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Geographic location of the Province Misiones based on satellite image Landsat 7 ETM+ March 2002 (RGB 5,4,3).
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Originally, araucaria forest was characteristic of the northeast Misiones landscape, covering around 210.000 hectares. The broad variety of possible uses for araucarian timber, as well as a growing need for agricultural land, however, leads to the circumstance that since the middle of the past century these forests were strongly exploited and clear...
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The present Forest Policy of India is derived from the National Forest Policy of 1952. It targeted 33% forest cover throughout India, and 60% forest cover in mountainous and hill regions of the country. This objective was reiterated in the National Forest Policy of 1988 and confirmed in the National Forestry Commission Report of 2006. The North Eas...
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... Deforestation not only reduces the forest cover area but also modifies the composition, function, and landscape configuration (Gasparri & Grau, 2009;Magrach et al., 2011). This process can affect soil erodibility through changes in its infiltration capacity, soil organic carbon content, and soil physical structure (Rau, 2005;Kavian et al., 2014;Bax & Francesconi, 2018). Soil erosion not only involves the loss of fertile topsoil and a reduction of soil productivity but also increases runoff and sediment concentration (Martínez Mena et al., 2008) depending on topography, soil characteristics, rainfall intensity, land use, and land management practices (Zare et al., 2017a). ...
... During the last century, the province of Misiones has been subject to continuous LUCC. Population increase around the 30s' led not only to a cultural change but also to large deforestation areas (Rau, 2005). Between 1960 and 1985, 2500 km 2 of native forests (7.5% of their original surface) were turned into cultivated forests, mostly conifer species (Morello et al., 1997). ...
... According to Galindo-Leal & Gusmão Câmara (2003), in the early 21st century, its remaining fragments represented about 7% of the original forest extension. Despite this, these patches keep a high biodiversity and endemism value (Guerrero Borges, 2012) along with a high potential risk of water erosion (Rau, 2005), which can reduce soil nutrient contents, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, and degrade soil structure, thereby reducing soil productivity (den Biggelaar et al., 2003;Valera et al., 2016). In this framework, the simulation of future LUCC becomes an essential tool not only for the assessment of different possible deforestation scenarios and their pattern but also for its contribution to the assessment of potentially negative impacts on agriculture and forestry activities, such as soil loss by water erosion. ...
Misiones rainforest is one of the most threatened subtropical forests worldwide. Anthropogenic pressure by agriculture and forestry expansion continues transforming landscapes with negative consequences on ecosystem service provision, such as soil erosion control. Understanding how land use and land cover change (LUCC) management, policies, and social factors influenced in the past, allows decision-makers to anticipate potential effects on future land use and soil loss, contributing to the sustainable planning and management of productive activities. We developed three spatially explicit scenarios for Misiones province by 2030 using the Dinamica EGO modeling platform: 1) Business as Usual (BAU), 2) Low Deforestation (ALTlow), and 3) High Deforestation (ALThigh), based on different international and domestic socioeconomic contexts. We used land cover data from 2002 to 2015 as well as biophysical, social-infrastructure, political-administrative factors, and legal restrictions to estimate changes that may occur by 2030. We analyzed magnitude, intensity, and spatial pattern of future forest cover changes through transition rates and a cellular automata allocation model. Moreover, we used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine soil water erosion and soil loss tolerance in each scenario. Our results revealed that around 19% of the remaining native forest would be transformed into either agriculture or cultivated forest by 2030 for all scenarios. In addition, and contrary to that trend, the ALTlow scenario showed a recovery of 3% of native forest. Regarding soil erosion, our study indicated that the mean annual soil loss by 2030 would range from 12.03 to 19.15 t. ha−1.year−1 for ALTlow and ALThigh scenarios, respectively. Additionally, between 21% and 31% of Misiones province showed soil loss values higher than tolerance. Our work shows that a 10% decrease in the deforestation rate, compared to the current rate, would lead not only to a recovery of native forest cover, but also to a reduction in soil loss of about 4.5 Mt.yr−1 by 2030. This study demonstrates the suitability of the applied model to simulate future LUCC processes and provides inputs for decision-making involving natural resource management and the potential impacts of these decisions on ecosystem services. Finally, our results highlight the need for appropriate policies and regulations, especially, in terms of land use change restrictions in areas of high erosion risk.
