Table 2 - uploaded by Niklaus Steiner
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International migration has emerged in the last decade as one of the world's most controversial and pressing issues. This thought-provoking textbook offers the reader a more nuanced and knowledgeable understanding of the complex economic, political, cultural, and moral concerns that arise when people move across borders seeking admission into other...
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Context 1
... research and teaching interests are immigration, refugees, nationalism, and citizenship and his publications include The Problems of Protection: UNHCR, Refugees, and Human Rights, ed. Niklaus Steiner, Mark Gibney, and Gil Loescher (Routledge, 2003 Tables 2.1 Canada's points system 15 2.2 Canada's table for allocating points according to age 15 2.3 Canada's table for allocating points based on education 15 2.4 Temporary worker admissions into the US by world region 19 2.5 United States Diversity Lottery: random selection of 15 countries and number of visas issued (2008) 24 2.6 Global ranking of universities (2008) 28 4.1 Impact on sending country 55 ...
Context 2
... six criteria are scored on a scale with a maximum of 100 points and a passing score of 67. 9 The scoring of these criteria is remarkably straightforward. For example, Tables 2.2 and 2.3 show the criteria for allocating points according to Age and Education. ...
Context 3
... is no fee associated with entering this lottery, which is open for about two months each year and accepts applications only online at www.dvlottery.state.gov. Winners may bring their spouse and unmarried children under the age of 21. Table 2.5 randomly lists 15 of the 190 countries in the 2008 lottery to give a sense of the distribution of the winners. 27 I'm intrigued by the randomness of this approach, which seems to take the emotion out of the debate over whom to admit. ...
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Citations
... However, such communities under investigation are often a part of the receiving society (e.g., Cuban American community in Florida). Notably, perceived hostility of one's heritage society is especially concerning for sojourners such as international students who may eventually return to their homeland (Berry, 2006;Steiner, 2009). Whether a welcoming hug at the airport can be expected could have significant impacts on the psychological well-being of these groups. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked hostility against Chinese immigrants and sojourners in the U.S. and other countries. Making the situation worse, strong resentment against this group has also emerged in China due to the fear of returnees spreading the disease. Integrating research on acculturation and hostile media perception, we examined how such bilateral hostility along with different acculturation components (i.e., cultural identification, COVID-19-related media use, and individualistic-collectivistic value) influenced U.S.-dwelling Chinese’s psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the results from a two-wave survey assessing the cultural identity and value, COVID-19-related media use, and psychological distress of a group of relatively young and highly educated U.S.-dwelling Chinese (N = 1,256) between March and April 2020, we found that identification with both U.S. and Chinese cultures alleviated immigrants and sojourners’ psychological distress. Further, COVID-19-related media use served as a stressor during the pandemic, and perceived hostility from China led to stronger psychological distress among U.S.-dwelling Chinese.
... Under Article 1C (5)-(6) of the Refugee Convention, refugee status is lost once the refugee can no longer claim surrogate international protection, "because the circumstances in connection with which he has been recognized as a refugee have ceased to exist (Barutciski, 1998). Because refugee protection is conceived as protection for the duration of risk (Robert Schuman Centre, 1997), states' parties need not honor refugees' rights once the underlying cause of flight has been extinguished (Steiner, 2009). The host government is normally entitled, in such circumstances, to require the former refugee to exit their territory (Sharpe, 2013) and return their country of origin. ...
Bangladesh is eminent in a very difficult situation regarding the Rohingya refugee crisis and their repatriation, and it practices balanced diplomacy, while her neighboring countries remain silent on the Rohingya problem. Bangladesh, as a host country for 1.1 million Rohingya refugees, faces environmental deterioration in terms of shelter, sanitation, and water management, among other things, due to the destruction of forest and hills. It must repatriate the Rohingya to their motherland in order to do this. This research looks at common long-term responses to the refugee crisis in Bangladesh, as well as the attitudes and behaviors of displaced Rohingyas. It claims that finding long-term solutions for Rohingya refugees through repatriation, integration, or resettlement in their home, host, and third countries is nearly impossible, but there are geographical as well as global challenges. In this case, there is a chance of repatriation in the immediate future, but it would be a small population relative to the total number of refugees. Since Bangladesh and Myanmar have been working together in a joint working group (JWG) since January 2018 to find solutions to the Rohingya crisis and repatriation, this process is still ongoing. This research aims to depict the potential challenges of repatriation of Rohingya refugee from Bangladesh.
