Content uploaded by Lina Mesa
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Lina Mesa on Jun 26, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
95
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae)
a new species of hipogean catsh from the Colombian
Andes
Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) una especie nueva de
bagre hipogeo de los Andes colombianos
Lina M. Mesa S., Carlos A. Lasso, Luz E. Ochoa y Carlos DoNascimiento
Abstract
Trichomycterus rosablanca is described as a new troglobitic catsh species from caves in southeastern
Santander, Colombia. These caves are drained by the Carare River of the Magdalena River basin. The
new species is characterized by the advanced condition in the typical troglomorphisms found in other
congeneric cave-dwelling species, such as absence of eyes and pigmentation. Trichomycterus rosablanca
is diagnosed by the following putative autapomorphies: 1) presence of a circular foramen in the main
body of the interopercle, dorsal to the interopercular plate supporting the odontodes, and 2) presence
of a single sensory pore in the posteriormost section of the infraorbital canal. Trichomycterus rosablanca
can be distinguished from all known Trichomycterus species from Colombia by having the supraorbital
canal interrupted in the nasal section, resulting in the pattern of s1, s2, s3, and s6 sensory pores, and the
lachrimal/antorbital bone not enclosing the anteriormost section of the infraorbital canal. The genetic
distinctiveness of Trichomycterus rosablanca is conrmed by GMYC and genetic distance method analyses
of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene sequence. The description of this species places Colombia
as the second most diverse country in the continent in terms of number of cave sh species and calls the
attention on the conservation efforts needed to guarantee the permanence of this remarkable diversity
of hypogean shes.
Keywords. Cave sh. Karstic. Middle Magdalena River basin. Santander.
Resumen
Se describe Trichomycterus rosablanca, una especie nueva de bagre troglobio de cuevas en el suroriente de
Santander, Colombia. Estas cuevas son drenadas por el río Carare, de la cuenca del río Magdalena. La
especie nueva se caracteriza por la condición avanzada en los troglomorsmos típicos encontrados en
otros congéneres habitantes de cuevas, como ausencia de ojos y pigmentación. Trichomycterus rosablanca
es diagnosticado por las siguientes autapomorfías putativas: 1) presencia de un foramen circular en
el cuerpo principal del interopérculo, dorsal a la placa interopercular soportando los odontodes, y 2)
presencia de un único poro sensorial en la sección más posterior del canal infraorbital. Trichomycterus
rosablanca puede ser distinguida de todas las especies conocidas de Trichomycterus de Colombia por
tener el canal supraorbital interrumpido en la sección nasal, resultando en el patrón de poros sensoriales
s1, s2, s3 y s6 y el hueso lacrimal/antorbital no encerrando la sección más anterior del canal infraorbital.
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
96
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
La identidad genética de Trichomycterus rosablanca es conrmada por análisis GMYC y de distancia
genética de la secuencia génica de la subunidad I de la citocromo C oxidasa. La descripción de esta
especie ubica a Colombia como el segundo país más diverso en el continente en términos del número de
especies de peces cavernícolas y llama la atención sobre los esfuerzos de conservación necesarios para
garantizar la permanencia de esta extraordinaria diversidad de peces hipogeos.
Palabras clave. Cárstico. Cuenca media del río Magdalena. Pez cavernícola. Santander.
Introduction
Trichomycteridae is a family of Neotropical
catshes that includes 298 valid species, one fourth
of which have been described in the last decade
(Eschmeyer & Fong, 2017). The family is one of the
most broadly distributed Neotropical sh groups,
being found from Costa Rica to Patagonia, and on
both sides of the Andes, from lowland streams of
the Atlantic coast of Brazil to high elevation Andean
streams and lakes at 4500 m a.s.l. (Arratia, 1983;
de Pinna & Wosiacki, 2003). The most species-rich
genus in the family is Trichomycterus Valenciennes,
1832, which is also widely distributed in the
Neotropics, and comprises 176 valid species, 37 of
which are distributed in Colombia (Eschmeyer &
Fong, 2017). In general terms, the species of the
genus in northern South America are distributed
along the Andes, in the Pacic, Caribbean, and
Orinoco anks, in the Cordillera de la Costa of
Venezuela, and in the Guiana Shield. Nonetheless,
the highest diversity is found in the trans-Andean
basin of the Magdalena-Cauca rivers in Colombia
(DoNascimiento et al., 2014b).
Some Trichomycterus species have successfully
invaded subterranean habitats, with nine described
species that show a variable degree of development
of the typical troglomorphic features: from eyes
normally developed and densely pigmented skin,
to absent eyes and unpigmented skin. From these
nine cave inhabitants, Trichomycterus chaberti
Durand, 1968 is the species found at the highest
elevation (2800 m a.s.l.) in the southern Bolivian
Andes; followed by T. sketi Castellanos-Morales,
2010 at 2157 m a.s.l. in a tributary of the Opón
River, which empties into the middle basin of the
Magdalena River in Colombia; T. sandovali Ardila-
Rodríguez, 2006, T. santanderensis Castellanos-
Morales, 2007, and T. uisae Castellanos-Morales,
2008, whose type localities are relatively close
to each other, between 1000 to 1700 m a.s.l. in
different tributary rivers of the Sogamoso River,
of the middle basin of the Magdalena River;
T. dali Rizzato, Costa, Trajano, and Bichuette, 2011
at 792 m a.s.l. in southeastern Brazil; T. spelaeus
DoNascimiento, Villarreal, and Provenzano, 2001
distributed in the eastern ank of the Serranía de
Perijá, in a tributary of the Lago de Maracaibo
basin at 590 m a.s.l.; and T. itacarambiensis Trajano
and de Pinna, 1996 and T. rubbioli Bichuette and
Rizzato, 2012, both found at around 500 m a.s.l. in
the Brazilian Atlantic basin of the São Francisco
River. Here we describe a new species found
between 2228 m and 2378 m of elevation from the
headwaters of the Carare River, a tributary of the
middle basin of the Magdalena River in Colombia.
Materials and methods
Examined specimens are deposited in the
freshwater sh collection of the Instituto de
Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von
Humboldt (IAvH-P). Comparative material is listed
in DoNascimiento et al. (2014a, b), DoNascimiento
(2015), and García-Melo et al. (2016). Measurements
and counts follow de Pinna (1992), with the
addition of interopercular patch length (taken
from base of anteriormost odontode to distal tip
of posteriormost odontode). Measurements were
taken on the left side of specimens with a digital
caliper and rounded to the nearest decimal of
97
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
millimeter. Photographs of anatomical structures
were taken with a digital camera Leica MC 190
HD attached to a stereomicroscope Leica S8APO,
using the Leica Application Suite v. 3.3.0. Final
edited gures are composite multifocal images
of individual photographs stacked using the
software Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1 Pro. Paratypes
IAvH-P 14050 (59.5 mm SL), IAvH-P 15809 (48.8
mm SL), and IAvH-P 15813 (67.9 mm SL) were
double-stained for bone and cartilage following
Datovo and Bockmann (2010), and dissected on
the right side of the head in order to expose the
dorsolateral muscles of the head for descriptive
and comparative purposes. These three specimens
were then cleared (CS) following Taylor and Van
Dyke (1985) for osteological study. Nomenclature
of sensory pores of supraorbital, infraorbital, and
otic canals followed Arratia and Huaquin (1995),
and terminology and homologies for postotic
branches follow Schaefer and Aquino (2000).
Counts of opercular and interopercular odontodes,
pharyngeal teeth, branchiostegal rays, vertebrae,
ribs, n rays, number and position of supporting
elements of dorsal and anal ns, and data from
other osteological features were obtained from
CS paratypes. Number of specimens is given in
parentheses for each count in variable meristics
and counts corresponding to the holotype are
indicated by an asterisk. Vertebral counts include
only post Weberian vertebrae, and the compound
caudal centrum (PU1+U1) was counted as a single
element (Lundberg & Baskin, 1969). Morphological
data for Trichomycterus chaberti, T. dali, T.
itacarambiensis, T. rubbioli, and T. santanderensis
were obtained from their respective original
descriptions, complemented by photographs of
lateral, dorsal, and ventral views and a lateral
radiograph of the holotype of T. chaberti, available
at the All Catsh Species Inventory (ACSI) Image
Base website (Morris et al., 2006).
A set of 14 cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI)
sequences of trichomycterids was obtained from
Ochoa et al. (2017), including two newly added
species (Trichomycterus laucaensis Arratia, 1983 and
Trichomycterus guacamayoensis Ardila Rodríguez,
2018), all available at Genbank (Table 1). Species
sequences compared in our genetic analyses were
selected (according to their availability) following
two main criteria: (1) trichomycterines that share
with Trichomycterus rosablanca, an interrupted
supraorbital canal at the nasal section (Eremophilus
mutisii Humboldt, 1805, T. laucaensis, and T.
punctulatus Valenciennes, 1846), and (2) troglobitic
species of Trichomycterus from cave systems
geographically close to the type locality of the new
species (T. sandovali and T. guacamayoensis). In
addition, sequences from northern trans-Andean
species of Trichomycterus analyzed by Ochoa et al.
(2017) and clustered into the clades D1 and D2 were
incorporated, as well as representatives of other
trichomycterine genera (Bullockia, Ituglanis, and
Scleronema). The tree was rooted with Copionodon
pecten de Pinna, 1992, a representative of the clade
Copionodontinae+Trichogeninae, hypothesized
as the sister group of remaining trichomycterids
(Datovo & Bockmann, 2010; Ochoa et al., 2017).
Sequences were aligned using MUSCLE with
the default parameters. Nucleotide composition,
substitution pattern, and genetic distances were
examined. The neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was
estimated using the Kimura two-parameter mo-
del (K2P) of the base substitution (Kimura, 1980),
including a bootstrap analysis (1000 replications)
in MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al., 2016). An ultrametric
gene tree was generated through Beast 1.8.0
(Drumond et al., 2012) with the Yule prior and
the lognormal relaxed molecular clock model
that assumes that rates of molecular evolution are
uncorrelated but lognormally distributed among
lineages (Drummond et al., 2006). We implemented
the generalized mixed Yule-coalescent analysis
(GMYC) using the calibrated tree for species
delimitation analysis. The GMYC was conducted
in R v. 3.0.0 (R Development Core Team 2013),
using the package “splits” (Species Limits by
Threshold Statistics; http://r-forge.r-project.org/
projects/splits) and standard parameters (interval
= c: 0.1) with a single threshold that species
the transition time between to within species
branching.
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
98
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Table 1. Voucher information, GenBank and BOLD accession codes for the samples
analyzed in the present study.
Species Catalog
number GenBank
/BOLD
Bullockia maldonadoi LBP 3112 KY857926
Copionodon pecten LBP 17357 KY857929
Eremophilus mutisii ANSP 11306 KY857931
Ituglanis parahybae LBP 10730 KY807219
Scleronema minutum LBP 3310 KY857957
Trichomycterus areolatus LBP 3118 KY857964
Trichomycterus banneaui LBP 19847 KY857969
Trichomycterus cachiraensis LBP 19832 KY857971
Trichomycterus laucaensis LBP 91501 MF804496
Trichomycterus punctulatus ANSP 180733 KY857983
Trichomycterus rosablanca IAvH-P 15811 MH407228/
CBIHS009-17
Trichomycterus ruitoquensis LBP 19838 KY857984
Trichomycterus sandovali LBP 19833 KY857985
Trichomycterus guacamayoensis IAvH-P 13984 MH407227/
CBIHS010-17
Trichomycterus aff. spilosoma LBP 19339 KY857942
Trichomycterus cf. striatus LBP 19846 KY858003
Trichomycterus cf. transandianus LBP 19844 KY857999
99
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
Results
Trichomycterus rosablanca, new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
Figure 1. Left lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of Trichomycterus
rosablanca, holotype, IAvH-P-16086, 95.5 mm SL; Colombia, Santander,
El Peñón, Las Sardinas Creek, tributary of Horta River, Carare River
drainage, Magdalena River basin. Scale bar = 1 cm. Photograph by
Felipe Villegas.
Table 2. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes (64) of Trichomycterus rosablanca. Standard
length expressed in mm. Measurements 2 to 11 expressed as % of SL and 12 to 18 as % of head length.
M: mean; R: range; SD: standard deviation.
