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... At its heart, the GVC framework is an actor-oriented framework in which organizations in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors collaborate through various forms of supply chain governance and regulatory institutions to produce products and services consumed by end-users. Examples of previous GVC reports related to the energy sector have analyzed North Carolina's utility scale photovoltaic solar power industry [7], the Smart Grid [8], Wind Power [9], Lithium Ion Batteries [10], and concentrating solar power [11]. Overall, over 50 GVC studies and reports conducted by the Duke Global Value Chain Center have been related to energy and infrastructure development [12]. ...
A report describing the green hydrogen value chain and the North and South Carolina company footprint in the industry.
... Un automóvil viajando con un pasajero registra aproximadamente 40 kilómetros-pasajero por galón mientras que un autobús consigue 262 kilómetros-pasajero por galón. (Gereffi, Dubay y Lowe 2008). En términos de CO 2 emitido significa que un auto cargando un pasajero emite 40 kilos de CO 2 por cada 160 kilómetros-pasajero, mientras que un bus emite sólo 6,35 kilos por cada 160 kilómetros-pasajero. ...
En este libro que presentamos a continuación hay muchos tópicos de investigación y muchas reflexiones, ideas y experiencia sistematizada que han sido elaborados gracias a la generosidad y sapiencia de los autores, que nos respondieron con mucho entusiasmo y compromiso en esta tarea de repensar y de aportar en nuestro bicentenario. Habrá que reconocer que son ensayos y artículos sobre diversos temas relacionados con la sociedad y el ambiente, y todos tratados con esmero, integridad y maestría. Nuestro ha sido el trabajo de revisarlos, arbitrarlos y darles un diseño para su publicación. Les estamos muy agradecidos a los autores, y a la vez les señalamos a los lectores de este libro que las páginas que a continuación se presentan deben servir para comprender y transformar nuestra realidad social y ambiental.
... At its heart, the GVC framework is an actor-oriented framework in which organizations in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors collaborate through various forms of supply chain governance and regulatory institutions to produce products and services consumed by end-users. Examples of previous GVC reports related to the energy sector have analyzed North Carolina's utility scale photovoltaic solar power industry (Brun, Hamrick, and Daly 2015), the Smart Grid (Lowe, Fan, and Gereffi 2011), Wind Power (Ayee, Lowe, and Gereffi 2009), Lithium Ion Batteries (Lowe et al. 2010), and concentrating solar power (Gereffi, Dubay, and Lowe 2008). Overall, over 50 GVC studies and reports conducted by the Duke Global Value Chain Center have been related to energy and infrastructure (DukeGVCC 2020). ...
Battery storage is one of the fastest-growing sectors of renewable energy and an important step toward a cleaner energy future. This report focuses on the current and potential value chain for utility-scale lithium-ion battery systems in North Carolina.
... The demands for diverse LED lighting have sharply increased during the previous decade for its energy other properties [1,2]. LEDs have been displacing traditional light sources (incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp, etc.) in many fields [3]. ...
... LEDs are composed of a variety of semiconductor materials, and the key component for a LED is the chip adhered to the metal frame closely. The chip containing rare and precious metals like gallium, indium and gold is packed as a whole along with resins, plastics, electrodes and other metals [1]. Gallium usually existes as gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN) and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) in the chips, and the use of gallium in various kinds of optoelectronic devices (LEDs etc.) accounts for approximately 31% of the domestic gallium consumption in America [2]. ...
... The chips containing gallium nitride in LEDs are combined more closely with quartz substrates. There are also other materials such as resin, copper, aluminium, gold, etc., in a LED package [1], which will make the recovery of LEDs more complicated and difficult. Therefore, the treatment process and the corresponding mechanisms are markedly different. ...
... Powertrains that were pioneered in the car industry – such as hybrid-electric, plug-in electric, and purely electric vehicles – increase the public pressure for change. The first and technologically simplest response of heavy bus makers has been to replace oil with other fuels such as ethanol or compressed natural gas (CNG); the latter is the main alternative to diesel globally (Lowe et al., 2009 ). These options require only minor modifications of the main powertrain design. ...
... For operators as well as manufacturers , hybrid-electric powertrains offer an attractive bridging technology in the medium term (FCHJU, 2012: 10). Starting in 2004 (the first year of significant sales), hybrid-electric buses emerged as a green option in the US (Lowe et al., 2009). A few years later, they began to diffuse in Europe, encouraged by a public competitive technology trial organised by TfL. ...
The issue of light pollution, unnecessary lighting of outdoor areas, came into focus in the last 10 years. This is the reason why observatories should not be built in highly populated areas, it also disturbs the wild life, and it raises questions about energy conservation too. Based on its capabilities, LED technology offers a solution to this problem. Nowadays, travellers can visit many cities in developed countries and encounter LED street lights in streets as application of this technology spreading in public lighting. Designing orientation of LEDs in such street lights is a difficult problem as we need to use multiple LED packages to light an as large area as an incandescent light bulb can. Determining correct angles is a global optimization problem, a complex mathematical task related to the field of covering problems. In this chapter, we present an automatic designing method to construct LED configurations for street lights and a light pattern computation technique to evaluate these configurations. To speed up the whole designing process, a possible way of parallelization is also discussed.
The report summarises the results of supply chain analysis of selected ICT and electronics applications in order to identify their dependence on critical raw materials as well as the economic and strategic importance to Europe