... Contemporary theories of acculturation stipulate that acculturative processes -and therefore culture-psyche interactions and person↔context relations -operate quite differently across various types of migrants. Steiner (2009);Berry (2017), and Salas-Wright and Schwartz (2019) have enumerated several migrant types -namely legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, and crisis migrants. Briefly, legal immigrants move by choice and with valid documentation for long-term stay in the destination country; undocumented immigrants cross national borders illegally or overstay their visa; refugees are displaced by wars, natural disasters, despotic governments, famines, droughts, and other catastrophic events and are involuntary settled in other countries by international aid agencies; asylum seekers move voluntarily but under duress, and request emergency permission to enter or remain in a new country; and crisis migrants do not fit neatly within any of the other categories. ...
The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture–psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) encounter quite different culture–psyche interactions and person↔context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes.
... Migrants face multiple types and degrees of social challenges, depending on their origin, ethnic or social identity, age, circumstances and reasons of migration, legal status, access to education and health care, and the labor market in the country of origin and the new country (Zane & Mak, 2003). In addition to individual factors, contextual and structural factors constituting the processes of inclusion, and social participation should be taken into account when aiming to analyze the interplay between acculturation and health (Alegria, Sribney, Woo, Torres, & Guarnaccia, 2007;Steiner, 2009). As such, stigmatization and discrimination, as well as the effects of structural and institutional exclusion, should be considered as relevant health determinants. ...
•Acculturation is a widely used concept in epidemiological research.•There are various ways to measure acculturation using proxies or scales; often an acculturation score is calculated.•Studies often show inconsistencies in operationalization and measurement of the concept of acculturation.•The exact outcome is often unclear; this creates a lack of comparability, generalizability and transferability of the results.•Health relevant proxies such as language skills or feeling of belonging should be measured without calculating a score.
... As opponents of immigration claim that migrants gradually take hold of all sectors, especially the economic and labour markets in destination countries. Whilst, others claim that immigrants can share their knowledge with native residents, create new opportunities for work and intellectual property, and boost the economy in host countries (Steiner, 2009:44). ...
The phenomenon of mass migration is explained thoroughly in this paper. It explains how easy global transportation by air and sea in a technological advanced world has made mass migration much easier. Mass Migration has also been made easier by globalization in that borders and boundaries between countries are being eliminated. Mass migration is explained in the sense that it takes into account the immigrants effect on destination countries such as the European Union, the United States of America, and also Canada. It takes into account how destination countries integrate and absorb these migrants within their economic sectors. It also takes into account how global security has been threatened by mass immigration. This paper also explains how national identity is being maintained in destination countries as mass migration influences the culture and beliefs of a country. The content analysis as methodology was used to discover the issue in this article. Keywords: Mass immigration, 11th September, National identity, Globalization, Content analysis
... Acculturation has attracted considerable interest in the past years, mainly due to unprecedented rates of migration (Steiner, 2009). Nowadays, people are much more likely to leave their home country for a variety of social, political or economic reasons. ...
This study focuses on migrants' sense of belonging to the heritage and the host culture and adopts an innovative approach to the topic by placing biographical and linguistic factors side by side. Statistical results from 468 migrants, supported by 5 follow-up interviews, revealed that the age of migration, the length of stay and the status in the host country were unrelated to participants' heritage and host culture acculturation levels. Conversely, migrants' heritage language (L1) and host language (LX) frequency of use, especially for expressing emotions, as well as their L1/LX reported dominance and emotionality, were linked to their attachment to the heritage and host culture. In other words, the cognitive and emotional embracement of the language contributed to enforcing participants' sense of belonging to the relevant culture, explaining a variance of 12.2% and 13.5% respectively in their heritage and host acculturation levels. The findings thus highlighted the crucial role of languages in shaping individuals' cultural identity.
... In an extension of his model, Berry (2006a) enumerates four categories of migrants: voluntary immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and sojourners. 6 Migrants who are regarded as contributing to the receiving country's economy like voluntary immigrants who work in required professions such as engineers may be welcomed, whereas refugees and asylum seekers, as well as immigrants from lower socioeconomic status may be viewed as a burden for the destination country's resources (Steiner 2009). Plus, they may be more likely to face stigmata and discrimination. ...
Migration and population ageing belong to the central challenges for the current and future Europe. Since 1985, the number of inhabitants in European countries who were born outside their country of residence has more than doubled. Besides, already by 2020, a quarter of Europeans will be over 60 years old. Both developments will have substantial impacts on numerous aspects of the European society. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this volume investigates one of the intersections between migration and ageing by putting the focus on persons aged 50+ who migrated at some point in their life and now grow old abroad. Until now, little is known about the long-term consequences of migration. In the three studies of his thesis, Stefan Gruber investigates in how far migrants are affected by having migrated with regard to two different outcomes: subjective well-being and cognitive functioning.
... Nearly every country either sends emigrants to other nations, receives immigrants from other nations, or both. Some immigrants move in search of economic opportunities or to reunite with friends and family members, whereas others do so to escape violence or political persecution, whereas others are relocated involuntarily (Castles & Miller, 2003;Steiner, 2009). ...