Trichomycterus rosablanca
Holotype R M SD
1. Standard length 95.5 28.7-102.5
2. Total length 116.3 113.0-122.1 117.7 1.5
3. Body depth 14.9 8.9-16.6 13.8 1.4
4. Predorsal length 60.6 55.8-64.2 58.9 1.5
5. Preanal length 71.1 65.7-72.6 69.3 1.5
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
100
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Trichomycterus rosablanca
Holotype R M SD
6. Prepelvic length 54.8 50.8-59.9 56.1 1.4
7. Dorsal-n base 11.8 9.8-14.2 11.3 0.9
8. Anal-n base 8.3 6.2-12.0 8.5 0.9
9. Caudal-peduncle length 20.7 19.7-30.2 22.8 1.7
10. Caudal-peduncle depth 14.2 9.1-17.5 12.5 1.3
11. Head length 17.3 15.5-20.1 18.3 1.0
12. Head width 101.8 84.1-111.3 99.1 6.5
13. Head depth 55.7 45.9-63.1 55.0 4.2
14. Mouth width 52.1 36.3-54.2 46.4 3.4
15. Maxillary-barbel length 94.7 50.1-124.8 86.9 16.6
16. Nasal-barbel length 80.4 44.3-106.8 81.9 11.9
17. Rictal-barbel length 70.7 37.8-80.7 64.5 10.8
18. Interopercular-patch length 31.9 23.2-43.1 35.5 3.8
Cont. Table 2. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes (64) of Trichomycterus rosablanca. Standard
length expressed in mm. Measurements 2 to 11 expressed as % of SL and 12 to 18 as % of head length.
M: mean; R: range; SD: standard deviation.
Holotype. IAvH-P 16086, 95.5 mm SL; Colombia,
Santander, El Peñón, Las Sardinas Cave, Las
Sardinas Creek, tributary of Horta River, Carare
River drainage, Magdalena River basin, 2308 m
a.s.l., 06°05’36.0”N 73°49’42.7”W; 20 Aug 2016,
Lina M. Mesa S. and Michael Galeano.
Paratypes. 70 specimens from Colombia,
Santander, El Peñón, Carare River drainage,
Magdalena River basin. IAvH-P 14050, 1 CS
(59.5 mm SL); vereda El Venado, Sardina
Creek, ca. 25 m outside the cave, 06°05’35.2”N
73°49’43.2”W, 2228 m a.s.l.; 26 Aug 2016, Carlos
A. Lasso. IAvH-P 15806, 1 (50.8 mm SL); Caracol
Cave, hypogean stream tributary of Horta
River, 2378 m a.s.l., 06°05’14.3”N 73°49’54.3”W;
25 Aug 2016, Carlos A. Lasso, Camilo Martínez-
Martínez, Camilo Chica, and Mario García.
IAvH-P 15808, 1 (76.2 mm SL), collected with
IAvH 15806. IAvH-P 15809, 19 (28.7-58.6 mm SL),
1 CS (48.8 mm SL), Las Sardinas Cave, hypogean
stream tributary of Horta River, 2228 m a.s.l.,
06°05’35.2”N 73°49’43.2”W; 25 Aug 2016, Carlos
A. Lasso, Camilo Martínez-Martínez, Camilo
Chica, and Mario García. IAvH-P 15810, 2 (50.1
mm SL), same locality as IAvH-P 15806; 19 Oct
2016, Lina M. Mesa S., Michael Galeano, and
Rodrigo Barbella. IAvH-P 15811, 5 (48.7-74.8
mm SL), collected with the holotype. IAvH-P
15812, 17 (44.1-102.5 mm SL), same locality as
101
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
IAvH-P 15809; 19 Oct 2016, Lina M. Mesa S.,
Michael Galeano, and Rodrigo Barbella. IAvH-P
15813, 16 (41.2-77.7 mm SL), 1 CS (67.9 mm SL),
collected at type locality; 19 Oct 2016, Lina M.
Mesa S., Michael Galeano, and Rodrigo Barbella.
IAvH-P 15814, 5 (45.6-65.5 mm SL), collected
at type locality; 25 Aug 2016. Carlos A. Lasso,
Camilo Martínez-Martínez, Camilo Chica, and
Mario García. IAvH-P 15815, 1 (68.6 mm SL),
collected with IAvH-P 15814.
Sequences. Genseq-2 COI: sequence of the
mitochondrial gene cytochrome C oxidase
subunit I of one paratype (IAvH-P 15811) of
Trichomycterus rosablanca (genseq-2 COI following
the nomenclature of Chakrabarty et al., 2013) is
available through the following BOLD accession
code: CBIHS009-17.
Diagnosis. Trichomycterus rosablanca is diagnosed
by the following putative autapomorphies: 1)
presence of a conspicuous circular foramen in the
main body of the interopercle that communicates
the lateral and medial surface of the bone (Figure
2) (vs. interopercle compact, lacking any foramina
in other trichomycterines); 2) a single sensory pore
in the posteriormost section of the infraorbital
canal (vs. two sensory pores in the remaining
Trichomycterus species). The new species can
also be recognized from all Colombian species
of Trichomycterus, including cave inhabiting
congeners from northern South America (Colom-
bia and Venezuela), by having the supraorbital
canal interrupted at nasal region with a pattern
of four sensory pores (s1, s2, s3, and s6) vs.
supraorbital canal continuous with three sensory
pores (s1, s3, and s6); and the lachrimal/antorbital
bone compact, not enclosing the anteriormost
section of the infraorbital canal (Figure 3) (vs.
lachrimal/antorbital tubular and enclosing the
anteriormost section of the infraorbital canal).
Trichomycterus rosablanca is readily distinguished
from epigean congeners and some hypogean
species (T. chaberti, T. itacarambiensis, T. rubbioli,
T. sketi, and T. uisae) by the absence of eyes and
by having the body depigmented (except for T.
chaberti, T. rubbioli, T. sketi, and T. uisae). The new
species further differs from cave congeners from
Colombia and Venezuela by having a relatively
short nasal barbel, not surpassing the opercular
patch of odontodes (vs. nasal barbel exceeding
the base of the pectoral n in T. sandovali, T.
santanderensis, T. sketi, T. spelaeus, and T. uisae);
37 free vertebrae (vs. 35-36 in T. sandovali and
T. santanderensis, 35 in T. sketi and T. uisae, and
34 in T. spelaeus). The new species differs from
the hypogean species as follows: from T. dali by
having a wider head (84.1-111.3% of HL vs. 44.2-
74.9%); fewer branched pectoral-n rays (7-8 vs.
9), pelvic-n origin anterior to dorsal-n origin
(vs. at same vertical), absence of two conspicuous
ridge-like adipose folds (one pre-dorsal and
one post-dorsal), lining dorsally throughout the
body (vs. folds present), anterior fontanel present
(vs. absent), higher number of post Weberian
vertebrae (37 vs. 34-35); from T. itacarambiensis by
the absence of eyes (vs. eyes ranging from vestigial
to fully developed), higher number of branched
pectoral-n rays (7-8 vs. 5-6), basypterigia
bilaterally symmetrical and normally developed
(vs. basypterigia asymmetrical and deformed);
from T. rubbioli by having a higher number of post
Weberian vertebrae (37 vs. 31-32) and hypural 3
separate from hypurals 4+5 (vs. partially fused);
from T. sandovali by having the pelvic-n origin
anterior to the dorsal-n origin (vs. at same vertical
or slightly posterior), distal margin of pelvic n
not covering the urogenital papilla (vs. urogenital
papilla completely covered by the pelvic n),
epiphyseal bar distinctively broader than the
length of the anterior fontanel (vs. slender) (Figure
4), autopalatine with concave lateral margins and
posterolateral process posteromedially curved
with distal tip rounded (vs. lateral margins
parallel and straight, posterolateral process
triangular, posterolaterally oriented and distal
tip pointed) (Figure 5), and lateral process of
parurohyal slender and distally pointed (vs. wide
and triangular in shape with distal tip rounded)
(Figure 6); from T. santanderensis by having the
pelvic-n origin anterior to the dorsal-n origin
(vs. at same vertical), inner margins of pelvic-
n bases in contact (vs. widely separated, about
45% of pelvic-n base length), posterior tip of n
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
102
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
reaching urogenital papilla (vs. reaching anal-n
origin); from T. sketi by the distal margin of the
pelvic n not covering the urogenital papilla (vs.
urogenital papilla completely covered by the
pelvic n), posterior fontanel complete (Figure 4)
(vs. fontanel divided in two triangular openings
connected through a midsagittal suture),
autopalatine with concave lateral margins and
posterolateral process posteromedially curved
with distal tip rounded (vs. lateral margins
parallel and straight, posterolateral process
posterolaterally oriented and distally pointed),
and lateral process of parurohyal slender and
Figure 2. A. Left interopercle of Trichomycterus rosablanca, paratype, IAvH-P 15809, 48.8 mm SL, showing
foramen (arrow head). B. Right interopercle of T. sandovali (horizontally ipped for ease of comparison),
paratype, CAR 115, showing plesiomorphic character state, lacking foramina. Scale bar = 1 mm.
A
B
Figure 3. Left lachrimal/antorbital of
Trichomycterus rosablanca, paratype, IAvH-P
15809, 48.8 mm SL, not enclosing infraorbital
canal (arrow head). Scale bar = 1 mm.
distally pointed (vs. wide and triangular in shape
with distal tip rounded); from T. spelaeus by having
a shallower body (8.9-16.6% of SL vs. 20.1-20.4%),
a wider mouth (36.3-54.2% of HL vs. 31.6-33.9%),
pelvic-n origin anterior to dorsal-n origin (vs.
at same vertical), and distal margin of pelvic n
not covering the urogenital papilla (vs. urogenital
papilla completely covered by the pelvic n); from
T. uisae by the distal margin of the pelvic n not
covering the urogenital papilla (vs. urogenital
papilla completely covered by the pelvic n) and
anal-n origin entirely behind dorsal-n base (vs.
at level of last dorsal-n ray).
103
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
Figure 4. Dorsal view of posterior region of neurocranium of A. Trichomycterus rosablanca, paratype,
IAvH-P 15809, 48.8 mm SL. B. Trichomycterus sandovali, paratype, CAR 115, showing 1. epiphyseal bar,
2. single sensory pore of posteriormost section of infraorbital canal. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations:
afo, anterior fontanel; fr, frontal; psoc, parieto-supraoccipital; sp+pro+pts, sphenotic-prootic-
pterosphenoid complex bone.
Figure 5. Ventral view of anterior region of neurocranium of A. Trichomycterus rosablanca,
paratype, IAvH-P 15809, 48.8 mm SL. B. Trichomycterus sandovali, paratype, CAR 115.
Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: apa, autopalatine; le, lateral ethmoid; mx, maxilla;
pmx, premaxilla; vo, vomer.
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
104
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Description. Morphometric data presented in
Table 1. Body elongated, nearly as deep as wide,
gradually compressed posterior to dorsal-n
base. Dorsal prole of head straight and inclined
upward, then straight to slightly convex just
posterior to head to dorsal-n origin and slightly
concave along dorsal-n base; right after dorsal
n-base, continues straight or slightly convex
along caudal peduncle. Ventral prole straight
to end of pectoral-n base, straight to slightly
convex to anal-n origin, then abruptly sloping
dorsally along anal-n base and straight and
sloping ventrally along caudal peduncle. Cross-
section of body circular at pectoral-n insertion.
Body encircled by tegumentary rings almost until
midlength of caudal peduncle, after preservation
of specimens in ethanol.
Head depressed, almost as wide as long, trape-
zoidal in dorsal view. Eyes absent. Mouth
subterminal. Lateral eshy lobe of lower lip
rounded. Premaxilla with four irregular rows of
conical teeth. Dentary with four irregular rows
of teeth, similar to those of premaxilla. Anterior
nostril surrounded by low eshy thin ap,
higher posteriorly and laterally continuous with
nasal barbel. Posterior nostril anteriorly framed
by eshy elevated margin, decreasing in high
Figure 6. Dorsal view of hyoid arch of A. Trichomycterus rosablanca, paratype, IAvH-P 15809, 48.8 mm
SL. B. Trichomycterus sandovali, paratype, CAR 115. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: acer, anterior
ceratohyal; br, branchiostegal rays; fhya; foramen for hypobranchial artery; vhy, ventral hypohyal;
par, parurohyal.
posteriorly and leaving a posterior notch. Barbels
dorsoventrally attened and tapered distally.
