Table 5 - uploaded by H. David Cooper
Content may be subject to copyright.
Similar publications
Citations
... Agrobiodiversity is the bedrock of agricultural production that sustains, can improve human nutrition, and provide sources of medicines and vitamins. Decades of intensive research and analyses have demonstrated that agrobiodiversity has a key role in the functioning of ecological systems, conserving ecosystem structure, the generation of a vast array of services, rendering farming systems more stable and sustainable; and at the same time, it can intensify production causing less environmental harm, increase economic returns and support livelihood, and ensure food security (Barthelet al. 2013;Brook eld and Padoch 1994;Cromwell et al. 2001) It can help conserve soil, increase natural soil fertility and health, maximize the e ective use of resources and reduce dependency on external inputs, and contribute to sound pest and disease management (Di Falco 2012;Thrupp 2000). In addition, it has also been increasingly evidenced that agricultural diversity reserves the potential to insulate the e ects of climate change through adaptation and resilience (Kotschi 2006;Bellon 2008). ...
The rapid and expansive decline of agrobiodiversity has become a global concern now. With the new research pouring in, the description of the problem, its scale and magnitude has been well documented and analyzed. So are suggested mitigation measures that include ex situ or in situ conservation measures. However, oftentimes the causal processes promoting the decline are equated with the general loss of biodiversity or developmental programs like the Green Revolution. While their negative impacts cannot be ruled out, the question of the decline deserves deeper examination. And, it should embrace the larger political ecological context that has been embedded in the historical development of crop breeding and improvement leading to global agrarian change. Though kick-started later in India, the crop improvement programs instrumental over decades also brought in irreversible decline in agricultural biodiversity. The aim of this chapter is to uncover the general processual developments in crop improvement programs and their effects on agricultural biodiversity.
To do so, I analyze the country-wide situation by citing examples from various crops and taking their improvement history into account. It reveals that the release of improved cultivars and their gross acceptance followed by the dwindling of traditional varieties has led to gradual homogenization. For many crop species, just a few improved cultivars began to hold a significant percentage of acreage. Although it was pioneered by the Green Revolution cereals, rice and wheat, the decline of diversity and wider acceptance of only a few cultivars have been pervasive across crops, cereals and non-cereals alike. Cotton display yet another example of decline that has been rooted in historical processes. The recent invasion of GM cotton and other biofortified crops are the newer avenues of probable decline. Analyses also suggest that the productivity gain or yield increase has been the prime mover behind the improvement programs. I also delineate the implication of the decline for food security. It emphasize the impending threats from disease or pest susceptibility that may endanger global agriculture. It also recognizes the impacts of the general decline in diversity on changes in food and nutrition, loss of cultural diversity of food, and growing corporate power in agriculture. In conclusion, a set of mitigation measures through community mobilizations, and social institutions have been discussed; and a few complementary policy formulations have been recommended.
... The agricultural biodiversity in Candaba Wetlands creates the nexus of its ecosystem health and the community [47]. This is linked by the array of functions such as maintenance of agroecosystem functions, sustainable production of food and other agricultural products, and biological support to production [90][91][92][93][94]. Thus, it is essential to maintain, document and conserve the wetland's agricultural biodiversity. ...
Candaba Wetlands, a priority wetland and vital production landscape in the Philippines, exemplifies the intricate interplay between agriculture and ecology, providing a wealth of ecosystem services and enhancing the well-being of local residents. This paper introduces an indicator framework for assessing the socio-ecological resilience of Candaba Wetlands, drawing upon a comprehensive review of resilience literature and the principles of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS). The SEPLS resilience model underscores the interconnectedness of ecological and social systems, providing a robust foundation for the proposed indicator framework. The framework is organized around four key areas of SEPLS resilience: (a) ecosystem protection and biodiversity maintenance; (b) agricultural biodiversity; (c) knowledge, learning, and innovation; and (d) social equity and infrastructure. Within each area, indicators are further delineated according to the ecosystem, agricultural, and social dimensions specific to Candaba Wetlands. This nuanced approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the wetland's resilience, capturing the complexity of its socio-ecological dynamics. Moreover, the framework serves as a valuable tool for engaging stakeholders in efforts to sustain and enhance the resilience of Candaba Wetlands, facilitating effective communication and collaborative decision-making.
