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Because water is not equitably distributed in time and place, in the right quantity with the adequate quality, water planning and management is used to redistribute the resource in such a way that tries to satisfy the necessities of water users, including the environment. Policies are proposed to improve the water management, however, selecting the...
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... Once the scenarios are introduced into the Zayandehrud model, it is important to decide how the scenarios are to be evaluated and to determine which will provide better conditions for the reservoirs and demand supplies in the basin. Such performance criteria as time-based reliability (McMahon et al., 2006 ), volumetric reliability (Hashimoto et al., 1982), resilience (Hashimoto et al., 1982; Moy et al., 1986), vulnerability (Fowler et al., 2003; SandovalSolis, 2011; Asefa et al., 2014), and maximum deficit (Moy et al., 1986; Lane et al., 2014; Sandoval-Solis, 2011) are the most known measures used to evaluate water resources performance. These criteria are summarized into one index called 'Sustainability Index' (SI) as developed by Loucks (1997) and later improved by Sandoval-Solis et al. (2011). ...
... The SI which is a combination of performance criteria is defined as follows (Sandoval-Solis et al., 2011): In the Zayandehrud basin, individual sustainability indices are estimated for water demand objectives such as agricultural, municipal, environmental and industrial demands; indices are also estimated for water resource objectives such as the Zayandehrud dam and aquifers, which, according to Safavi et al. (2015), may be divided into three groups of aquifers such as those located upstream the dam, those downstream the dam, and those in the plain. Individual sustainability indices may be aggregated using the Sustainability by Group Index (SG) defined as follows (Loucks, 1997; Sandoval-Solis, 2011): ...
The goal of this study is to develop and analyze three scenarios in the Zayandehrud river basin in Iran using a model already built and calibrated by Safavi et al. (2015) that has results for the baseline scenario. Results from the baseline scenario show that water demands will be supplied at the cost of depletion of surface and ground water resources, making this scenario undesirable and unsustainable. Supply Management, Demand Management, and Meta (supply and demand management) scenarios are the selected scenarios in this study. They are to be developed and declared into the Zayandehrud model to assess and evaluate the imminent status of the basin. Certain strategies will be employed for this purpose to improve and rectify the current management policies. The five performance criteria of time-based and volumetric reliability, resilience, vulnerability, and maximum deficit will be employed in the process of scenario analysis and evaluation. The results obtained from the performance criteria will be summed up into a so-called 'Water Resources Sustainability Index' to facilitate comparison among the likely trade-offs. Uncertainties arising from historical data, management policies, rainfall-runoff model, demand priorities, and performance criteria are considered in the proposed conceptual framework and modeled by appropriate approaches. Results show that the Supply Management scenario can be used to improve upon the demand supply but that it has no tangible effects on the improvement of the resources in the study region. In this regard, the Demand Management scenario is found to be more effective than the water supply one although it still remains unacceptable. Results of the Meta scenario indicate that both the supply and demand management scenarios must be applied if the water resources are to be safeguarded against degradation and depletion. In other words, the supply management scenario is necessary but not adequate; rather, it must be coupled to the demand management scenario. Finally, it will be shown that applying the Meta scenario will improve the water resources from sustainably.
... To model water recharge from river to the aquifers, these are considered as demand sites with maximum historic recharges. IFs were adjusted during the calibration process (Lane, 2014; Lane et al., 2014; Sandoval-Solis, 2011; Danner et al., 2006). IFs are one of the main uncertainties in the model, mostly during drought periods. ...
... Performance criteria are used to evaluate the Baseline scenario. Specifically, five water supply performance criteria and one summary index are calculated (Sandoval-Solis, 2011; Lane, 2014 ): time-based and volumetric reliability, resilience, vulnerability, maximum deficit and sustainability index. Reliability is the probability that the system will remain in a non-failure state; resilience is the ability of the system to return to non-failure state after a failure has occurred; vulnerability is the likely damage of a failure event (Kjeldsen and (a) Municipal water demand and supplied (b) Agricultural water demand and supplied (c) Industrial water demand and supplied (d) Environmental water demand and supplied Rosbjerg, 2004; Asefa et al., 2014); and maximum deficit is the worst-case annual deficit which is occurred (Moy et al., 1986; Sandoval-Solis, 2011). ...