One specimen of 51.9 mm SL (IAvH-P 15812)
with right maxillary barbel basally branched,
both branches of similar length. Nasal barbel
originating from lateral margin of anterior
nostril, almost reaching base of opercular patch
of odontodes. Maxillary barbel extending to
pectoral-n insertion. Rictal barbel extending to
posterior margin of eshy ap of interopercular
patch of odontodes. Interopercular patch with 24-
31 odontodes and 10-15 replacement odontodes,
arranged in two irregular rows. Posterior
interopercular odontodes of medial row largest
and slightly curved medially at tip. Opercle with
11-14 odontodes and 3-5 replacement odontodes,
disposed in approximately 5 anteroposterior
irregular rows. Posteriormost opercular odon-
todes largest. Branchial membrane united across
isthmus and supported by 7 branchiostegal rays
(one CS specimen with six branchiostegal rays
on right side). Branchiostegal rays 4-7 distally
expanded. Branchiostegal ray 5 with greatest
distal expansion.
Posterior portion of levator internus 4 origi-
nating from dorsal surface of posttemporo-
supracleithrum. Origin of extensor tentaculi from
105
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
neurocranium only. Insertion of secondary-ventral
section of dilatator operculi restricted to posterior
region of opercle. Primary section of dilatator
operculi passing medial to levator arcus palatini.
Anterior margin of mesethmoid almost straight
with a slight mesial concavity. Anterior fontanel
small ovoid opening slightly shorter than
epiphyseal bar. Lachrimal/antorbital not enclosing
anterior section of infraorbital canal (sensory pores
i1 and i3), but attached antero-ventrally (Figure
3). Sesamoid supraorbital as a long straight rod,
without lateral processes, attached posteriorly
to dorsoposterior corner of lateral ethmoid.
Lateral process of frontal and sphenotic, where
infraorbital canal leaves neurocranium, forming
conspicuous anterolaterally projected postorbital
process. Posterior fontanel rectangular in shape
and long, ca. 9-10 times longer than anterior
fontanel, extending anteriorly between posterior
region of frontals and reaching posteriorly last
third of parieto-supraoccipital (Figure 4A).
Epiotic with smooth margins. Posttemporo-
supracleithrum with long pointed anterior
process, running along posteromedial margin
of base of wing-like lateral process of pterotic
and lying dorsal to center of pterotic. Medial
process of posttemporo-supracleithrum attached
directly to ventral surface of anterolateral region
of Weberian capsule and ending in a pointed tip
close to basi-exoccipital. Vomer arrow shaped
with relatively short posterior process (not
exceeding posteriorly anteromedial junction of
orbitosphenoids) inserted into anterior process of
parasphenoid. Lateral process of vomer slightly
bid, with posterior arm longer. Posterior
process of parasphenoid long and extending
over anterior portion of basi-exoccipital, laterally
bordered by two extensive anterior membranous
processes of basi-exoccipital. Optic foramen
present but reduced to a small orice in posterior
region of orbitosphenoid, close to articulation
with frontal. Lateral opening of Weberian
capsule constricted at tip of lateral projection.
Conspicuous convex lamina along posteroventral
margin of lateral projection of Weberian
capsule. Premaxilla almost rectangular in shape.
Maxilla boomerang shaped and smaller than
premaxilla. Dentary teeth extending posteriorly
and stretching to a single row along basal half
of coronoid process; 2-3 posteriormost teeth
inserted posterior to vertical through articular
facet of dentary for coronomeckelian cartilage.
Ventral margin of dentary with small posteriorly
curved process. Medial margin of autopalatine
sinuous (Figure 5A). Posteromedial corner of
autopalatine articulating with ventral facet at
base of lateral process of vomer. Articular facet of
autopalatine for lateral ethmoid on posterolateral
corner of bone, just at base of posterolateral
process. Variably developed laminar process
extending medially from ventral surface of
autopalatine at articulation with lateral ethmoid.
Posterolateral process of autopalatine medially
curved. Metapterygoid laminar and roughly
rhomboidal in shape. Hyomandibula articulating
anteriorly through dorsoanterior membranous
outgrowth with metapterygoid. Anterior end
of interopercular plate supporting odontodes,
slightly posterior to articular facet of interopercle
for preopercle. Posterior surface of main body of
interopercle with a conspicuous rounded foramen
at attachment point of interoperculo-opercular
ligament (left interopercle of CS specimen
IAvH-P 15813 lacking foramen). Opercular plate
supporting odontodes relatively small, with a
slender base connecting to main body of bone.
Hypobranchial foramen large (Figure 6A). Lateral
process of parurohyal long and uniformly slender
for most of its length, ending in a pointed tip at
level of midlength of posterior ceratohyal or
reaching slightly beyond. Basibranchials 2 and
3 approximately of same length; hypobranchial
1 slightly shorter. Basibranchial 2 almost
rectangular, with lateral margins slightly
concave. Basibranchial 3 with anterior end
twice wider than posterior end. Distal end of
hipobranchial 1 slightly wider than proximal
end. Anterolateral process of ossied portion of
hypobranchial 3 blunt. Ceratobranchial 1 with 1-3
gill rakers at distal region of anterior margin. A
single anterior gill raker at joint of ceratobranchial
1 and epibranchial 1. Anterior margin of
epibranchial 1 with wide base triangular uncinate
process, closer to distal end of epibranchial, and
curved laterally. Posterior margin of epibranchial
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
106
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
1 with wide rectangular lamina and short process,
close to distal end. Ceratobranchial 2 with 1-4 gill
rakers along anterior margin. Epibranchial 2 with
short wide base anterior uncinate process, 0-1
anterior gill raker close to joint with ceratobranchial
2, and short triangular posterior uncinate process
close to distal end. Ceratobranchial 3 with 1-3
gill rakers along anterior margin, a broad notch
at proximal portion of posterior margin and 5-8
gill rakers along posterior margin. Epibranchial
3 with dorsally curved uncinate process on
posterior margin and 0-1 ventral gill raker just
lateral to uncinate process. Ceratobranchial 4
with 5-6 gill rakers along anterior and posterior
margins. Epibranchial 4 with 0-1 gill raker
along anteroventral margin. Upper dentigerous
plate with 16-17 conical teeth arranged in up to
two rows along anterior half of bone and one
row posteriorly. Teeth along single posterior
row largest. Ceratobranchial 5 with 4-5 gill
rakers along anterior margin and 15-18 conical
teeth, along medial margin of anterior portion,
arranged in up to two irregular rows. Largest
teeth posteromedially placed.
Supraorbital sensory canal interrupted at nasal
region with four pores (52*), and not connected
to its counterpart through medial commissure.
Nasal section of supraorbital canal continuous
with frontal section in both sides in 8 specimens
and in only one side in 11 specimens. Sensory
pore s1 medially adjacent to anterior nostril; s2
and s3 medial to posterior nostril; s6 (epiphyseal)
paired, immediately adjacent to main canal.
Infraorbital sensory canal interrupted in two
sections; anteriormost section with sensory
pores i1 and i3, laterally adjacent to anterior and
posterior nostrils, respectively; posteriormost
section connected to supraorbital and otic canals,
with a single terminal sensory pore (56*) at end
of very short branch, extending from postorbital
process. Four specimens with two sensory
pores in posteriormost section of infraorbital
canal in both sides, and in only one side in 11
specimens. Preopercular canal short with single
terminal pore antero-dorsal to opercular patch
of odontodes. Pterotic branch of postotic canal
present with associated pore above opercular
patch of odontodes. Tunk canal short with two
pores above pectoral-n base. Sensory pore ll1
ventral to trunk line canal and ll2 at terminus of
trunk canal.
Precaudal free vertebrae 8-9 and caudal vertebrae
28-29, totaling 37 vertebrae. Ribs 12-14. First hemal
spine on vertebra 16. Anus at vertical through
posterior third of dorsal-n base, approximately
at level of base of fth branched ray.
Pectoral n with i, 7-8 rays (a single specimen of
41.2 mm SL from IAvH-P 15813 with six branched
rays on left side). First ray longest, projected
beyond margin of n as a long lament (ca. 40%
longer than second pectoral-n ray). Remaining
rays gradually shorter medially. Pectoral
complex radial cartilaginous. Coracoid bridge
(scapulocoracoid process) pointed. Posterior
lamina of cleithrum lacking foramina.
Pelvic n with i, 4 (68) rays or i, 2-3 (one specimen
of 41.2 mm SL from IAvH-P 15813), and short
lateral splint, its length around one sixth of rst
ray length. Pelvic-n insertion slightly anterior
to dorsal-n origin, at level of free vertebra 17 or
18. Second and third rays longest. Inner margins
of pelvic-n bases in contact. Posterior tip of n
reaching urogenital papilla. Basipterygium with
two anterior long processes of around same
length. Larger CS specimen (IAvH-P 15813) with
shorter anteromedial process.
Dorsal n with 3-4 procurrent rays and ii, 6 (2), 7*
(48), 8 (18) principal rays. Shape of n rectangular
in lateral view, posterior margin rounded. First
and second branched rays longest. Origin of n
posterior to pelvic-n insertion. Basal and anterior
portions of n covered by thick integument.
Supporting elements of dorsal n represented by
eight basal radials, inserted between neural spines
of vertebrae 16-21, and six distal radials, associated
with second to penultimate basal radials.
Anal n with 3 procurrent rays and ii, 2 (1), 4 (3),
5* (56), 6 (7) principal rays. Anal n similar in
shape to dorsal n, but smaller. First and second
branched rays longest. Origin of n entirely
107
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
behind dorsal-n base. Base and anterior portion
of n similarly covered by thick integument as
in dorsal n. Basal radials six (IAvH-P 15809
CS specimen with a seventh basal radial, less
than half length of preceding basal radial,
independently associated with last anal-n ray),
inserted between hemal spines of vertebrae 20-
24. Distal radials four, associated with second to
penultimate basal radials.
Caudal-n margin rounded, with dorsal rays
longer. Caudal n with i, 5+6, i* (65) or i, 10, i
(1) or i, 9, i (1) principal rays. Dorsal procurrent
rays 20-21, inserted posterior to neural spine of
vertebra PU9. Ventral procurrent rays 13-17,
inserted posterior to hemal spine of vertebrae
PU8 or PU9. Posteriormost ventral procurrent ray
entirely segmented and articulating with caudal
skeleton. Caudal skeleton with three plates
(PH+1+2, 3, 4+5). Ventral plate (PH+1+2) larger
than upper plates (3 and 4+5). Nodular epural
present but partially fused to urostyle in IAvH-P
15809 CS specimen. Neural spine of compound
caudal vertebra complete and fused posteriorly
to urostyle (IAvH-P 15813 CS specimen with
incomplete neural spine).
Color in alcohol. Body lacking dark integumentary
pigment, uniformly light yellow to cream, distal
region of ns hyaline (Figure 1).
Color in life. Dorsal and lateral portion of body
and lateral portion of head (cheek) pinkish,
showing a greenish iridescent aspect on dorsal
surface of head, ns, and caudal peduncle. Distal
margin of ns hyaline (Figure 7).
Etymology. The specic name is used as a noun in
apposition in reference to the Rosablanca karstic
formation where the type locality is found.
Distribution and habitat. Trichomycterus
rosablanca is known exclusively from a stream
tributary of the Horta River, draining the caves
Las Sardinas and Caracol, in the upper Carare
River drainage, corresponding to the middle
Magdalena River basin (Figure 8). The caves Las
Sardinas and Caracol are found between 2228 m
and 2378 m of elevation. The subterranean stream
draining the caves have clear waters, becoming
turbid during the rains by heavy loads of clayey
sediments. Physicochemical parameters measured
during the collecting dates were the following:
temperature 14.6°C, pH 7.9 in Las Sardinas Cave
and 8.1 in Caracol Cave, total dissolved solids 132
ppm in both caves, and conductivity 231 µ/cm in
Las Sardinas Cave and 242 µ/cm in Caracol Cave.
Trichomycterus rosablanca was collected in a 20 m
section of the stream that drains into a sink hole
inside the wide opening gallery of Caracol Cave
(Figure 9). Las Sardinas Cave has two openings
(Figure 10, Figure 11) that are interconnected by a
supercial stream owing for around 200 m from
the northern opening and inowing the second
southern opening (Figure 10). The specimens
were collected at 230 m (dark section) inside
the northern opening and in the epigean section
of the interconnecting stream (Figure 8, Figure
9). Collecting efforts both in the epigean and
hypogean systems failed to capture any other sh
species in the region. This system of caves is part
of the Rosablanca formation (Mendoza-Parada et
al., 2009).