... In the same context, Ellis (1998) defines coping strategies as actions that are invoked following a decline in "normal" sources of food, and which are regarded as involuntary responses to disaster or unanticipated failure in major sources of survival. Coping strategies are also defined as natural variation in seasons combined with the specific responses to the season as it unfolds (Cooper et al., 2007;Mortimer & Manvel, 2006). Populations and communities living in more marginal environments are often more equipped to cope with periods of food stress than those accustomed to more secure conditions than they have learnt to adapt to (Reardon, 1988). ...
The earth's climate is always changing. The observed warming is consistent with the expected effects of greenhouse gases emitted through anthropogenic or human activity. Seventy percent of the world's poor people live in rural areas, and rural livelihoods are especially vulnerable to climate change. The impacts of climate change on rural communities are largely negative or adverse. However, some impacts may also be positive. Climate change impacts discussed in this book include those on agriculture and food security, water and sanitation, human health, energy, ecosystems, biodiversity, fisheries and wildlife, and sustainable livelihoods. Negative impacts include decreasing yields in rainfed agriculture due to frequent droughts, rising temperatures and floods. Lower yields lead to reduced food security and incomes and increased cases of malnutrition among smallholder farmers. Malnutrition is a direct cause of stunted physical and intellectual development in children, low productivity in adults, and susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Stakeholder participation is an integral component of climate change response strategies. To be effective, policies developed and enacted at higher levels need to be aligned with action taken to address the risks and priorities identified at the local level. At community level, NGOs, local government, businesses, vulnerable groups and the communities themselves need to come together and identify what changes they are vulnerable to, where and who is vulnerable, and what action to take to reduce their vulnerability to climate change. The strong participation of women and youth is especially encouraged, given their active role as community resource managers and practitioners in rural development activities.
... "In general terms, agricultural biodiversity provides many goods and services of environmental, economic, social and cultural importance. These environmental goods and services also contribute to sustainable livelihoods in a number of ways" [33]. Normanbya normanbyii Related genera of arecanut 20 ...
Studies on genetic diversity of crops are crucial for germplasm conservation and crop improvement programmes. Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) is one of the plantation crops that have been in cultivation since time immemorial in tropical regions of the world. In this investigation, molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis was carried out among 20 arecanut genotypes comprising of 16 cultivated types (including 13 cultivated varieties, two dwarf hybrids and a natural mutant), two wild species (Areca triandra and Areca concinna) and two other genera (Normanbya normanbyii and Actinorhytis calapparia), maintained in the National Arecanut Gene Bank, Vittal, Karnataka State, India, by employing eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 45 alleles were detected with most of the markers revealing five alleles or more. The number of alleles at each locus varied from 3 (AC07 and AC08) to 8 (AC23) with a mean of 5.62 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value, which is a measure of polymorphism for a marker locus, varied from 0.46 (AC08) to 0.84 (AC01) among the SSR markers loci, the average Original Research Article Nagaraja et al.; IJPSS, 34(22): 846-855, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.91054 847 being 0.70. The effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) ranged from 1.28 to 3.11 with a mean of 2.31. The marker AC07 had the lowest effective number of alleles per locus and the marker AC29 had the highest numbers of effective alleles. Shannon's Information Index ranged from 0.43 (AC07) to 1.33 (AC23) with a mean of 0.97. The observed heterozygosity (H o) values ranged from 0.25 to 1.00 with an average of 0.73. The expected heterozygosity (H e) values ranged from 0.22 to 0.69 with an average of 0.54. The degree of genetic differentiation among the subpopulations (F ST) ranged from 0.11 (AC06) to 0.66 (AC01) with a mean of 0.32. The gene flow (N m) values ranged from 0.12 (AC01) to 1.96 (AC06) with a mean gene flow value of 0.52. The lowest gene flow value was observed in the marker AC01 and the highest gene flow was exhibited by AC06. The dendrogram constructed using similarity coefficient values, by following the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), formed two major clusters with cluster I consisting of all the 16 cultivated varieties and 2 wild species, viz., Areca triandra and Areca concinna and the second major cluster comprised of related genera viz., Normanbya normanbyii and Actinorhytis calapparia. The highest genetic similarity was observed between the cultivated varieties, Kahikuchi and Mohitnagar and Nalbari and Sumangala, and the lowest similarity value of 0.33 was found between the related genera, Normanbya normanbyii, and the cultivated variety, Sreemangala.