... Rudmin (2003) contends that the amount of defensiveness displayed by receiving-society individuals toward an immigrant group, and perhaps consequently the extent of discrimination and negative context of reception that the immigrants perceive, is influenced by the amount of similarity versus difference between the immigrant group and the receiving society. Such similarities and differences may take the form of language, religion, and other group characteristics that clearly distinguish the immigrants from the society in which they are settling (Steiner, 2009). Other factors are also likely to influence defensiveness, including the presence of an overarching narrative of the nation (e.g., "the United States is based on an Anglo-Protestant heritage"), implicit or explicit biases toward particular racial or ethnic groups, and prior experiences with large-scale immigration (Waters & Jiménez, 2005). ...
A B S T R A C T
Background: The present study was designed to compare cultural stressors, psychological distress,
and their interrelationships between recent Venezuelan immigrants in the United States
and in Colombia. Cultural stress theory suggests that immigrant groups in receiving contexts that
are more culturally similar to them would report less discrimination, and a less negative context
of reception, compared to immigrant groups settling in countries that are more culturally dissimilar.
We therefore hypothesized that recent Venezuelan immigrants in Colombia would report
less cultural stress, and less psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms), compared
to recent Venezuelan immigrants in the US.
Method: A sample of 647 Venezuelan immigrants (78% had migrated within one year prior to
assessment) completed surveys assessing perceived discrimination, negative context of reception,
depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms.
Results: Contrary to expectations, Venezuelan immigrants in Colombia reported significantly
(p <.05) greater discrimination, a worse context of reception, and more depressive symptoms,
compared to their counterparts in the US. Mediational models indicated that a negative context
of reception was related to depressive and anxiety symptoms indirectly through experiences of
discrimination.
Conclusion: The mean differences contradict what cultural stress theory would predict, and
suggest that mechanisms other than cultural similarity and dissimilarity may be responsible for
the observed differences. However, the structural relationships among these factors are consistent
with theory.
... Nearly every country either sends emigrants to other nations, receives immigrants from other nations, or both. Some immigrants move in search of economic opportunities or to reunite with friends and family members, whereas others do so to escape violence or political persecution, whereas others are relocated involuntarily (Castles & Miller, 2003;Steiner, 2009). ...
... Rudmin (2003) contends that the amount of defensiveness displayed by receiving-society individuals toward an immigrant group, and perhaps consequently the extent of discrimination and negative context of reception that the immigrants perceive, is influenced by the amount of similarity versus difference between the immigrant group and the receiving society. Such similarities and differences may take the form of language, religion, and other group characteristics that clearly distinguish the immigrants from the society in which they are settling (Steiner, 2009). Other factors are also likely to influence defensiveness, including the presence of an overarching narrative of the nation (e.g., "the United States is based on an Anglo-Protestant heritage"), implicit or explicit biases toward particular racial or ethnic groups, and prior experiences with large-scale immigration (Waters & Jiménez, 2005). ...
... For example, the European American phenotype (i.e., light-colored skin) is more congruent with the predominant phenotype of the United States than the phenotype of immigrants from East Asian countries (i.e., dark-colored skin), which tends to result in more favorable perceptions by others in the United States . Similarly, foreign accents from European countries (e.g., Australian, British, or French accents) are perceived as interesting and likable in the United States, whereas foreign accents that have been associated with racial and ethnic minorities, such as Asian cultures, tend to be rated less positively (Fuertes, Gottdiener, Martin, Gilbert, & Giles, 2012;Steiner, 2009). Thus, when Asian Americans attempt to integrate more fully into mainstream American culture, they might face ostracism and discrimination, in the same places where European American immigrant families find social connection. ...
The current study examined the effects of enculturation and mainstream American acculturation on Asian Americans’ and European Americans’ daily experiences of social stress and support. We hypothesized that Asian Americans with high levels of enculturation would experience less social stress and more social support. Participants included 56 Asian Americans and 38 European Americans (62 women, 32 men; average age = 20.06 years) who provided information about enculturation and acculturation at baseline. Using a daily diary methodology, participants were asked to report on daily experiences of social stress and support each night for 14 days. Hierarchical linear models revealed that, across all participants, enculturation predicted less social stress, and mainstream acculturation predicted more daily social support. Ethnicity also interacted with enculturation and acculturation to predict social stress and support, such that Asian Americans with a higher level of enculturation experienced less social stress, whereas the relationship between mainstream acculturation and increased positive social support was stronger for European Americans than Asian Americans. A deeper identification with one’s culture-of-origin may contribute to fewer stressful social experiences for Asian Americans, whereas a connection to mainstream culture may portend increased social support for European Americans. Findings highlight the necessity of examining the role of enculturation and acculturation in studies of ethnic/cultural differences in social experiences.