Figure 7. Live specimens of Trichomycterus rosablanca (left picture corresponds to one specimen coming
from IAvH-P 15811 lot of paratypes). Photographs by Felipe Villegas.
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
108
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Figure 8. Maps of middle basin of the Magdalena River (left lower inset) and Horta
River drainage (right), showing collecting localities of Trichomycterus rosablanca (type
locality star).
Figure 9. Caracol Cave. A. Opening. B. Underground waterfall.
A B
109
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
Figure 10. Satellite image showing location of Las Sardinas (Cs1, Cs2) and Caracol (Cc3) caves.
Source: Google Earth (accessed 22 May 2017). Edited by Jesús Fernández Auderset.
Figure 11. Las Sardinas Cave. A. Output channel. B. Las Sardinas Creek. C. Subterranean
creek. Photograph B by Rodrigo Barbella.
A B C
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
110
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Genetic identication. The resulting alignment
of the COI gene sequences consisted of 618 bp,
with no insertions, deletions or stop codons.
Nucleotide frequencies were 25.3% adenine, 27.7%
cytosine, 17.9% guanine, and 29.2% thymine.
Considering all base positions, 406 sites were
invariant, 216 were polymorphic, and 157 were
parsimony informative. The mean K2P distance
between species was 0.138, while the mean
divergence between Trichomycterus species was
lower (0.117±0.009). The maximum distance was
found between T. rosablanca and T. sandovali with
24.7% (Table 3). The two sequences of T. rosablanca
did not show intraspecic variation. Graphical
structure of the distance data is shown in the
NJ tree (Figure 12), indicating that T. rosablanca
is closer to Eremophilus mutisii and represents
a distinct lineage from the other trans-Andean
species analyzed (including the most similar in
general appearance T. sandovali). The tree topology
of the GMYC analysis is identical to that shown
in the Figure 12 and indicates the presence of 17
operational taxonomic units, with a threshold
time of 0.0003512371, which indicates the time
before which all nodes represent diversication
events and after which all nodes in the tree reect
coalescent events. The likelihood of the null model
was 65.8095 and the maximum likelihood of the
GMYC model was 67.05544. Genetic divergence
and delimitation species analyses indicate that
all species examined possess COI sequences that
allow their mutual recognition.
Figure 12. Neighbour-joining tree of COI sequence divergence (K2P) in 17 trichomycterid species,
including Trichomycterus rosablanca and T. sandovali.
Trichomycterus guacamayoensis (0504-I-ST31)
Trichomycterus punctulatus
Trichomycterus aff. spilosoma
Trichomycterus laucaensis
Trichomycterus cachiraensis
Eremophilus mutisii
Trichomycterus rosablanca (0503-I-peñon15-2)
Trichomycterus rosablanca (CBIHS009-17)
Trichomycterus cf. transandianus
Trichomycterus ruitoquensis
Trichomycterus cf. striatus
Trichomycterus banneaui
Bullockia maldonadoi
Trichomycterus areolatus
Ituglanis parahybae
Scleronema minutum
Trichomycterus sandovali
Copionodon pecten
0.02
111
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
Species 12345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1Copionodon pecten
2Bullockia maldonadoi 0.239
3Scleronema minutum 0.207 0.151
4Ituglanis parahybae 0.228 0.144 0.142
5Eremophilus mutisii 0.241 0.130 0.136 0.141
6Trichomycterus rosablanca
0503-I-peñon15-2 (IAvH-P
15811) 0.240 0.142 0.153 0.152 0.058
7Trichomycterus rosablanca
CBIHS009-17 (IAvH-P
15811) 0.240 0.139 0.152 0.152 0.057 0.000
8Trichomycterus areolatus 0.226 0.048 0.149 0.145 0.127 0.144 0.141
9Trichomycterus laucaensis 0.220 0.137 0.124 0.148 0.107 0.135 0.116 0.125
10 Trichomycterus punctulatus 0.209 0.138 0.131 0.134 0.085 0.081 0.079 0.133 0.096
11
Trichomycterus
guacamayoensis
CBIHS010-17 (IAvH-P
13984)
0.209 0.142 0.135 0.132 0.079 0.081 0.079 0.137 0.098 0.035
12 Trichomycterus banneaui 0.200 0.131 0.140 0.126 0.098 0.113 0.111 0.140 0.125 0.100 0.092
13 Trichomycterus cachiraensis 0.212 0.118 0.133 0.127 0.068 0.081 0.079 0.107 0.091 0.081 0.087 0.101
14 Trichomycterus aff. spilosoma 0.229 0.151 0.133 0.149 0.092 0.102 0.100 0.141 0.101 0.072 0.080 0.127 0.087
15 Trichomycterus cf. striatus 0.195 0.138 0.138 0.130 0.096 0.107 0.105 0.144 0.127 0.094 0.092 0.018 0.094 0.119
16 Trichomycterus cf.
transandianus 0.234 0.144 0.140 0.154 0.135 0.135 0.132 0.155 0.138 0.125 0.117 0.111 0.105 0.131 0.119
17 Trichomycterus ruitoquensis 0.204 0.129 0.136 0.128 0.113 0.113 0.111 0.138 0.109 0.100 0.096 0.020 0.087 0.117 0.025 0.117
18 Trichomycterus sandovali 0.225 0.220 0.198 0.233 0.236 0.247 0.246 0.227 0.241 0.226 0.243 0.223 0.223 0.246 0.233 0.251 0.224
Table 3. Pairwise comparison of nucleotide divergence (K2P distances) at COI from 17 representative species of Trichomycteridae,
including Trichomycterus rosablanca and T. sandovali.
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
112
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Discussion
The genus Trichomycterus is one of the most
challenging Neotropical sh groups in terms of
uncovering its actual taxonomic diversity and
the phylogenetic relationships of its constituent
species, given two main limiting factors: 1) complex
taxonomic history coupled with incomplete
taxonomic inventory, and 2) polyphyletic
nature, a contentious issue that is broadly agreed
upon and reiteratively corroborated (de Pinna,
1998). Recently, Ochoa et al. (2017) published
a multilocus analysis of Trichomycteridae,
with a comprehensive taxonomic sampling of
trichomycterine representatives, conrming the
polyphyletic status of Trichomycterus. However,
it also revealed a series of subclades with some
clear geographic circumscriptions. This molecular
analysis corroborated an important input to the
systematics of trichomycterids by recovering a
monophyletic Trichomycterinae, as previously
dened on morphological grounds by Datovo and
Bockmann (2010), i.e. containing Ituglanis Costa &
Bockmann, 1993 and Scleronema Eigenmann, 1918.
Trichomycterus rosablanca shares the apomorphic
condition of the origin of the levator internus 4
attached to the dorsal face of the posttemporo-
supracleithrum, the single morphological
synapomorphy of Trichomycterinae proposed so
far (Datovo & Bockmann, 2010), although it must
be noted that some Trichomycterus species present
the plesiomorphic character state (García-Melo et
al., 2016).
A high proportion (73%) of the analyzed
specimens (71) of Trichomycterus rosablanca shows
an interrupted supraorbital canal at the nasal
section, giving origin to four sensory pores (s1,
s2, s3, and s6), which represents an apomorphic
condition of the cephalic laterosensory system
for trichomycterids. Remaining specimens (19)
exhibit the plesiomorphic condition, represented
by an uninterrupted supraorbital canal, with most
specimens (11) having an asymmetric pattern (i.e.
on only one side). This pattern of the cephalic
laterosensory system is not found in congeners
from northern South America (Colombia and
Venezuela), but is shared by the Andean species
T. aguarague Fernández & Osinaga, 2006; T.
alterus (Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933); T.
areolatus Valenciennes, 1846; T. belensis Fernández
& Vari, 2002; T. chiltoni (Eigenmann, 1920); T.
chungaraensis Arratia, 1983; T. dispar (Tschudi,
1846); T. heterodontus (Eigenmann, 1918); T.
laucaensis; T. megantoni Fernández & Quispe
Chuquihuamaní, 2007; T. minus Fernández &
Vari, 2012; T. punctulatus; T. ramosus Fernández,
2000; T. rivulatus Valenciennes, 1846; and T.
vittatus Regan, 1903 (Arratia, 1998; Fernández,
2006; DoNascimiento et al., 2014a). Such
condition has a homoplastic distribution within
Trichomycteridae, being also found in Trichogenes
Britski & Ortega, 1983; Eremophilus Humboldt,
1805; Hatcheria Eigenmann, 1909 [although Arratia
and Huaquin (1995) recorded a continuous
supraorbital canal reaching the sensory pore s1 in
Hatcheria macraei (Girard, 1855), Figure 8F, p. 20];
Ituglanis boitata Ferrer, Donin & Malabarba, 2015
(Ferrer et al., 2015: Figure 2, p. 380); I. eichorniarum
(Miranda Ribeiro, 1912); I. ina Wosiacki, Dutra
& Mendonça, 2012 (Rizzato & Bichuette, 2016);
I. paraguassuensis (Campos-Paiva & Costa, 2007:
Figure 2, p. 55); I. proops (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908)
(Sarmento-Soares et al., 2006: p. 317); Scleronema,
Tridensimilis Schultz, 1944; Stegophilinae; and
Vandelliinae. However, this character could still
be informative for less inclusive clades within
Trichomycterinae, as suggested by the results
depicted in the NJ tree obtained for the analyzed
COI sequences (Figure 12), where T. rosablanca is
placed as sister to E. mutisii. Both species share
the apomorphic interrupted nasal section of the
supraorbital canal, in spite of the intraspecically
variable condition in T. rosablanca. This placement
of T. rosablanca adds to the growing evidence of
the non-monophyletic status of Trichomycterus
as currently dened, requiring further extensive
studies with a greater taxonomic sampling,
in order to identify and diagnose subsets of
Trichomycterus more closely related with other
trichomycterine genera (e.g. Eremophilus) than to
remaining species of Trichomycterus.
113
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
Another derived character shown by
Trichomycterus rosablanca consists of the
lachrimal/antorbital bone not enclosing the
infraorbital canal (Figure 3). Plesiomorphically
the anteriormost section of the infraorbital canal
(bearing the sensory pores i1 and i3) is enclosed
by a hollow posterior section of the lachrimal/
antorbital. This bone in T. rosablanca apparently
lost its tubular posterior section, remaining as a
compact bone still attached through a posterior
pointed process to the anteroventral margin
of the infraorbital canal. A slightly different
condition is veried in T. arleoi (Fernández-Yépez,
1972) and T. mondol (Schultz, 1945), where the
anteriormost section of the infraorbital canal is
also free from the lachrimal/antorbital, but the
bone is completely detached from the infraorbital
canal, having lost its posterior tubular portion and
keeping only the anteriormost compact portion
that is associated with the anterolateral corner
of the anterior cartilage of the autopalatine. The
phylogenetic relationships of T. arleoi and T.
mondol plus two closely related undescribed
species are being addressed in an ongoing study
by C. DoNascimiento (in prep.).
Aside from the obvious troglomorphisms
present in Trichomycterus rosablanca, this species
is furthermore diagnosed from remaining
trichomycterines by two putative autapomorphies.
The rst diagnostic character is the presence of
a conspicuous foramen in the main body of the
interopercle that communicates the anterior and
posterior surfaces of the bone (Figure 2A), being
the plesiomorphic character state a compact
interopercle, lacking of any foramina (Figure
2B). The interopercular foramen was consistently
found in all three CS specimens of Trichomycterus
rosablanca. Asymmetric presence of the foramen
was observed in one of the three examined
specimens, but even this specimen has a well-
developed foramen on one side, such as that found
on both sides of the two remaining specimens.
On the other hand, this foramen has not been
observed in more than 100 directly examined
specimens, representing almost 60 species of
Trichomycterus (listed in DoNascimiento et al.,
2014a, b; DoNascimiento 2015; García-Melo
et al., 2016) that come from different major
river basins across the distributional range of
the genus (both cis and trans-Andean species,
from Panama to Argentina). Likewise, this
character has not been previously recorded in
those species where osteological information
and illustrations of the interopercle have
been provided. A similar foramen is found in
Potamoglanis Henschel, Mattos, Katz & Costa,
2017; the tridentines Tridensimilis and Tridentopsis
Myers, 1925; and the stegophilines Acanthopoma
Lütken, 1892; Henonemus Eigenmann & Ward,
1907; Homodiaetus Eigenmann & Ward, 1907;
Ochmacanthus Eigenmann, 1912; Pareiodon Kner,
1855; Pseudostegophilus Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
1889; and Schultzichthys Dahl, 1960. Given the
distant phylogenetic position of the implied taxa
(Potamoglanis, Tridentinae, and Stegophilinae)
from the inferred placement of T. rosablanca
within Trichomycterinae, these occurrences are
best interpreted as independent acquisitions.