... Due attention was focused on the status of major categories of relevant resources, including crops, livestock, crop wild relatives, associated biotic forms seen across landscapes, farming/agricultural systems, soil types and agroclimatic regimes. The extent of the knowledge and challenges along with implications for science policy-making were examined and discussed against the background of recent literature on the Ethiopian environment (EAS, 2013(EAS, , 2015(EAS, , 2017 and focusing on agrobiodiversity and agroecosystem services (Cromwell, 1999;Di Falco and Chavas, 2009). ...
... Subba et al., 2017bSubba et al., , M. 2018 ). The need of maintaining high ethnomedicinal plant diversity in the homegarden was due to obtaining self-sufficiency in producing almost all products required for health care and nutrition throughout the year (Cromwell et al., 1999). Therefore, small homegardens were managed to meet the subsistence livelihood and can conserve more genetic diversity than the more extensive gardens, supported by its diversity indices explained in the above paragraphs. ...
Homegardens are a traditional human-made microenvironment, socioeconomically connected to people's long-term survival. In India's sub-Himalayan region, studies have been conducted on many aspects of homegardening systems. However, little has been studied on ethnomedicinal plants from this region's traditional homegardens. The current study focuses on the diversity and population status of ethnomedicinal plants in homegardens and their folk therapeutic uses. The present work was conducted in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri District, part of the Terai zone. A purposive, multi-stage random sampling method was used to select 100 homegardens. Sixty-seven ethnomedicinal plant species representing 44 families and 60 genera including 22 trees, eight shrubs, 34 herbs, and three climber species were documented. The documented ethnomedicinal plants species were used as folk therapies to treat 39 diseases including some serious ailments like cancer. The most commonly employed plant part for therapeutic purposes were leaves (22 species) followed by fruits (seven species), whole plant (five species), rhizome (three species), tuber and young bud (two species). The use-value for the documented eth-nomedicinal species varied from 0.56 (Ocimum sanctum) to 0.012 (Lannea coromandelica) while, the fidelity values ranged from 92.17% (O. sanctum) to 3.43% (Streblus asper). The value of cultural importance ranged from 0.384 (Ocimum sanctum) to 0.009 (Corchorus capsularis and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis). The above quantification of the ethnomedicinal plant species signifies the prominence of a species in cultural and folk therapeutic terms, i.e. higher the values, higher is the traditional importance of the species. The present documentation indicates rich traditional knowledge on medico-botanical aspects of the study area as diverse ethnomedicinal plant species were actively harboured and maintained in the homestead by the inhabitants for their primary health care and well-being that usually were supplemented prior to modern health care system. Diverse ethnomedicinal plant species being maintained in the homestead is significant in conservation of these species that too in a human-dominated landscape when these plant species are threatened for existence due to habitat destruction and commercial exploitation in their natural habitats.
... Month wise Comparison Average Daily Maximum Temperature between two Periods1969 -1990& 1991 -2006 ...
Home Garden is a complex sustainable land use system that combines multiple farming components of the homestead and provides environmental services, household needs, and employment and income generation opportunities to the households. Predicted climate changes have serious implications for crop and livestock yields particularly in tropical regions. Home garden may act as a cushion to the adverse climate shocks. There is dearth of in-depth study of home garden ecosystem in India. Authors selected 100 households in Garhbeta-1 block, which is in the dry zone in the district of Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal for this study. The main objectives of this chapter include: (a) identifying key characteristics of the home garden, (b) identifying the pattern of climate change from the household perceptions and the changes made in the home gardens. (c) identifying different diseases of plants and animals in home gardens in the study area (d) managing diseases of plants in home gardens, (e) identifying different problems/ constraints in home.
