009;Nasirov 2018). Trademarks, which are distinctive marks, are relatively cheap to obtain and are almost always granted (Graham et al., 2013). ...
Does the presence of specialist technological expertise, diversity across industries and the intensity of competition among existing firms in a location affect the rate at which new firms are attracted to an agglomeration? We construct three measures of these explanators including a novel measure of competitive dynamics and estimate a region-industry panel fixed-effects model using data on a national census of firms over a 15-year period. This extensive panel dataset of firms and regions, enables us to move beyond the comparative static analysis which has dominated the agglomeration literature for so long. We find local competitive intensity has a large positive effect on firm creation. Competition attracts, not repels. Technological specialisation is a moderate attractee, but diversity may merely lead to local congestion.
... Nevertheless, in the past few decades, research on brands, innovation, and intellectual property (IP) has mainly focused on patents and their effects on technological progress (von Wartburg et al. 2005;Encaoua et al. 2006;Haupt et al. 2007;Nelson 2009;Mihm et al. 2015;Verhoeven et al. 2016;Daim et al. 2020;Ponta et al. 2021;Zhu and Hu 2021). Economic restructuring has prompted policymakers and researchers to reexamine the innovation indicators and seek new ways to identify, monitor, and evaluate previously neglected processes and practices (Nasirov 2018;Castaldi 2020;Castaldi and Mendonca, 2022). A typical example is innovation and trademark activity in the service industry. ...
... In general, law research in this area focuses on trademark system design, economics research focuses on the uses and effects of trademarks in different economic sectors, and management research typically examines how enterprises develop trademark strategies to enhance their competitiveness. Schautschick and Greenhalgh (2016), Nasirov (2018), and Castaldi (2020) summarized the trademark literature in the dimensions of economics and management, providing support for future research. However, relatively little is known regarding the process of strategic trademark decision-making and management, and a suitable theoretical framework has yet to be established. ...
... Research on the trademark strategy and strategic trademark management is highly concentrated in the field of trademark rights (Nasirov 2018;Castaldi 2020;Castaldi et al. 2020;Castaldi and Mendonça, 2022). However, there are ample opportunities to study the logic of trademark strategy in the context of trademark licensing and litigation. ...
Although recent studies have investigated trademarks in terms of economics, marketing, and management, strategic trademark management on the part of enterprises remains poorly understood, and a unified theoretical framework has not been established. To promote research in this area and guide enterprises’ strategic trademark management, we have performed a systematic literature review covering articles from the last 40 years and developed a theoretical framework based on three dimensions: antecedents–core mechanisms–outcomes. After defining and highlighting three activity domains: rights, licensing, and litigation—within which trademark-related strategic actions are typically undertaken, we focus on two core mechanisms: trademark strategy and strategic trademark management. Furthermore, four types of trademark strategy and five decision-making factors in trademark management are summarized, in addition to the antecedents and outcomes of strategic trademark management. Finally, according to the theoretical framework, we propose four areas of future research: trademark activity domains, trademark strategy, strategic trademark management, and enterprise performance of trademark management.
... Analyzing trademarks it is necessary to distinguish between services and goods. In fact, service-trademark-renewal requires less R&D investments (Nasirov, 2018;Mendonça et al., 2004). Also, economic and linguistic proximity between countries (Madrid Protocol) could influence trademarks' filing (Fink, Smarzynska Javorcik, & Spatareanu, 2005). ...
... Model 1 estimates the regressions using the ST as the binary variable. Service marks have different characteristics, so it is appropriate to analyze them in a separate model (Nasirov, 2018;Mendonça et al., 2004). ...
The aim of this paper is to investigate Albanian registered trademarks to understand the characteristics of a successful trademark in a transition economy. In order to verify the research hypothesis on the characteristics of the trademarks (Crass, Czarnitzki, & Toole, 2019) as key indicator of success, we use linear regression on a dataset set based on taxonomy of the legal status of applications and the registration of the trademarks in Albania. Our empirical analyses are based on data from the DPPI (Drejtoria e Përgjithshme e Pronësisë Industriale), Albanian Central Intellectual Property Office, for the period 1994–2019. The findings show evidence of the choice of the trademark name as a critical success factor as well as the characteristics of the activities, as the trademarks used in different product contests or corporate trademark strategies (Antwi, Carvalho, & Carmo, 2021). These results could be relevant both to firms implementing branding strategies and to analysts or policymakers analysing markets in transition economies.
... The intention of the Madrid System is to reduce the administrative burden on applicants filing in multiple jurisdictions and facilitates the maintenance of trade mark rights abroad. firms, and, third the proficient operation of the trade mark system with respect to its dynamic and static efficiency goals (Schmoch and Gauch 2009;Millot 2009;Nasirov 2018;Castaldi 2019). ...
... The information content of trade mark data has not gone unnoticed and there is an emerging empirical literature which uses trade mark applications and registrations data. A recent review of the literature (Nasirov 2018) finds that the focus has been on explaining firm value, productivity and profitability. ...
... The intention of the Madrid System is to reduce the administrative burden on applicants filing in multiple jurisdictions and facilitates the maintenance of trade mark rights abroad. firms, and, third the proficient operation of the trade mark system with respect to its dynamic and static efficiency goals (Schmoch and Gauch 2009;Millot 2009;Nasirov 2018;Castaldi 2019). ...
... The information content of trade mark data has not gone unnoticed and there is an emerging empirical literature which uses trade mark applications and registrations data. A recent review of the literature (Nasirov 2018) finds that the focus has been on explaining firm value, productivity and profitability. ...
This article describes a new database—TM‐Link—that contains 12 million trademark applications and registrations across six jurisdictions. A feature of the database is the identification of trademark equivalents (or families) within and across national trademark offices. Equivalent trademarks are two, or more, insignias for the same product applied for by the same company. Unlike patents, the incentive to file for global priority is comparatively weak since legal priority for trademarks is territorial. To identify the number of true trademark equivalents we therefore create synthetic links using a neural network‐based machine learning algorithm.
... During the last two decades, the use of trademark statistics to inform business decisions and industrial policy has increased (see Nasirov, 2018;Castaldi, 2019). At large, this trend has been supported by a wider recognition of intangible assets as a potential source of innovation and productivity gains, thus creating the need to account for them (see Andrews and De Serres, 2012;de Rassenfosse, 2017). ...
This work identifies and studies the determinants of trademark value. In particular, it focuses on trademark characteristics that are related to the underlying brand and on legally stipulated characteristics. To reveal the value implications of the identified trademark characteristics, it follows the idea that more valuable trademarks tend to be protected for a longer period than less valuable trademarks, provided that the benefits of this protection exceed its costs. Thus, those characteristics that have a positive association with the duration of trademark protection should indicate more valuable trademarks. The empirical analysis relies on studying trademark activities in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, largely owing to its heavy reliance on product differentiation to compete in the market. The results suggest that trademark characteristics are an important predictor of trademark value. At the same time, the value interpretation of some characteristics depends on the stage of the trademark protection lifecycle (that is, registration, maintenance, or renewal) under consideration.
... Trademarks are distinctive signs which identify which goods or services are provided by specific people or companies (WIPO, 2004). There is a strong commercial imperative for companies desiring to launch a new product to obtain their own trademark for that market (De Faria and Sofka 2010;Giarratana and Torrisi 2010;Sandner and Block 2011;Nasirov 2018). Trademarks are relatively cheap to obtain 8 and provided their text and symbols are distinctive relative to existing marks in the target market, applications are almost always granted (Graham et al. 2013). ...