The second autapomorphy (although
intraspecically variable in a relatively small
proportion, 5.6% of 71 studied specimens) is
the presence of a single sensory pore at the
posteriormost section of the infraorbital canal.
Most trichomycterids (non-trichogenines, non-
copionodontines) with an interrupted infraorbital
canal have two sensory pores, i10 and i11.
Potamoglanis, an undescribed species of Tridens
from the Colombian Amazon, Tridensimilis,
Stegophilinae, Vandelliinae, Sarcoglanis, and
Glanapteryx also have a single sensory pore in
this section of the infraorbital canal. Once again,
this homoplastic pattern is more parsimoniously
interpreted as two independent losses, one in
the TSVSG clade, which includes the subfamilies
Tridentinae, Stegophilinae, Vandelliinae,
Sarcoglanidinae, and Glanapteryginae (Costa
and Bockmann, 1993; Ochoa et al., 2017), and
another in T. rosablanca within trichomycterines.
The restricted distribution of Trichomycterus
rosablanca to hypogean systems framed by an
environmental mosaic, where the agricultural
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
114
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
frontier has advanced notably, has resulted in a
fragmented landscape, with surrounding forests
pushed to the higher and inaccessible mountain
tops. Deforestation and consequent increase
of sedimentation, coupled with indiscriminate
fumigation of crops and cattle pastures that drain
contaminants into the hydric system of the caves,
place the conservation status of T. rosablanca at
risk. Therefore, additional studies to determine the
vulnerability of this species are promptly required.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Jesús Fernández Auderset
(Espeleo Colombia), Camilo Chica, Camilo
Martínez-Martínez (Cromatophoro), Gabriel
Vargas, Michael Galeano, and Rodrigo Barbella for
their invaluable help in the eld; Felipe Villegas
for the photographs of the holotype and live
specimens; Diego Córdoba for the map; Eduardo
Tovar Luque for sequencing the tissue samples of
Trichomycterus rosablanca; Paola Pulido-Santacruz
for publishing the COI sequence of T. rosablanca
in BOLD and GenBank and Mailyn Adriana
González for her support at the Biodiversity
Science Program of the Humboldt Institute.
Funding was granted by the Convenio Especial de
Colaboración Colciencias - Instituto de Investigación
de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt #
FP44842-109-2016 (IAvH 16-062).
Literature cited
Arratia, G. (1983). Trichomycterus chungaraensis n.
sp. and Trichomycterus laucaensis n. sp. (Pisces,
Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) from the high
Andean range. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and
Environment, 18 (2): 65-87.
Arratia, G. (1998). Silvinichthys, a new genus of
trichomycterid catshes from the Argentinian
Andes, with redescription of Trichomycterus
nigricans. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters,
9 (4): 347-370.
Arratia, G & Huaquin, L. (1995). Morphology of the
lateral line system and of the skin of diplomystid
and certain primitive loricarioid catshes and
systematic and ecological considerations. Bonner
Zoologische Monographien, 36: 1-110.
Campos-Paiva, R. M. & Costa, W. J. E. M. (2007).
Ituglanis paraguassuensis sp. n. (Teleostei:
Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae): a new catsh
from the rio Paraguaçu, northeastern Brazil.
Zootaxa, 1471: 53-59.
Chakrabarty, P., Warren, M., Page, L. M. & Baldwin,
C. C. (2013). GenSeq: An updated nomenclature
and ranking for genetic sequences from type and
non-type sources. ZooKeys, 346: 29-14.
Costa, W. J. E. M. & Bockmann, F. A. (1993). Un
nouveau genre néotropical de la famille des
Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei).
Revue Française d’Aquariologie -Herpétologie, 20
(2): 43-46.
Datovo, A. & Bockmann, F. A. (2010).
Dorsolateral head muscles of the catsh families
Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae
(Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative
anatomy and phylogenetic analysis. Neotropical
Ichthyology, 8 (2):193-246.
DoNascimiento, C. (2015). Morphological
evidence for the monophyly of the subfamily of
parasitic catshes Stegophilinae (Siluriformes,
Trichomycteridae) and phylogenetic diagnoses
of its genera. Copeia, 103 (4): 933-960.
DoNascimiento, C., Prada-Pedreros, S. &
Guerrero-Kommritz, J. (2014a). Trichomycterus
venulosus (Steindachner, 1915), a junior
synonym of Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt, 1805
(Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) and not an
extant species. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (4): 707-
715.
DoNascimiento, C., Prada-Pedreros, S. &
Guerrero-Kommritz, J. (2014b). A new catsh
species of the genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes:
Trichomycteridae) from the río Orinoco versant
of Páramo de Cruz Verde, Eastern Cordillera of
Colombia. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (4): 717-728.
Drummond, A. J., Ho, S. Y. W., Phillips, M. J. &
Rambaut, A. (2006). Relaxed phylogenetics and
115
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al. Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species
of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes
dating with condence. PLoS Biology, 4 (5): e88.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088.
Drummond, A. J., Suchard, M. A., Xie, D. &
Rambaut, A. (2012). Bayesian phylogenetics with
BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and
Evolution, 29 (8): 1969-1973.
Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fong, J. D. (2017). Species
by family/subfamily. Retrieved on August 22,
2017 from http://researcharchive.calacademy.
org/research/ichthyology/catalog/
SpeciesByFamily.asp.
Fernández, L. A. (2006). Two new patterns of
the supraorbital canal in trichomycterids
(Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Acta Zoológica
Lilloana, 50: 115-117.
García-Melo, L. J., Villa-Navarro, F. A. &
DoNascimiento, C. (2016). A new species of
Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
from the upper río Magdalena basin, Colombia.
Zootaxa, 4117 (2): 226-240.
Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating
evolutionary rates of base substitutions through
comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16 (2): 111-120.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016). MEGA7:
Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis
version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology
and Evolution, 33 (7): 1870-1874.
Lundberg, J. G. & Baskin, J. N. (1969). The caudal
skeleton of the catshes, Order Siluriformes.
American Museum Novitates, 2398: 1-49.
Mendoza-Parada, J. E., Moreno-Murillo, J. M. &
Rodríguez-Orjuela, G. (2009). Sistema cárstico
de la Formación Rosablanca Cretácico inferior,
en la provincia de Vélez, Colombia. Geología
Colombiana, 34: 35-44.
Morris, P. J., Yager, H. M. & Sabaj Pérez, M. H.
(2006). ACSImagebase: a digital archive of
catsh images compiled by participants in the
All Catsh Species Inventory. [WWW image
Database] URL http://acsi.acnatsci.org/base.
Ochoa, L., Roxo, F., DoNascimiento, C., Sabaj,
M., Datovo, A., Alfaro, M. & Oliveira, C.
(2017). Multilocus analysis of the catsh family
Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi:
Siluriformes) supporting a monophyletic
Trichomycterinae. Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution, 115: 71-81.
de Pinna, M. C. C. (1992). Trichomycterus castroi, a
new species of trichomycterid catsh from the
Rio Iguaçu of Southeastern Brazil (Teleostei:
Siluriformes). Ichthyological Exploration of
Freshwaters, 3 (1): 89-95.
de Pinna, M. C. C. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships
of neotropical Siluriformes: historical overview
and synthesis of hypotheses. In Malabarba, L.
R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &
Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds.). Phylogeny and classication
of Neotropical shes. Pp. 279-330. Porto Alegre:
EDIPUCRS. 603 p.
de Pinna, M. C. C. & Wosiacki, W. (2003).
Trichomycteridae. In Reis, R. E., Kullander,
S. O. & Ferraris Jr., C. J. (Eds.). Check list of the
Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Pp.
270-290. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. 742 p.
Rizzato, P. P. & Bichuette, M. E. (2016). The
laterosensory canal system in epigean
and subterranean Ituglanis (Siluriformes:
Trichomycteridae), with comments about
troglomorphism and the phylogeny of the genus.
Journal of Morphology, 278 (1): 4-28.
Sarmento-Soares, L. M., Martins-Pinheiro, R. F.,
Aranda, A. T. & Chamon, C.C. (2006). Ituglanis
cahyensis, a new catsh from Bahia, Brazil
(Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical
Ichthyology, 4 (3): 309-318.
Schaefer, S. A. & Aquino, A. E. (2000). Postotic
laterosensory canal and pterotic branch
homology in catshes. Journal of Morphology, 246:
212-227.
Taylor, W. R. & Van Dyke, G. C. (1985). Revised
procedures for staining and clearing small shes
and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage
study. Cybium, 9: 107-119.
DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19s1a09
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
116
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Mesa S. et al.
Lina M. Mesa S.
Programa Ciencias Básicas de la Biodiversidad,
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos
Alexander von Humboldt
Bogotá, Colombia
lmesa@humboldt.org.co
Carlos A. Lasso
Programa Ciencias Básicas de la Biodiversidad,
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos
Alexander von Humboldt
Bogotá, Colombia
classo@humboldt.org.co
Luz. E. Ochoa
Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências,
UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de
Mesquita Filho”
São Paulo, Brasil
luzeocho@gmail.com
Carlos DoNascimiento
(Autor de correspondencia)
Colecciones Biológicas,
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos
Alexander von Humboldt
Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
cdonascimiento@humboldt.org.co
Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes,
Trichomycteridae) a new species of hipogean
catsh from the Colombian Andes
Citación del artículo: Mesa S., L. M., Lasso,
C. A., Ochoa, L. E. y DoNascimiento, C.
(2018). Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes,
Trichomycteridae) a new species of hipogean
catsh from the Colombian Andes. Biota
Colombiana, 19 (Sup. 1): 95-116. DOI: 10.21068/
c2018.v19s1a09. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.
org:pub:4ACC4A1E-39DF-4D40-A51A-0E023E02D37F
Recibido: 31 de agosto de 2017
Aprobado: 30 de enero de 2018
211
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guía para autores
Guía para autores
(http://revistas.humboldt.org.co/index.php/biota)
Envío del manuscrito
El envío de un manuscrito implica la declaración ex-
plícita por parte del autor o los autores de que este no
ha sido previamente publicado, ni aceptado para su
publicación en otra revista u otro órgano de difusión
cientíca. Todas las contribuciones son de la entera
responsabilidad de sus autores y no del Instituto de
Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von
Humboldt, ni de la revista o sus editores.
Los trabajos pueden estar escritos en español, in-
glés o portugués, y no deben exceder las 40 páginas
(párrafo espaciado a 1,5 líneas), incluyendo tablas,
guras y anexos. De particular interés para la revis-
ta son las descripciones de especies nuevas para la
ciencia, nuevos registros geográcos, listados de es-
pecies temáticos o regionales, inventarios, bases de
datos relacionados con biodiversidad, colecciones
biológicas y reportes de muestreo.
Se reciben manuscritos que sean artículos cientícos
de investigación, así como notas de actualidad, rese-
ñas, novedades bibliográcas y artículos de datos.
Los trabajos deben ser entregados a través del portal
en línea (http://revistas.humboldt.org.co/index.
php/biota) de la revista, siguiendo los pasos de
registro como usuario. Todo el proceso editorial se
desarrolla a través de esa plataforma.
Evaluación del manuscrito
Los manuscritos sometidos serán revisados por mí-
nimo dos pares cientícos calicados, cuya respues-
ta nal de evaluación puede ser: a) publicado sin nin-
gún cambio (se asume que no existe ningún cambio,
omisión o adición al artículo, y que se recomienda
su publicación en la forma actualmente presentada);
b) aceptación condicional (se acepta y recomienda el
artículo para su publicación solo si se realizan los
cambios indicados por el evaluador, sean correc-
ciones menores y no es necesaria una segunda re-
visión o correcciones mayores y sí es necesaria una
segunda revisión); y c) rechazo (cuando el evaluador
considera que los contenidos o forma de presenta-
ción del artículo no se ajustan a los requerimientos
y estándares de calidad de Biota Colombiana). Para
proseguir con el proceso editorial para publicación,
el manuscrito debe haber sido aceptado por el míni-
mo de dos pares cientícos.