... Specifically, five water supply performance criteria and one summary index are calculated (Sandoval-Solis, 2011; Lane, 2014 ): time-based and volumetric reliability, resilience, vulnerability, maximum deficit and sustainability index. Reliability is the probability that the system will remain in a non-failure state; resilience is the ability of the system to return to non-failure state after a failure has occurred; vulnerability is the likely damage of a failure event (Kjeldsen and (a) Municipal water demand and supplied (b) Agricultural water demand and supplied (c) Industrial water demand and supplied (d) Environmental water demand and supplied Rosbjerg, 2004; Asefa et al., 2014); and maximum deficit is the worst-case annual deficit which is occurred (Moy et al., 1986; Sandoval-Solis, 2011). These criteria relate water demand (Demand i t ) and water supply (Supply i t ) for a determined jth water user (Eq. ...
... Furthermore, the Water Treaty of 1944 for the " Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande " established the amount of water that United States and Mexico should share from different basins. The amount and quality of water from Conchos River tributary to Rio Grande is controlled essentially by the Luis L Leon reservoir [29]. Many uranium deposits are reported in the State of Chihuahua [30], and as a result, an environmental radiological surveillance program has been established. ...
Concentrations of As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn and activity concentrations from 234,238U and 210Po in water, fillet, liver and gills were determined in three stocked fish species from the Luis L. Leon reservoir, located in Northern Mexico. The considered species were Lepomis cyanellus, Cyprinus carpio and Ictalurus furcatus. 238U and 234U activity concentration (AC) in fillet samples showed values of 0.007-0.014 and 0.01-0.02 Bq∙kg-1 wet weight (ww), respectively. Liver samples for L. cyanellus, C. carpio and I. furcatus present 210Po AC of 1.16-3.26, 0.70-1.13 and 0.93-1.37 Bq∙kg-1 ww. Arsenic, mercury and lead concentration intervals in fillet samples were 0.13-0.39, 0.005-0.126 and 0.009-0.08 mg∙kg-1 ww, respectively, while in gill samples they were 0.11-0.43, 0.002-0.039 and 0.02-0.26 mg∙kg-1 ww. The elemental Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) for fish tissues with respect to their concentrations in water was determined. L. cyanellus showed the highest BAF values for As and total U, being BAFAs = 37 and 40 L∙kg-1 in fillet and gills, respectively, and BAFU total = 1.5 L∙kg-1 in fillet. I. furcatus showed the highest BAF values for Hg and Pb, being BAFHg = 40 and 13 L∙kg-1 in fillet and gills, and BAFPb = 6.5 and 22 L∙kg-1 in fillet and gills, respectively. Some metal(loid) concentrations are slightly higher than European regulations for fish fillets. The difference in concentrations of metal(loid)s in fillet among the studied species is probably due to their differences in diet and habitat.
... NGOs are important for communicating scientific research and information to the society and stakeholders; they also act as non-partisan organizations during conflict resolution. Most of the water consumption in the RGB is for irrigation, about 85% (Sandoval-Solis, 2011), so the main irrigation districts, which are water users that divert water to irrigate agriculture land, are also listed in Table 1. Nine organizations have responsibility over all the regions upstream and downstream of Fort Quitman. ...
The Rio Grande/Bravo (RGB) Basin governing structure is characterized by the absence of a governmental entity providing an entire basin vision. This research argues there is a fragmentation in the basins water resources management (WRM) due to the allocation and distribution regime of surface water between and within both countries. This has caused a hydrological disconnection of the river and the proliferation of stakeholders and institutions that only have partial competence of the WRM. We provide a descriptive analysis of the current WRM, as well as the institutional and organizational framework which clearly exhibits governance fragmentation. A qualitative assessment of interviews conducted with experts in the RGB Basin supports these findings. WRM in the RGB Basin consists of a collection of regional governments that handle only the water resources issues affecting their regional political territory. This multi-tiered, mosaic governance structure reinforces the hydrologic disconnection within the river, and the fragmentation of the stakeholders.
... The 70% of the full allocation demand for U.S. water users was assumed because this was the maximum water allocation after the drought of 1994- 2007. This percentage has been reduced to 62% in recent years (Sandoval-Solis, 2011 ). The Current scenario considers the policies already implemented in the basin after 2004 (Upper: I, III; and Lower: V) and the current regulation. ...
... An important finding of the PAP was to demonstrate the feasibility of improving the environment, while, at the same time, not affecting and improving the water supply for stakeholders and treaty obligations (Sandoval-Solis, 2011). The Short-term and Long-term scenarios improve the water supply in the basin by reducing the water demands, improving water use efficiency, and promoting an integrated water resources management through groundwater banking and environmental flows. ...