... Species such as the Gurney's sugarbird (Promerops gurneyi), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the Samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis) are some of the protected species found in the park (Mudekwe, 2007;Maroyi, 2006;Forestry Commission, 2006 Further down south, Vumba gives way to the imposing and stark Chimanimani Mountains (Figure 3.3). These mountains can be described as the most magnificent mountain range in Zimbabwe (Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry, 2016;Cromwell, 1999). The Chimanimani National Park was named after the Chimanimani Mountains; the highest peak in this mountain range is 2440m (Mujakachi and Sikwah, 1991;Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry, 2016). ...
... Manicaland (Cromwell, 1999 It is situated in agricultural Region II and its provincial capital is Chinhoyi (Marino and Ribot, 2012;Muchapondwa and Pimhidzai, 2011;GoZ, 2010). The main economic activities of the province are mining, fishing, farming and tourism (Mudekwe, 2007). ...
... November and March. The area is hard hit by severe droughts, making the precipitation even more varied (Mapira, 2013;Mutasa, 2010;Cromwell, 1999;Gandiwa, 2011). The temperature regime of GNP is normally high, with mean monthly temperatures ranging from 25.9°C during winter in June and July, while in summer, the mean temperature ranges up to 36°C in January. ...
Good weather and favourable climate are vital resources for tourism, particularly nature-based tourism (NBT). Weather plays a pivotal role in selecting tourist activities and the overall experience of the trip, while climate influences the timing of the trip, the range of activities offered, and the natural environment experiences which attract tourists. This influence is amplified in countries located in the global South, which have little to no adaptative capacity to ameliorate unfavourable climatic conditions and extreme weather experiences. This study presents the first comprehensive tourism and climate change analysis in Zimbabwe, and used a mixed-methods approach to: (1) assess tourists’ perceptions of climate change; (2) explore tourism stakeholders’ perceptions of climate change and their adaptation strategies; and (3) investigate the climatic suitability of Zimbabwe for tourism at various selected locations across the country. This comprehensive assessment is the first of its kind in Southern African tourism and climate change research which triangulates three different sets of empirical findings in evaluating Zimbabwean climate suitability and climate change perceptions, which enhanced the credibility of the research findings. For the tourists’ perceptions, closed and open-ended questionnaires were used, while semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourism stakeholders to investigate their climate change perceptions and the adaptation strategies they employ. For climate suitability, the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was calculated. The results from the TCI highlight that the mean annual TCI scores for Zimbabwe range between 75.5-83 (100 being the maximum score), classifying the country as having “very good” to “excellent” climatic conditions for tourism, while the mean monthly TCI scores range from 53.8 “good” to 86 also “excellent” climatic conditions for tourism for the period under study 1989-2014. These results were then triangulated with questionnaire results from tourists and semi-structured interviews with various tourism stakeholders at the selected locations around Zimbabwe. These three sets of results largely complemented each other where thermal comfort is the most important climatic variable considered for tourism climate suitability by the TCI, the tourists and the tourism stakeholders, and hence addressed the knowledge gap in Southern African climate change and tourism.
... There are up to 300,000 plant species are known worldwide. But, only 1.5-2% are consumed by human being (5). now days 75% of the world's food is obtained from 12 plants and 5 animal species only (6). ...
Background
Worldwide there are up to 300,000 known plant species. But, only 2% are consumed by human. Under nutrition among under five children is still a public health problem. There is an information gap on the importance of agricultural biodiversity in relation to dietary intake and nutritional status. Objective to assess the correlation between agricultural bio-diversity, dietary diversity, household food insecurity and associated factors of wasting among 6-59 months old children.