... Fossil records have provided evidence that Araucaria members formerly occurred also in the northern hemisphere until the late Cenozoic era. Continental separation and climatic drying are considered the main causes of the very restricted present-day distribution of these conifers, confined to moist mesothermal climates [1]. Of the 19 Araucaria species left, only eastern populations in Argentina by organelle DNA markers, which could be related to a lower mutation rate of the chloroplast genome compared to the nuclear one [20]. ...
Araucaria araucana is an important seed and timber-yielding tree that grows naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Andes in Argentina and Chile, and has also been introduced as an ornamental species in Europe. Genetic diversity has been observed in A. araucana native populations, but there have been no prior studies on the genetic diversity estimates of this species introduced in Europe. On the other hand, assessment of the genetic variation in Araucaria populations occurring in Europe might be an important tool in the selection of appropriate germplasms for ornamental nursery production and breeding strategies. In this study, morphological and genetic diversity was analysed using a previously defined descriptor list and SSR molecular markers in four putative populations of A. araucana, individuated in the Pistoia Nursery District (Tuscany, Italy). In total, 26 morphological descriptors and 28 SSR primer pairs were used for a diversity assessment of specimens. Results provide evidence for genetic and morphological correspondence among the four putative Araucaria populations. PCA and cluster analyses based on morphological traits clearly revealed three distinct clusters of specimens. SSR primers yielded 68% polymorphic loci among the considered populations, and 18 of them displayed informativeness for population genetics, according to a Polymorphic Information Content value larger than 0.25. This marker set revealed significant genetic differentiation, and UPGMA analysis enabled separation of these populations on the basis of their genetic distances into three main groups, which largely overlapped with clusters in the dendrogram obtained from the morphological data. In particular, in both cluster diagrams, all accessions belonging to a specific population were well separated from all the others due to matrix distances and differences in the canopy density that are more similar to conifers such as spruce, pine, or fir. ANOVA analysis and the F ST value indicated a large between-population genetic variation. The Mantel test suggested that genetic differentiation between the four studied populations was positively correlated with morphological distance (r = 0.141, p < 0.05). Thus, both morphological and genetic markers showed applicability across populations of different seed origins and proved suitable for the identification and characterization of A. araucana accessions.
... Perz et al. (2005),Torres et al. (2015),Dueñas et al. (2016).3 Rau (2005),Ríos (2006).4 Armesto et al. (2010),Echeverría et al. (2012),Barreau et al. (2016),Caviedes and Ibarra (2017). ...
Forests are complex adaptive systems in which properties at higher levels emerge from localized networks of many entities interacting at lower levels, allowing the development of multiple ecological pathways and processes. Cavity-nesters exist within networks known as "nest webs" that link trees, excavators, e.g. woodpeckers, and nonexcavators (many songbirds, ducks, raptors, and other organisms) at the community level. We use the idea of panarchy (interacting adaptive cycles at multiple spatio-temporal scales) to expand the nest web concept to levels from single tree to biome. We then assess properties of nest web systems (redundancy, heterogeneity, memory, uncertainty, and nonlinearity) using examples from our studies in temperate, subtropical, and tropical forests of the Americas. Although nest webs from Chile, Canada, Argentina, and Ecuador have independent evolutionary histories, structures, and disturbance regimes, they share the main properties of complex adaptive systems. Heterogeneity, redundancy, and memory allow nest web systems to absorb some degree of disturbance without undergoing a regime shift; that is, without changing their basic structures and functions, i.e., the system's identity. Understanding nest webs as complex adaptive systems will inform management practices to nurture the resilience of forest biodiversity in the face of local, regional, and global social-ecological changes.
... O clima da área é subtropical quente e úmido, sem estação seca, definido como Cfb, de acordo com a classificação climática deKöppen (1936). SegundoRau (2005), a média anual de precipitação em San Pedro é de 2360 mm. As precipitações apresentam um padrão bimodal com dois picos: um em janeiro e fevereiro e o segundo em outubro. ...
