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The conditions under which atmospheric island wakes form leeward of Kauai, Hawaii, are investigated using idealized numerical simulations and real data forecasts from the U.S. Navy's Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). Nondimensional mountain height is varied in a series of idealized simulations by altering the island's t...
The species of the Hawaiian stag beetle genus Apterocyclus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) are reviewed following an examination of all primary types. Although the continued existence of the species is unknown and some possibly are extinct there are five recently extant species, including one species that is described here as new. The holotypes...
Stock assessment of the uku snapper in Hawaii using the Stock Synthesis framework.
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... Research in Puerto Rico between 2001-2008 focused on material flows and industrial symbiosis ). On the Island of Hawaii, 1 teams of Yale researchers completed a preliminary island-wide MFA as well as additional studies on waste (Houseknecht 2006), water (Fugate 2008), and energy (Johnson et al. 2006;Johnson et al. 2007). The Rocky Mountain Institute compiled a complementary report on some food flows for the Island of Hawaii (Page et al. 2007). ...
Home to the capital city and nearly a million people, the island of Oahu in the state of Hawaii, USA, is highly dependent on external resources. Over the past decade, large-scale agricultural production has diminished dramatically, leaving the island greatly reliant on imports for food and most other basic goods. A strong tourism sector and high levels of affluence contribute to per capita municipal waste generation rates exceeding all other U.S. states. The only municipal landfill requires immediate expansion if it is to remain in operation, and it has proven extremely difficult to find additional disposal sites. An island-wide material flow analysis (MFA) was performed as an innovative means of considering issues of import, export, consumption, and substitution, resulting in long-term strategies for diminishing the generation of waste that could complement current local conservation and recycling efforts. The findings indicate several opportunities for using domestic waste resources to substitute for imports and simultaneously reduce waste generation, particularly for construction materials. Legislative constraints and possible changes in this regard are also considered. Although past efforts by both the city and state governments to encourage on-island recycling and reuse have not achieved set goals, the MFA results suggest numerous opportunities that could be pursued to increase material self-sufficiency and/or reduce waste disposal by several hundred thousand short tons, enhancing the long-term sustainability of the island.
The Problem --Regarding the planned expansion of Puna Geothermal power by 8 MW, one wonders how this may fit into an overall Hawaii County power and energy strategy, given that both geothermal and wind energy deliveries to the grid are less than what they can produce, which results in significant curtailments of their output. Why not curtail fossil-fuel generators first, before curtailing wind & geo sources, especially when we see crude oil and gasoline prices rise much faster than the CPI? Or similarly, why not also generate synthetic fuel from renewable energy, CO2 and water for greater energy security, price stability and independence? Discussion --The short answer is that the total installed generation capability, on the Big Island, as well as in the US and in other countries, is typically used to an average of 40-50% of the total or nominally possible level (US is ~ 43% as is HELCO; Japan and Germany are closer to 50%). This has to do with being able to schedule maintenance, overcome unplanned outages, and have enough reserve to meet peak demand loads, while maintaining the expected and contracted level of stability of grid voltage and frequency. Curtailment of some generators is thus part of normal business, and does not mean that we do not need wind, geothermal, solar or stand-by fossil generators. Indeed, if we add the desire to minimize cost and maximize profit, finding the ideal solution poses quite a challenge. Without in any way implying to be an expert, I think that most of us agree that we need: • Non-oil-based supply of electricity, which can match the minute-by-minute-, hourly-, daily-and seasonally-variable demand over time • Non-oil-based supply of road-marine-and jet-transportation fuels, which can match the variable demand and production-rate over the seasons • Draw such supplies from a variety of distributed (not all "eggs in one central basket" or location) and technology sources such as geo, wind, sun (PV, SCP, Water Heaters), ocean (waves and thermal gradient (OTEC)) and bio-mass • Have enough energy-generation reserves consistent with prudent resource management to cope with outages and peak loads. • Have enough stored electricity and/or fuel (for generators), to cope with above-mentioned variability of demand and supply • An optimal mix of the above to achieve the desired reliability at a minimum energy cost to customers, while meeting the allowed profit margin to HELCO and its shareholders. 10.1 256410 B 315.59 2.669 0.0720 2.319 11.6 * Complete plant system, including wind-farm. Weighted avg. O&M between WTs & plant. B = biomass feed in kW ** Before taxes and distribution costs; 10 %/y 25-year levelized ROI, after including 30% gov't.
This paper presents our study in designing a 700 acre low-energy community on the Island of Hawaii. This study was an interdisciplinary collaboration among engineering, architecture, landscape architecture and business management. We took an integrated approach, which encompasses reducing energy demand, optimizing on-site renewable energy generation, implementing an efficient energy distribution system as well as effective energy management, and conserving natural resources. Technologies and their system integration were modeled and analyzed including solar photovoltaics, battery and compressed air energy storage, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, demand response, microgrid, energy aggregator, passive and deep source cooling, microclimate and alternative landscaping. Various business models were developed. We showed that, with careful planning, it is feasible for a low energy or net zero energy community to become environmentally friendly and economically profitable at the same time. This community will benefit its residents, developers, investors, the utility company and the rest of the world.
Pacala and Socolow developed a framework to stabilize global greenhouse gas levels for the next fifty years using wedges of constant size representing an increasing use of existing technologies and approaches for energy efficiency, carbon free generation, renewables, and carbon storage. The research presented here applies their approach to Hawaii Island, with modifications to support local scale analysis and employing a "bottom-up" methodology that allows for wedges of various sizes. A discretely bounded spatial unit offers a testing ground for a holistic approach to improving the energy sector with the identification of local options and limitations to the implementation of a comprehensive energy strategy. Nearly 80% of total primary energy demand across all sectors for Hawaii Island is currently met using petroleum-based fuels.The Sustainable Energy Plan scenario included here presents an internally consistent set of recommendations bounded by local constraints in areas such as transportation efficiency, centralized renewable generation (e.g., geothermal, wind), reduction in transmission losses, and improved building efficiency. This scenario shows thatthe demand for primary energy in 2030 could be reduced by 23% through efficiency measures while 46% could be met by renewable generation, resulting in only 31% of the projected demand being met by fossil fuels. In 2030, the annual releases of greenhouse gases would be 3.2 Mt CO2-eq/year under the Baseline scenario, while the Sustainable Energy Plan would reduce this to 1.2 Mt CO2-eq/year--an annual emissions rate 40% below 2006 levels and 10% below 1990 levels. The total for greenhouse gas emissions during the 24-year study period (2007 to 2030) is 59.9 Mt CO2-eq under the Baseline scenario and 32.5 Mt CO2-eq under the Sustainable Energy Plan scenario. Numerous combinations of efficiency and renewable energy options can be employed in a manner that stabilizes the greenhouse gas emissions of Hawaii Island.