Method
A community based cross-sectional study was employed among 367 systematically selected children aged 6-59 months from January to April 2018. The sample size was determined by Epi Info 7.2.5.1. Data were collected by open data kit. Height and weight were measured using height measuring board and SECA Germany. Data entry and analysis was done using Epi Data version 3.1 and STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics was computed and reported using frequency and percentage. Anthropometric measurements were analyzed using WHO Anthro 2005 software. Linear regression and correlation were done. A p-value of < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were used to see the statistical significance.
Result
The prevalence of wasting was 7.3%(95% C.I; 4.6, 10.0). Dietary diversity score is found to be correlated with height for weight Z score (r=-0.11, p-value=0.04) of children. Mother who are unable to read and write (B=-.126, 95% CI: -1.02, -.034) and dietary diversity score (B=.143, 95% CI: .14, 1.86) were factors associated with wasting.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Wasting is higher than the national target of Ethiopia. Educational status of mother and DDS were factors associated with wasting among children aged 6-59 months. Prevention of nutritional problem should include reducing illiteracy rate among mother/care-givers and promote diversified intake of diet among 6-59 months old.
... Contrasting to biodiversity, discourses on agrobiodiversity place a strong emphasis on humans and their interactions with agroecosystems. Agrobiodiversity is strongly influenced by farming practices, breeding practices and the cultivation of species (Cromwell, 1999;Stadtlander, 2016). Jackson et al. (2007) species, ecosystem). ...
... Such knowledge is accumulated through experiences and is therefore linked to cultural diversity, beliefs, customs and practices (Thrupp, 1998 (Thrupp, 1998, p. 5). Thrupp 1998, p. 11, fig.2) Similarly, Cromwell (1999) links agrobiodiversity to food security and food sovereignty and emphasizes the decisive role of humans and their culture and knowledge in the conservation of agrobiodiversity. ...
... Agrobiodiversity also tends to have a positive effect on food sovereignty, especially with regard to the diversity in cultivated varieties allowing for a better adaptation to marginal cultivation conditions or changing environmental and climate conditions (Christinck & Tvedt, 2015). In turn, the decisive role of humans and their culture and knowledge in the conservation of agrobiodiversity has been recognized (Cromwell, 1999). Food sovereignty strengthens this connection, because individuals and communities with the right to determine their own food systems are more likely to cultivate, preserve and further develop diverse, local varieties that are well adapted to their specific context conditions (Altieri & Toledo, 2011;Chappell et al., 2013;Claeys & Lambek, 2014). ...
Please refer to the updated, peer-reviewed concepts:
Seed Commons: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1043
governance/regulatory system around Seed Commons: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100097
Social Ecological Transformation: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106361
This working paper presents and critically discusses some of the key terms and concepts relevant for the transdisciplinary research project RightSeeds, which investigates Commons-based approaches to variety breeding, seed production and seed usage and their potential contribution to a social-ecological transformation. The main purpose is the development of a joint understanding of a Commons-orientation in the seed sector across academic disciplines and in cooperation with practical partners. First, the relevance of developing joint definitions in transdisciplinary research contexts is highlighted and the process of conceptual and communicative integration is outlined. Subsequently, key terms and concepts are reviewed from diverse disciplinary perspectives and in light of their historical disciplinary developments and practical significance. These include (1) seeds, (2) varieties, (3) organic breeding, (4) agrobiodiversity & ecosystem services, (5) food sovereignty, (6) social-ecological transformation and (7) Commons. On this basis, a conceptualization of Seed and Variety Commons (SVC) as the common research subject of RightSeeds is proposed and the main relations between the discussed terms and concepts are summarized.
The conceptualization of SVC reflects the current state of Commons discourses and is of high relevance for researchers that have an interest in (New) Commons research. In the context of their historical development, the strengths and weaknesses of numerous concepts are examined and the relations among normative concepts such as agrobiodiversity, food sovereignty and social-ecological transformation are discussed. This may be of interest to researchers in the larger field of environmental governance and to early-career researchers aiming to gain an overview of the conceptual development of these terms and concepts.
Please refer to the updated (and peer-reviewed) concepts by following the links :
- Seed Commons: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1043
- Social Ecological Transformation: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106361
- governance/regulatory system around Seed Commons: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100097