... The Parana Forest is the largest ecoregion of the Atlantic forest; it extends throughout the south of Brazil, east of Paraguay, and the province of Misiones in the northeast of Argentina (Chebez andHilbert 2003, Placci andDi Bitetti 2005). Spread of agriculture and unsustainable management of forest species have led to its fragmentation and degradation; therefore, its biodiversity has been threaten, and today, this forest occupies only 6-7% of its original area (Placci 2000;Rau 2005;SAyDS 2007). However, the interest in conservation has increased, and in Argentina, where this interest is more pronounced, the remnant forest reaches 50%. ...
... However, selective extraction has continued and led to a highly disturbed landscape with old and often sick trees (Bertolini 2000, Fig. 1 Natural distribution of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. in south Brazil and northeastern Argentina (Rau 2005according to Hueck 1966 and geographic location of nine native popu-lations and one plantation sampled in northeastern Misiones (Argentina). Population codes are shown in Table 1 Chebez and Hilbert 2003;Rau 2005). ...
... O. Ktze. in south Brazil and northeastern Argentina (Rau 2005according to Hueck 1966 and geographic location of nine native popu-lations and one plantation sampled in northeastern Misiones (Argentina). Population codes are shown in Table 1 Chebez and Hilbert 2003;Rau 2005). Today, A. angustifolia is a 'critically endangered' species (IUCN 2018). ...
Key message
Genetic variability of Araucaria angustifolia populations in Argentina was moderate-to-low and reduced by logging. Some studied populations and the plantation are valuable gene pools for conservation and management.
Abstract
The main forces shaping genetic variability of woody species in fragmented forest are the geographical distribution and demographic history of populations. We conducted molecular analyses to evaluate how these factors have affected Araucaria angustifolia genetic variability in the Argentinean Parana Forest and to identify valuable gene pools for conservation and management purposes. Using 706 polymorphic AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) markers, we analyzed nine native populations with different logging history and one plantation (312 individuals) of an uncertain origin. Average genetic diversity for the native populations was moderate-to-low (He = 0.128) in accordance with their marginal location within Araucaria’s range. In general, genetic diversity of populations decreases from east to west with increasing distances from the main area of species distribution on southern Brazil. Logging may have been responsible for further reduction of genetic variability in the more intensely exploited populations of the southern region and in some private fields. The moderate genetic differentiation among populations (ΦPT = 0.080) suggests an increase in the genetic structure of remnant populations because of fragmentation. UPGMA and Bayesian analyses agreed with the geographic location of populations. Populations from the southern Provincial Parks at Araucaria’s range edges grouped and differed genetically more from other populations. The highest genetic diversity of the plantation (He = 0.155) suggests that its individuals could have originated from seeds collected from different and/or highly variable sources of Brazil and the northeast of Argentina.
... The climate is humid subtropical without dry season, warm with a significant thermal and rainfall amplitude. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1870 mm in the south to 2360 mm in the north of the province (Olinuck 2006;Navarro Rau 2005). Mean annual temperature ranges from 19°C in the highest areas to 22°C in the lowest areas. ...
... The minimum rainfall occurs in winter, except in higher areas and in the north of the province, where precipitation shows no significant differences throughout the year. Thunderstorms and heavy storms are common all over the seasons, although more frequently in summer and autumn, when precipitation intensities higher than 120 mm h −1 are frequent (Navarro Rau 2005). ...
... Soil profile of a Rhodic Kandiudalf located in the shoulder of a hill, under cultivated land cover (NavarroRau 2005) ...
