Table 27 - uploaded by Francis Abantanga
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1: Normal vital signs for infants and children.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the airway is patent or secured, it is necessary to check whether the child is breathing adequately. 1 The respirations must be spontane- ous, unlaboured, and at a rate that is normal for the age of the child (Table 27.1); chest expansion should be equal bilaterally; and if the child speaks, the speech should be normal. ...
Context 2
... Children have an amazing cardiovascular reserve, so one should not be led into a sense of security with regard to the status of the child's circulating blood volume if the initial vital signs of an injured child are normal. Hypotension in a paediatric trauma patient is an indicator of uncompensated shock and occurs following the loss of more than 45% of the circulating blood volume, 8 estimated to be 80 ml/ kg body weight (see Table 27.1). 6,11,14 ...
Context 3
... history not consistent with the injury or multiple injuries not consistent with what had happened should cause the clinician to have a high index of suspicion and try to exclude child abuse. 1,6 After taking a good history, the patient is thoroughly examined from head to toe, including an evaluation of the child's vital signs, such as temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiration as compared to the normal for the child's age group (see Table 27.1). The goal is to recognise and appropriately treat potential life-and limb-threatening pathology. ...
Context 4
... this stage, a decision should be made as to whether the injured child is to be managed in the present facility or be transferred to a more appropriate centre, provided, of course, that the patient's condition is stable. Table 27.2 presents an example of holistic management of a case involving a 5-year-old child who sustained an injury in a traffic acci- dent. ...
Context 5
... this method, they avoided surgery in 13 children. Table 27.2: Evidence-based research. ...
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The airway and ventilation management in trauma patient both adult and paediatric is most critical step .Airway management in paediatric age group requires clear-cut understanding of anatomical and physiological variations as the need of each individual case may require various degree of interventions through equipment support. It is essential to arrange the range of equipment suited for each age group and varied anatomy and readily available to combat the arising emergent situation .The trauma patient with spinal and facial injuries pose a challenge in proper ventilator support and delayed or inadequate airway management may result in devastating consequences. In this review article an attempt has made to evaluate the process of quick assessment of respiratory status, paediatric anatomical variation and physiological functional status and an overview of definitive airway management methods, various airway equipments and emergency intubation practices will be elucidated.
... Airway management is first in order of priority starting with examination of its patency or potential obstruction. 10,12 Each PPP should be suspected of having cervical spine injury until proven otherwise. Immobilization of the spine is therefore obligatory; the spine should be kept in neutral and stable position by a trained person. ...
... 4 Another way of optimizing the impaired or obstructed airway of a child is performing the jaw thrust, a specific maneuver that, if properly performed, does not aggregate cervical spine injury. 4,12 The neutral position by itself may already be sufficient to open infants' small and anterior airways. In young children, the "sniffing position" is required to achieve the same result. ...
... The effort, efficacy, and effect of breathing have to be evaluated, and it is necessary to look for signs of respiratory distress such as low respiratory rate (see Table 1), recession of the thoracic wall, and utilization of accessory muscles. 12 Chest expansion and abdominal movement have to be observed. Life-threatening injuries requiring instant treatment include tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, flail chest, and cardiac tamponade. ...
Polytrauma is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview on current knowledge in the management of pediatric polytrauma patients (PPPs). A database review was conducted based on a search in the Embase, Medline OVID-SP, Web of Science, Cochrane central, and Pubmed databases. Only studies with “paediatric population” and “polytrauma” as criteria were included. A total of 3310 citations were retrieved. Of these, 3271 were excluded after screening, based on title and abstract. The full texts of 39 articles were assessed; further selection left 25 articles to be included in this review. The most crucial point in the management of PPPs is preparedness of the staff and an emergency room furnished with age-appropriate drugs and equipment combined with a systemic approach.