Preparación del manuscrito
Para la elaboración de los textos del manuscrito se
debe usar un procesador de palabras (preferiblemente
Word); los listados (a manera de tabla) deben ser
elaborados en una hoja de cálculo (preferiblemente
Excel). Para someter un manuscrito es necesario
además anexar una carta de intención en la que se
indique claramente:
1. Nombre completo del (los) autor (es), aliaciones
institucionales y direcciones para envío de
correspondencia (es indispensable suministrar
una dirección de correo electrónico para
comunicación directa).
2. Título completo del manuscrito.
3. Nombres, tamaños y tipos de archivos sumi-
nistrados.
4. Explicación concisa y clara, que no sobrepase
tres líneas, explicando por qué el manuscrito en
cuestión es ideal para que sea publicado en una
revista como Biota Colombiana.
5. Lista mínimo de cuatro revisores sugeridos que
puedan evaluar el manuscrito, con sus respectivas
direcciones electrónicas.
**Para información sobre la preparación de un artículo de datos,
continúe a la sección “Particularidades de los artículos de
datos→Preparación de un artículo de datos” dentro de esta
Guía de autores.
Guía para autores
212
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Lenguaje del manuscrito
- Los manuscritos enviados a Biota Colombiana
deben tener como requerimiento mínimo el uso
adecuado del lenguaje en el que estén escritos,
sea español, portugués o inglés, para asegurar la
comunicación efectiva del artículo a los lectores.
- El estilo utilizado en el lenguaje del manuscrito
enviado debe seguir las formalidades
comúnmente aceptadas en escritos cientícos y
siempre buscar la claridad, concisión y cohesión
en su expresión.
- Se sugiere utilizar guías de buena ortografía,
redacción y estilo para el idioma en el que se
escoja escribir.
Especicaciones de formato
- Para la presentación del manuscrito congure
las páginas de la siguiente manera: hoja tamaño
carta, márgenes de 2,5 cm en todos los lados,
interlineado 1,5 y alineación hacia la izquierda
(incluyendo título y bibliografía).
- Todas las páginas de texto deben numerarse en la
parte inferior derecha de la hoja.
- Use letra Times New Roman o Arial, tamaño 12
puntos en todos los textos. Máximo 40 páginas,
incluyendo tablas, guras y anexos. Para tablas
cambie el tamaño de la fuente a 10 puntos. Evite
el uso de negritas o subrayados.
- Escriba los nombres cientícos de géneros,
especies y subespecies en cursiva (itálica). Proceda
de la misma forma con los términos en latín (por
ej. sensu, et al.). No subraye ninguna otra palabra
o título. No utilice notas al pie de página.
- En cuanto a las abreviaturas y sistema métrico
decimal, utilice las normas del Sistema
Internacional de Unidades (SI) recordando que
siempre se debe dejar un espacio libre entre el
valor numérico y la unidad de medida (por ej. 16
km, 23 °C). Para medidas relativas como m/seg.,
use m.seg-1.
- Escriba los números del uno al diez siempre con
letras, excepto cuando preceden a una unidad
de medida (por ej. 9 cm) o si se utilizan como
marcadores (por ej. parcela 2, muestra 7). Los
números mayores a diez deben ser escritos con
los símbolos numéricos arábigos. Si en el mismo
párrafo se utilizan cifras menores a diez y cifras
mayores a diez, se deben unicar para dejar las
cifras solo con símbolos numéricos arábigos.
- No utilice punto para separar los millares,
millones, etc (por ej. 54000). Utilice la coma para
separar en la cifra la parte entera de la decimal
(por ej. 3,1416) cuando el texto es en español. En
el caso del inglés, los decimales se separan con
puntos (por ej. 3.1416). Enumere las horas del día
de 0:00 a 24:00.
- Exprese los años con todas las cifras sin
demarcadores de miles (por ej. 1996-1998). En
español los nombres de los meses y días (enero,
julio, sábado, lunes) siempre se escriben con la
primera letra minúscula, en inglés se escriben
con la primera letra mayúscula (January, July,
Saturday, Monday).
- Los puntos cardinales (norte, sur, este y oeste) en
español siempre deben ser escritos en minúscula,
a excepción de sus abreviaturas N, S, E, O (en
inglés W), y cuando son referidos como puntos o
hacen parte de un nombre propio (p.e. cordillera
Oriental). La indicación correcta de coordenadas
geográcas es como sigue: 02º37´53´´N-
56º28´53´´O. La altitud geográca se citará como
se expresa a continuación: 1180 m s.n.m. y en
inglés 1180 m a.s.l.
- Las abreviaturas se deben explicar la primera vez
que son usadas.
- Al citar las referencias en el texto, siga las normas
APA (Manual de Publicaciones de la American
Psychological Association, Sexta Edición). Incluya
los apellidos de los autores en caso de que sean
uno o dos, y el apellido del primero seguido por et
al. (en cursiva) cuando sean tres o más. En el caso
de dos autores, los apellidos deben ser separados
por la palabra “y” (por ej. Cochran y Goin, 1970).
En inglés, los apellidos deben estar separados por
“&”. Si menciona varias referencias, éstas deben
ser ordenadas cronológicamente y separadas
por punto y coma (por ej. Rojas, 1978; Bailey et
al., 1983; Sephton, 2001, 2001). Inserte una coma
después de los nombres de los autores y antes del
año de la referencia (Acevedo, 2009).
213
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guía para autores
- Las referencias que son autoridad taxonómica de
descripción no deben ser incluidas en la lista de
referencias al nal pero sí en el texto.
- Reera las guras (grácas, diagramas,
ilustraciones y fotografías) sin abreviación (por
ej. Figura 3) al igual que las tablas (por ej. Tabla
1). Grácos y guras deben presentarse con tipo
y tamaño de letra uniforme.
- Las guras deben ser nítidas y de buena calidad,
evitando complejidades innecesarias (por ej.
tridimensionalidad en grácos de barras, marcos
o efectos tridimensionales); si es posible use solo
colores sólidos en lugar de tramas. Las letras,
números o símbolos de las guras deben ser de un
tamaño adecuado de manera que sean claramente
legibles una vez reducidas.
- Cada gura debe estar insertada en el texto, y
adicionalmente se debe enviar su archivo aparte
en alta calidad en el paso de “Cargar los archivos
complementarios”. Para el caso de las fotografías
y guras digitales es necesario que estas sean
guardadas como formato tiff, jpg o png con una
resolución de 300 dpi.
- Las tablas y anexos deben ser simples en su
estructura (marcos) y estar unicados. Haga
las llamadas a pie de página de tabla con letras
ubicadas como superíndice. Evite tablas grandes
sobrecargadas de información y líneas divisorias
o presentadas en forma compleja.
Secciones del manuscrito
** Para información sobre las secciones de un artículo
de datos, continúe a la sección “Particularidades de
los artículos de datos→ Secciones de un artículo de
datos” dentro de esta Guía de autores.
- Los manuscritos deben llevar el siguiente orden:
título, resumen y palabras clave, abstract y
keywords, introducción, materiales y métodos,
resultados, discusión, conclusiones (optativo),
agradecimientos (optativo) y referencias.
Seguidamente, presente una página con la lista
de tablas, guras y anexos.
- Las secciones del manuscrito en el texto deben ir
en negrilla, con solo la primera letra en mayúscula.
Si necesita agregar subtítulos a las secciones, estos
deben ir en la misma línea en la que comienza el
texto del párrafo, separados por un punto del resto
del texto, y en negrilla.
Título: conciso y explicativo, debe informar sobre
el contenido del manuscrito.
Resumen: da un resumen de máximo 200 palabras
sobre el manuscrito, en el que se debe incluir el
objetivo, métodos, resultados y conclusiones
principales del manuscrito. Si se presenta algo
que sea novedoso o excepcional, se debe hacer
mención aquí. El resumen se debe escribir en dos
idiomas (español o portugués y abstract en inglés).
Palabras clave: máximo cinco palabras clave,
complementarias al título del artículo, en español
o portugués e inglés, separadas por un punto
entre cada término. Deben presentarse en orden
alfabético. Se sugiere el uso de tesauros temáticos
para encontrar sinónimos y términos adecuados.
Introducción: presenta el tema y da el contexto
necesario para el desarrollo del manuscrito. El
propósito u objetivo principal del trabajo debe
hacerse explícito en esta sección.
Materiales y métodos: hace una descripción
detallada del procedimiento, incluyendo los
materiales, lugar, fechas, métodos estadísticos,
etc. que se utilizaron en el trabajo. Debe ser
lo sucientemente completo para que otros
investigadores puedan replicar el trabajo y si se
usa una metodología novedosa debe explicarse y
sustentarse.
Resultados: presenta los hallazgos del trabajo
de manera organizada y con uso adecuado de
guras. Evitar la inclusión de tablas muy extensas
en esta sección y más bien incluir como anexos si
es el caso.
Discusión: se destacan los puntos más relevantes,
polémicos o novedosos del trabajo y se explican
los resultados principales en relación a la
importancia o aportes del trabajo en su área.
Conclusiones: reexiones nales sobre el
trabajo con relación a su propósito y objetivos,
frecuentemente direccionando hacia acciones e
investigaciones futuras.
Agradecimientos: Párrafo sencillo y conciso entre
el texto y la lista de referencias. Mencione fuentes
Guía para autores
214
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
de nanciación o apoyo que recibió el proyecto.
Evite títulos como Dr., Lic., TSU, etc.
Referencias: La revista sigue las normas de
citación APA (Manual de Publicaciones de la
American Psychological Association, Sexta
Edición). La lista de las referencias contiene
únicamente aquellas citadas en el texto. Ordénelas
alfabéticamente por autores y cronológicamente
para un mismo autor. Si hay varias referencias de
un mismo autor(es) en el mismo año, añada las
letras a, b, c, etc. al año. No abrevie los nombres
de las revistas. Incluya todos los autores de la
referencia. Presente las referencias al nal del
manuscrito.
Ejemplos de citación
Artículo en revistas:
Antonelli, A., Nylander, J. A., Persson, C. y Sanmar-
tín, I. (2009). Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift
on Neotropical plant evolution. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 106(24): 9749-9754.
Libros:
Gutiérrez, F. P. (2010). Los recursos hidrobiológicos
y pesqueros en Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de
Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von
Humboldt. 118 pp.
Tesis:
Cipamocha, C. A. (2002). Caracterización de especies
y evaluación tróca de la subienda de peces en el raudal
Chorro de Córdoba, bajo río Caquetá, Amazonas, Colombia.
(Trabajo de grado). Bogotá D. C.: Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias,
Departamento de Biología. 160 pp.
Informes técnicos:
Andrade, G. I. (2010). Gestión del conocimiento para
la gestión de la biodiversidad: bases conceptuales y
propuesta programática para la reingeniería del Instituto
Humboldt. (Informe técnico). Bogotá D. C.: Instituto
de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander
von Humboldt. 80 pp.
Capítulo en libro o en informe:
Fernández F., Palacio, E. E. y MacKay, W. P.
(1996). Introducción al estudio de las hormigas
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. En Amat,
G. D., Andrade, G. y Fernández, F. (Eds.). Insectos de
Colombia. Estudios Escogidos. Pp: 349-412. Bogotá:
Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas
y Naturales y Centro Editorial Javeriano.
Resumen en congreso, simposio, talleres:
Señaris, J. C. (2001). Distribución geográca y
utilización del hábitat de las ranas de cristal (Anura;
Centrolenidae) en Venezuela. Trabajo presentado en
Programa y Libro de Resúmenes del IV Congreso
Venezolano de Ecología, Mérida, Venezuela. p. 124.
Ley o Decreto:
Congreso de Colombia. (8 de febrero de 1994) Ley
General de Educación. [Ley 115 de 1994]. DO: 41.214.
Páginas web:
No serán incluidas en la lista de referencias, sino
que se señalan claramente en el texto al momento de
mencionarlas.
Particularidades de los artículos de datos
Un Artículo de Datos o Data Paper es un tipo de pu-
blicación académica que surgió como un mecanismo
para incentivar la publicación de datos sobre biodi-
versidad. Es un medio para generar reconocimiento
académico y profesional adecuado a todas las perso-
nas que intervienen, de una manera u otra, en la ges-
tión de información sobre biodiversidad, y además
sirve para destacar la existencia y relevancia de los
conjuntos de datos frente el resto de la comunidad
cientíca.