The Province of Misiones in northeastern Argentina is characterized by the dominance of red soils, developed under a subtropical climate and rainforest vegetation cover. These soils were developed from the weathering of the tholeiitic basalts that outcrops in some parts of the region. Based on the soil–landscape relationship, the following units can be differentiated: 1) the “Preserved Central Plateau,” constitutes the watershed of the Paraná and Uruguay basins, where deep Ultisols and Oxisols are present. 2) The “Partially Dissected Peniplain,” along the valley of Paraná and Iguazú rivers has deep soil profiles (mainly Alfisols and Ultisols). 3) The “Partially Dissected Peniplain without Arboreal Vegetation,” is formed by dome-shaped hills where Alfisols and Ultisols are common. 4) The “Strongly Dissected Mountain Relief” in the central-east part of the province, present soils poorly developed, classified as Mollisols and Entisols. 5) The “Strongly Undulated Relief” surrounds the previous unit and presents Mollisols and Entisols of moderate development. 6) The “Foothills of the Preserved Plateau” appears insert in the previous one, where Alfisols, Ultisols, and Inceptisols are the dominant orders. 7) The “Secondary Valleys with alluvial deposits” consists of a complex of soils, with aquic moisture regime and vertic features. Local soils are classified as Mollisols and Alfisols. 8) The “Encased and Dissected Areas” are present in the valleys of Paraná and Uruguay rivers, with Mollisols as the dominant soil order. 9) The “Gently Rolling Plains and Rocky Outcrops” located in the northeastern part of the province is characterized by the dominance of Mollisols.
This article interprets part of the migratory and colonization processes that occurred in the South of Brazil and in Misiones, in Argentine, in the Araucaria Forest area, driven by private colonizing companies and by the public repopulation policies of the twentieth century. It used studies from agronomists and other Argentine researchers that identified the distribution area of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in Misiones. Thus, it discusses the process of exploitation of araucaria and other native tree species in the economic development of Misiones and the corresponding reduction and fragmentation of forest ecosystems, the creation of landscapes, and the loss of biodiversity.
KEYWORDS:
Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze; Atlantic Forest Biome; Misiones; Biodiversity; Environmental History; Mixed Ombrophyllus Forest
Today, one-quarter of all the land in Latin America is set apart for nature protection. In Nationalizing Nature, Frederico Freitas uncovers the crucial role played by conservation in the region's territorial development by exploring how Brazil and Argentina used national parks to nationalize borderlands. In the 1930s, Brazil and Argentina created some of their first national parks around the massive Iguazu Falls, shared by the two countries. The parks were designed as tools to attract migrants from their densely populated Atlantic seaboards to a sparsely inhabited borderland. In the 1970s, a change in paradigm led the military regimes in Brazil and Argentina to violently evict settlers from their national parks, highlighting the complicated relationship between authoritarianism and conservation in the Southern Cone. By tracking almost one hundred years of national park history in Latin America's largest countries, Nationalizing Nature shows how conservation policy promoted national programs of frontier development and border control.
Today, one-quarter of all the land in Latin America is set apart for nature protection. In Nationalizing Nature, Frederico Freitas uncovers the crucial role played by conservation in the region's territorial development by exploring how Brazil and Argentina used national parks to nationalize borderlands. In the 1930s, Brazil and Argentina created some of their first national parks around the massive Iguazu Falls, shared by the two countries. The parks were designed as tools to attract migrants from their densely populated Atlantic seaboards to a sparsely inhabited borderland. In the 1970s, a change in paradigm led the military regimes in Brazil and Argentina to violently evict settlers from their national parks, highlighting the complicated relationship between authoritarianism and conservation in the Southern Cone. By tracking almost one hundred years of national park history in Latin America's largest countries, Nationalizing Nature shows how conservation policy promoted national programs of frontier development and border control.
Nothofagus obliqua forests in Argentina extend over a wide latitudinal gradient but highly fragmented and locally restricted. The relevance of this species relies in its high wood quality and tolerance to warmer niches, as those predicted under climate change. In this chapter, we describe the species characteristics and natural distribution range as well as the natural hybridisation process that occurs frequently with other Nothofagus species. Genetic variation patterns based on neutral genetic markers (isozymes, cpDNA and microsatellites) allowed inferring past demographic changes during the Pleistocene glaciations. In addition, the level of genetic diversity was used as an indicator for conservation and for the definition of genetic zones as seed sources for breeding and restoration. Quantitative genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity measured at seeds, seedling and juvenile states on nursery and field trials gave insights about adaptation. The first steps towards breeding of roble pellín in Argentina are fully described: provenance and progeny tests and seed producing areas, both natural and cultivated ones. Intra- and interspecific-controlled crossings of N. obliqua represent a fundamental step towards the breeding of this species, and the first achievements are described.