This article describes the collaborative modeling process and the resulting water resources planning model developed to evaluate water management scenarios in the transboundary Rio Grande basin. The Rio Grande is a severely water stressed basin that faces numerous management challenges as it crosses numerous jurisdictional boundaries. A collaborative process was undertaken to identify and model water management scenarios to improve water supply for stakeholders, the environment, and international obligations of water delivery from Mexico to the United States. A transparent and open process of data collection, model building, and scenario development was completed by a project steering committee composed of university, nongovernmental, and governmental experts from both countries. The outcome of the process was a planning model described in this article, with data and operations that were agreed on by water planning officials in each country. Water management scenarios were created from stakeholder input and were modeled and evaluated for effectiveness with the planning model.
... NGOs are important for communicating scientific research and information to the society and stakeholders; they also act as non-partisan organizations during conflict resolution. Most of the water consumption in the RGB is for irrigation, about 85% (Sandoval-Solis, 2011), so the main irrigation districts, which are water users that divert water to irrigate agriculture land, are also listed inTable 1. Nine organizations have responsibility over all the regions upstream and downstream of Fort Quitman. They focus on water quality (EPA), water quantity (IBWC, CONAGUA), financing (NADBank, BECC, CEC), development of operational procedures (USACE), water consumption (IDs-RB) and environmental awareness (WWF); however, none have developed a mandate to develop an IWRM policy for the basin. ...
There is growing acknowledgement of collaborative water governance as an effective means to deal with the complexity, uncertainty and dynamic nature of environmental challenges. However, the qualities of ‘good’ collaborative water governance are not widely recognized. Concerns regarding legitimacy in particular accompany shifts from government to governance. This research probes the political legitimacy of collaborative water governance, using procedural and substantive aspects to explore perceptions of participants in a collaborative water governance case study of source water protection planning in Ontario, Canada. Procedural legitimacy was perceived to have been achieved to a greater extent than substantive legitimacy. Uncertainty around stakeholder welfare and tradeoffs were main detractors from perceptions of legitimacy. As collaborative forms of governance are instituted more broadly, the procedural and substantive legitimacy of these approaches must be navigated and further investigation of legitimacy in governance approaches is required.
Water indicators and indices are useful tools to assess river basin performance, that is, to measure whether the basin operates satisfactorily under a wide range of possible future demands and hydrological conditions. Spanish regulations assess the performance of water demands by using reliability indicators (RIs), established by law in 2008. This article raises the possibility of updating RIs by comparing them with sustainability indicators (SIs). SIs are widely used for the assessment of river basin performance and several policy scenarios. We applied a water allocation model to the Guadiana River basin in Spain to compare indicators under three scenarios. The study was framed within the science of socio-hydrology, combining the physical environment of a water system with its influence on social aspects. SIs gave better results than RIs when comparing future scenarios. We also propose the introduction of a vulnerability indicator into Spanish regulations.
Population growth coupled with increased urban and agricultural water use have exacerbated water shortages worldwide. Conflicts among water users frequently arise over scarce water. The application of conflict resolution methods has the potential to resolve such conflicts. Bankruptcy games is a branch of game theory applicable to problems dealing with conflict resolution. This study addresses water allocation to urban-industrial, agricultural, and environmental water uses downstream of the Zarrineh-roud dam, Iran, which diverts water from the Zarrineh-roud River, an important tributary to Lake Urmia. Lake Urmia has been severely stressed by reduction of its water inputs. Water allocation is posed in this study as a bankruptcy game in which the allocation to stakeholders is optimized with proportional (P), adjusted proportional, constrained equal award (CEA), and constrained equal losses methods. The CEA was chosen as the best allocation method based on performance criteria and the Bankruptcy Allocation Sustainability Index. Monthly, real-time, water allocation rule curves were calculated with genetic programming.
In the Rio Grande transboundary basin, environmental flows have not been considered as an integral part of the water management. This research focuses on the Big Bend, a reach located along the Rio Grande mainstem. Important natural regions of the Chihuahuan Desert are threatened due to the lack of environmental flows. In this paper is estimated the maximum volume of water available for environmental flows without affecting human and international water requirements, and without increasing the flood risk in Presidio-Ojinaga. Environmental flows are proposed based on an analysis of the prior reservoir alteration hydrology of the river. A planning model was built to simulate the water allocation system and evaluate alternative policies. A reservoir reoperation policy for Luis L. Leon reservoir is proposed to supply environmental flows without violating the system constraints. The policy that supplies the maximum water to the environment is two-thirds (66%) of the prior reservoir alteration conditions; it also improves human water supply, treaty obligations, and decreases flood risk.