Como su nombre lo sugiere, este tipo de artículos
se basan en la descripción de un conjunto de datos
primarios, y aunque no es una investigación cien-
tíca sensu stricto, se espera que contengan infor-
mación acerca de la historia del conjunto de datos
(propósito del mismo, metodología sobre la toma de
los datos, nanciadores, coberturas taxonómicas y
geográcas, etc.) y sobre su valor y utilidad (básica
o aplicada) para la comunidad cientíca (Chavan y
Penev, 2011)1. Lo novedoso y ventajoso de este mo-
1 Chavan, V. y Penev, L. (2011). e data paper: e mechanism to
incentivize data publishing in biodiversity science. BMC Bioinformatics
2011, 12(Sup. 15): S2
215
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guía para autores
delo de publicación es que el manuscrito siempre
está vinculado al conjunto de datos, a través de un
enlace a un repositorio web persistente y conable,
el IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit). Adicionalmente
los metadatos que describen ese conjunto de datos
y que están documentados en la misma herramienta,
deben citar el artículo de datos.
Se recomienda someter un artículo de datos,
cuando los datos a los que hace referencia son
primarios, originales y están restringidos temporal
y metodológicamente, se encuentran disponibles en
agregadores de datos como el SiB Colombia y GBIF,
y pueden ser estructurados con el estándar Darwin
Core (DwC) como en el caso de:
- Observaciones de un proyecto particular
- Colecciones biológicas
- Listados de especies
- Datos genómicos
- Eventos de muestreo
- Inventarios
- Bases de datos
- Rasgos funcionales
Los conjuntos de datos que no cumplan estas carac-
terísticas, no serán aceptados para publicación como
artículo de datos. Tal es el caso de compilaciones de
registros biológicos de fuentes secundarias (por ej.,
literatura).
Preparación de un artículo de datos
(publicación de datos y creación del
manuscrito)
Un artículo de datos busca describir todos los tipos
de recursos de datos sobre biodiversidad. De esta
manera, el artículo de datos siempre está enlazado
al conjunto de datos que describe a través de una
URL o DOI.
A continuación encontrará el procedimiento de
cómo generar y someter un manuscrito para artí-
culo de datos usando las herramientas y modelo de
publicación del SiB Colombia. Cabe resaltar que la
revista también recibe artículos de datos que tengan
conjuntos de datos publicados en otras plataformas
reconocidas, siempre y cuando cuenten con los re-
quisitos de ser repositorios conables y tengan un
enlace IPT disponible. Igualmente, las secciones de
los manuscritos enviados deben seguir las enuncia-
das en la Tabla 1.
Los artículos de datos, como los demás tipos de ma-
nuscritos enviados a la revista, serán sometidos a
evaluación por pares y deben cumplir las mismas
especicaciones de formato, normas de citación y
uso del lenguaje, además de incluir una carta de in-
tención, como se menciona en esta Guía de autores.
Adicionalmente, durante la evaluación del manus-
crito, los datos descritos deben estar disponibles en
línea de manera abierta en un repositorio público y
con una licencia robusta de atribución y uso.
Figura 1. Proceso general de sometimiento de un artículo de datos desde el SiB
Colombia a la revista Biota Colombiana.
Guía para autores
216
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Paso 1.
Publicación de los datos a través del SiB Colombia
El SiB Colombia cuenta con un modelo de publi-
cación de datos que hace uso del IPT como herra-
mienta. Desde el IPT, es posible generar una prime-
ra versión del manuscrito a partir de los metadatos
en formato de texto enriquecido (RTF), siempre y
cuando el conjunto de datos respectivo ya haya sido
indexado por el SiB Colombia y cuente con los meta-
datos sucientes (el proceso de publicación de datos
a través del SiB Colombia puede ser consultado en
https://www.sibcolombia.net/).
A. Registro de organización. Para poder publicar
a través del SiB Colombia, es necesario que
la organización esté registrada como socio
publicador. Se puede comprobar en este enlace si
ya es así. En caso contrario, es muy sencillo hacer
parte de la red de socios, solo se debe diligenciar
el Formulario de Registro.
B. Estandarización de datos. Los datos se deben
estructurar en una tabla plana haciendo uso
del estándar Darwin Core (DwC). Para esto, se
puede descargar la plantilla que se adapte a el
tipo de datos o generar una plantilla a través del
Generador de Plantillas Excel.
C. Calidad de sus datos. Se debe vericar y
mejorar la calidad de los datos haciendo uso de
herramientas para identicar, limpiar y corregir
posibles errores geográcos, taxonómicos o de
formato, entre otros.
D. Cargar datos en línea. El IPT es una herramienta
que facilita compartir diferentes tipos de datos
relacionados con la biodiversidad siempre y
cuando estos se encuentren estructurados según
el estándar DwC. Para cargar datos en el IPT,
debe contar con una cuenta de usuario en uno
de los IPT disponibles por el SiB Colombia. Si
aún no se tiene una cuenta, puede contactar al
Equipo Coordinador del SiB Colombia (EC-SiB)
y solicitarla a través del correo electrónico
sib@humboldt.org.co.
E. Mapear datos. Una vez se haya cargado el conjunto
de datos, se debe vericar que estén siendo leídos
en correspondencia con los elementos DwC. El
manual de usuario del IPT está disponible para
más información o se puede contactar al EC-SiB.
F. Creación de metadatos. La estructura de los
metadatos se parece en gran medida a un artículo
de investigación tradicional. Estos metadatos
mantienen la estructura general de un artículo de
datos y facilitan la generación del mismo. En la
sección Metadatos del IPT, se debe documentar
toda la información que permite dar un contexto
a los datos. En total hay 12 secciones para ingresar
información que describe el conjunto de datos. El
manual de usuario del IPT está disponible para
más información o se puede contactar al EC-SiB.
G. Publicar el recurso y noticar al EC-SiB. Una vez
completados los pasos anteriores, el IPT activará
la opción ‘Publicar’. Se debe hacer clic en este
botón y enviar un correo a sib@humboldt.org.co
para noticar al EC-SiB de su publicación.
El correo debe tener como asunto “Recurso
publicado” y contener:
- Nombre
- Nombre de organización
- Nombre del recurso publicado
- URL de la vista general del recurso después de
publicado
En este punto los datos serán indexados por el SiB
Colombia y GBIF, y contarán con un identicador
persistente DOI.
Paso 2
Generación del manuscrito para artículo de datos
usando el IPT
El IPT en el cual ha sido publicado el conjunto de
datos permite generar un manuscrito RTF que des-
cribe al conjunto de datos. El enlace al conjunto de
datos aparecerá en el manuscrito bajo el título “Data
published through GBIF”. A continuación se describe
el paso a paso para generar el manuscrito desde los
metadatos del conjunto de datos publicado a través
del SiB Colombia.
- En la página principal del recurso publicado a
través del IPT, se debe hacer clic sobre el botón
RTF para descargar una versión del manuscrito en
texto enriquecido que se puede abrir en cualquier
procesador de texto (por ej: Word) (Figura 2).
217
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guía para autores
- El manuscrito descargado se encuentra en
inglés. Los ajustes necesarios de acuerdo a los
lineamientos de la revista Biota Colombiana deben
ser realizados y la plantilla para artículos de datos
se puede descargar aquí.
- Una vez ajustado el manuscrito con los textos
adicionales, tablas y guras, puede ser sometido
a evaluación a través del portal en línea de la
revista, siguiendo los pasos de registro como
usuario. Todo el proceso editorial se desarrolla a
través de esa plataforma.
Paso 3
Ajustes y correcciones del manuscrito para artículos
de datos
Cuando el manuscrito ha sido sometido a evaluación,
este se somete a revisión por pares evaluadores
de acuerdo a los lineamientos establecidos por la
revista para evaluadores de artículos de datos.
Después de evaluado, y en caso de ser aceptado,
el manuscrito será devuelto al autor con los
comentarios de los revisores y del editor de la
revista con el objetivo de realizar las modicaciones
antes de publicar. Como autor, deberá realizar
todas las correcciones o adiciones recomendadas
directamente en los metadatos del IPT y no en el
manuscrito del artículo de datos. De esta forma se
mejoran también los metadatos del conjunto de
datos sometido.
Una vez se hayan mejorado los metadatos en el IPT,
se debe actualizar la publicación del recurso para
que los cambios se vean reejados. En la página
principal del recurso publicado a través del IPT,
ubique el botón RTF y haga clic sobre el mismo para
descargar una versión mejorada del manuscrito en
texto enriquecido que puede abrir nuevamente en
cualquier procesador de texto (por ej. Word).
Después de la re-inserción manual de los textos
adicionales y asegurarse que esta versión cumple
con los requerimientos de la revista, el manuscrito
debe ser enviado nuevamente a la revista.
Secciones de un artículo de datos
A diferencia de los otros tipos de manuscritos que
pueden ser sometidos a la revista Biota Colombiana,
los artículos de datos incluyen las secciones estipu-
ladas en la Tabla 1.
Figura 2. Los metadatos de una conjunto de datos, pueden ser descargados del
IPT como archivo RTF, la primera versión del manuscrito para someter a la re-
vista.
Guía para autores
218
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Nombre de la sección Correspondencia con los elementos del IPT
Título Derivado del elemento Título. Centrado sin punto al nal.
Autores
Derivado de los elementos Creador del recurso, Proveedor de los metadatos y Partes
asociadas. De estos elementos, se deriva la combinación nombre y apellido separados
por comas. Las aliaciones de los autores se indican con números (1, 2, 3…) al nal
de cada apellido como superíndice. Centrado.
Aliaciones
Derivado de los elementos Creador del recurso, Proveedor de los metadatos y Partes
asociadas. De estos elementos, la combinación de organización, dirección, código
postal, ciudad, país y correo electrónico, constituyen la aliación. Si dos o más autores
comparten la misma aliación, se indica con el mismo número.
Autores de contacto
Derivado de los elementos Creador del recurso y Proveedor de los metadatos. De estos
elementos, se deriva la combinación nombre, apellido y correo electrónico. Los correos
electrónicos son escritos en paréntesis. Si hay más de un autor como contacto,
estos van separados por comas. Si el Creador del recurso y Proveedor de los metadatos
es el mismo autor, el Creador del recurso se reeja como el autor de contacto. Texto
centrado.
Fechas de recibido, revisado,
aceptado y publicado
Insertadas manualmente por el Editor Asistente de la revista para indicar las
fechas de presentación original del manuscrito, revisión, aceptación y publicación
como un artículos de datos en Biota Colombiana.
Resumen Derivado del elemento descripción. El resumen debe incluirse tanto en español o
portugués como inglés.
Palabras Clave Derivadas del elemento palabras claves. Las palabras van separadas por comas. Las
palabras deben estar escritas tanto en español o portugués como inglés.
Introducción No se deriva de ningún elemento del GMP y debe ser adicionada manualmente.
Cobertura taxonómica Derivada de los elementos de la sección cobertura taxonómica: descripción, nombre
cientíco, nombre común y categoría.
Cobertura geográca Derivada de los elementos de la sección cobertura geográca: descripción, latitud
mínima, latitud máxima, longitud mínima, longitud máxima.
Cobertura temporal Derivada de los elementos de la sección cobertura temporal: fecha inicial y fecha
nal.
Descripción del proyecto Derivada de los elementos de la sección datos del proyecto: título, persona del
proyecto, fuentes de nanciación, descripción del área de estudio y descripción del diseño.
Descripción de la colección
biológica
Derivada de los elementos de la sección datos de la colección: nombre de la colección,
identicador de la colección, identicador de la colección parental, método de preservación
de los especímenes y unidades curatoriales.
Materiales y métodos Derivado de los elementos de la sección métodos de muestreo: área de estudio,
descripción del muestreo, control de calidad, descripción del paso metodológico.
Resultados ---
Descripción de los datos
Derivado de los elementos de la sección enlaces externos entre otros: nombre,
conjunto de caracteres, URL del archivo, formato del archivo, versión del formato del
archivo, fecha de publicación, idioma, derechos de propiedad intelectual. Puede adicionar
manualmente una descripción adicional de los datos como texto, guras y tablas.
Información adicional Derivado del elemento información adicional.
Discusión No se deriva de ningún elemento del GMP y debe ser adicionada manualmente,
enfocada en el potencial de uso de los datos en investigación, educación o toma de
decisiones.
Agradecimientos No se deriva de ningún elemento del GMP y debe ser adicionada manualmente.
Referencias Derivado del elemento referencia en bibliografía.
Tabla 1. Estructura del artículo de datos y su correspondencia con los elementos del GMP incorporados en el IPT.
219
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guidelines for authors
Guidelines for authors
(http://revistas.humboldt.org.co/index.php/biota)
Submitting a manuscript
Submitting a manuscript implies the explicit
statement by the author(s) that the paper has not
been published before, nor accepted for publication
in another journal or other means of scientic
diffusion. Contributions are entire responsibility
of the author(s) and not the Research Institute of
Biological Resources Alexander von Humboldt, or
the journal and their editors.
Papers can be written in Spanish, English or
Portuguese, and should not exceed the maximum
length of 40 pages (with paragraph lines spaced at
1.5) including tables, gures and appendices. Of
particular interest for this journal are descriptions
of new species for science, new geographic records,
thematic or regional species lists, inventories,
databases related to biodiversity, biological
collections and sampling reports.
Biota Colombiana receives scientic research articles,
as well as notes, reviews, bibliographic novelties and
data papers.
Manuscripts must be submitted through the online
platform of the journal (http://revistas.humboldt.
org.co/index.php/biota) as a registered user.
The complete editorial process is managed in this
platform.
Evaluation
Submitted manuscripts will be reviewed by at
least two qualied scientic peers. Results of the
peer revisions may include any of the following: a)
accepted (in this case it is assumed that no change,
omission or addition to the article is required and
may be published as presented.); b) conditional
acceptance (the article is accepted and recommended
for publication only if indicated corrections are made;
corrections may be minor and a second evaluation
is not necessary or major and a second evaluation
is necessary); and c) rejected (reviewer considers
that the contents and/or form of the paper are not
in accordance with requirements of publication
standards of Biota Colombiana). For a manuscript
to continue its editorial process, it must have been
accepted by at least two reviewers.
Preparation of Manuscript
Any word-processor program may be used to write
the text of the manuscript (Word is recommended).
Lists or any other type of table must be presented in
spreadsheets (Excel is recommended). To submit a
manuscript, a cover letter that clearly indicates the
following must be sent:
1. Full names, institutional liations, and e-mail
addresses of all authors. (Please note that email
addresses are essential to direct communication)
2. Complete title of the article
3. Names, sizes and types of les provided.
4. Concise and clear sustentation of why the presented
manuscript is in concordance with the type of
articles published in the journal. Such explanation
must not surpass a maximum of three lines.
5. List of the names and e-mail addresses of at
least four peers who are qualied to review the
manuscript.
**For information regarding the preparation of data papers,
continue to “Details for Data Papers-> Preparation of
Data Paper”
Guidelines for authors
220
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Use of Language
- Manuscripts that are sent to Biota Colombiana have
as a minimum requirement for consideration the
appropriate use of language in writing, regardless
if they are presented in Spanish, Portuguese or
English.
- The style should follow the common formalities
of scientic writing and be clear, concise and
cohesive.
- The use of guides for correct spelling, grammar
and style is recommended.
Format
- Texts must follow the format of standard letter
size paper, with 2.5 cm margins on all sides,
1.5-spaced and left-aligned paragraphs (including
title and bibliography).
- All pages must be numbered in the lower right
corner.
- Font must be Times New Roman or Arial, size
12, in all parts of the text, except tables (size
10). Manuscript must not exceed a maximum
length of 40 pages, including tables, gures and
appendices. Avoid the use of bold or underlined
font.
- Scientic names of genera, species and subspecies
must be in italics, as well as Latin technical terms
(i.e sensu, et al.). Avoid underlining any word or
title. Do not use footnotes.
- For abbreviations and the metric system, use the
standards of the International System of Units
(SI). Leave a space between the numeric value
and the measure unit (p.e. 16 km, 23 ºC). For
relative measures such as m/sec, use m.sec-1.
- Write the numbers between one to ten in letters
except when it precedes a measure unit (p.e.
9 cm) or is used as a marker (p.e. lot 2, sample
7). Numbers greater than ten must be written
in Arabic numerals. If in the paragraph both
numbers lesser than ten and greater than ten
appear, all should be written in Arabic numerals.
- Thousands, millions, etc. should not be separated
by commas nor periods (p. e. 54000). Use periods
to separate decimals (p. e. 3.1416). In Spanish, use
commas to separate decimals (p. e. 3,1416). Hours
should be represented in military time from 0:00
to 24:00.
- Years should be written without commas or
periods (p. e. 1996-1998). In English months and
days of the week are capitalized (January, July,
Saturday, Monday), whereas in Spanish the rst
letter of months and days of the week are written
with lower-case letters (enero, julio, sábado,
lunes).
- Cardinal points (north, south, east and west)
must be written in lower case letters, and only
be capitalized if used in abbreviation N, S, E, W
(O in Spanish) or as part of a proper name (p.
e. North Carolina). Correct use of coordinates
is: 02º37´53´´N-56º28´53´´O. Altitude should be
expressed as 1180 m a.s.l. and 1180 m s.n.m. in
Spanish.
- All abbreviations must be explained the rst time
they are used.
- When citing in-text references, follow APA citation
norms (American Psychological Association
Publications Manual, Sixth Edition). Include last
names of authors if there are only one or two
authors, or the rst author followed by et al. (in
italics) if there are three or more authors. In the
case of two authors, last names must be separated
by “&” (p. e. Cochran & Goin, 1970). In Spanish,
last names of two authors must be separated
by “y”. If many references are cited, they must
be ordered chronologically and separated by
semicolons (p. e. Rojas, 1978; Bailey et al., 1983;
Sephton, 2001, 2001). Notice that a comma must
be inserted after the authors and before the year
(Acevedo, 2009).
- Taxonomic references must not be included in the
nal list of Literature cited, but they must appear
in the text of the manuscript.
- Refer to all gures (graphs, diagrams, illustrations,
photos) and tables without abbreviation (p. e.
Figure 3, Table 1). All gures and tables should
have uniformity in font and letter size.
221
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guidelines for authors
- Figures must be clear and have a good quality.
Unnecessary complexities (such as 3D effects,
frames, etc.) should be avoided. If possible,
only use solid colors instead of textures. Letters,
numbers or symbols must be in legible sizes.
- All gures must be inserted in the text of the
manuscript and sent in a separate le in high
quality in the step of “Charge complementary
les”. For photos and digital gures, les must be
in tiff, jpg or png format in a resolution not lower
than 300 dpi.
- Tables and appendices must have a simple and
uniform structure. Footnotes in tables must be as
superscript letters. Avoid extensive tables with
too much information and dividing lines.
Parts of the Manuscript
** For information about the parts of data papers,
continue to “Details for Data Papers -> Parts of
Data Paper”.
- Submitted manuscripts must contain the
following sections: title, abstract and keywords
in English and Spanish, Introduction, Materials
and methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions
(optional), Acknowledgements (optional) and
Literature cited. At the end of the manuscript,
include a list with the tables, gures and
appendices.
- Sections subtitles must be written in bold, with
only the rst letter capitalized. If sections have
subtitles, they must be written in bold in the rst
line of the paragraph, separated by a period from
the beginning of the paragraph.
Title: concise and explanatory, must clearly
communicate what will be found in the article.
Abstract: a summary of the article, with a
maximum length of 200 words. It must include
the objectives, methods, results and major
conclusions of the study. If the article has a novel
or extraordinary nding, it must be highlighted
in this section. Abstracts must be written in two
languages: Spanish or Portuguese, and English.
Keywords: up to ve keywords. They must
be complementary to the title (not repeated)
and written in Spanish or Portuguese, and
English. Words must be separated by periods
and presented in alphabetical order. The use
of thesaurus to nd appropriate synonyms is
recommended.
Introduction: presentation of the topic, with
enough context to support the rest of the article.
The main purpose or objective of the study must
be made explicit in this section.
Materials and methods: a detailed description
of the procedure, with materials, location, dates,
statistics, etc. This description must be sufciently
detailed so that other researchers may replicate
the study. If a novel procedure is used, it must be
thoroughly explained.
Results: presents major ndings in an organized
and appropriate manner. Avoids the use of
excessively long tables.
Discussion: most relevant, troublesome or novel
points of the study are highlighted, and major
results are explained in relation to the importance
of the study and contributions to its eld.
Conclusions: nal reections about the study,
with a clear relation to its purpose and objectives,
frequently pointing towards future actions and
research.
Acknowledgements: Straightfoward and short
paragraph between text of manuscript and
Literature cited. Mention funding or support of
the project. Avoid titles such as Dr., Lic., etc.
Literature cited: Follow APA citation norms
(American Psychological Association Publications
Manual, Sixth Edition). List of references must
only include those that are cited within the text.
Order the references in alphabetical order, and
chronologically in the case of a sole author. If
there are many references of a same author (s) in
the same year, add letters a, b, c, etc. to the year.
Do not abbreviate names of journals. Include all
authors. This section must be at the end of the
manuscript.
Guidelines for authors
222
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Citation examples
Article in journals:
Antonelli, A., Nylander, J. A., Persson, C. &
Sanmartín, I. (2009). Tracing the impact of the
Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
106(24): 9749-9754.
Books:
Gutiérrez, F. P. (2010). Los recursos hidrobiológicos
y pesqueros en Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de
Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von
Humboldt. 118 pp.
Thesis:
Cipamocha, C. A. (2002). Caracterización de especies
y evaluación tróca de la subienda de peces en el raudal
Chorro de Córdoba, bajo río Caquetá, Amazonas, Colombia.
(Thesis). Bogotá D. C.: Universidad Nacional de
Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de
Biología.
Technical reports:
Andrade, G. I. (2010). Gestión del conocimiento
para la gestión de la biodiversidad: bases conceptuales
y propuesta programática para la reingeniería del
Instituto Humboldt. (Technical report). Instituto de
Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von
Humboldt. Bogotá D. C., 80 pp.
Book or report chapter:
Fernández F., Palacio, E. E. & MacKay, W. P.
(1996). Introducción al estudio de las hormigas
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. In Amat,
G. D., Andrade, G. & Fernández, F. (Eds.). Insectos de
Colombia. Estudios Escogidos. Pp: 349-412. Bogotá:
Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas
y Naturales & Centro Editorial Javeriano.
Congress, symposium or workshop summary:
Señaris, J. C. (2001). Distribución geográca y
utilización del hábitat de las ranas de cristal
(Anura; Centrolenidae) en Venezuela. Presented in
Programa y Libro de Resúmenes del IV Congreso
Venezolano de Ecología, Mérida, Venezuela. p. 124.
Law or decree:
Congreso de Colombia. (February 8th 1994) Ley
General de Educación. [Ley 115 de 1994]. DO: 41.214.
Web pages:
Must be clearly included in the text of the
manuscript, but not be included in Literature cited
section.
Details for Data Papers
A Data Paper is a type of scientic publication
that was designed to stimulate the publication
of biodiversity data. Data Papers give academic
and professional acknowledgement to those who
intervene, in one way or another, in the management
of information about biodiversity, as well as
highlight the existence and importance of data sets
to the rest of the scientic community.
As its name suggests, a Data Paper describes a
primary data set. Although a Data Paper is not,
strictly speaking, a scientic investigation, it must
contain relevant information about the data set
(objectives, methods for data collection, funding,
taxonomic and geographic coverage, etc.), along
with its value and utility (basic or applied) for the
scientic community (Chavan & Penev, 2011)1.
The great advantage and novelty of this type
of manuscript is that it is linked to the data set
through a stable and trustworthy repository, the IPT
(Integrated Publishing Toolkit). Also, the data set is
supported by metadata also available through the
IPT and linked to the Data Paper.
A Data Paper must be submitted only when the
linked data are primary and original data that have
a temporal and methodological restriction and are
available in data aggregators such as SiB Colombia
and GBIF. Data must be able to follow the Darwin
Core (DwC) standard. Examples of such data sets
include:
- Project observations
- Biological collections
- Species lists
1 Chavan, V. y Penev, L. (2011). e data paper: e
mechanism to incentivize data publishing in biodiversity
science. BMC Bioinformatics 2011, 12(Sup. 15): S2
223
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guidelines for authors
- Genomic data
- Samples
- Inventories
- Databases
- Functional traits
Data sets that do not comply with the characteristics
mentioned above will not be accepted for publica-
tion as a Data Paper. Such is the case of compila-
tions of biological records that come from secondary
sources (p. e. from published literature).
Preparation of Data Paper (publication
of data and creation of manuscript)
Since the purpose of a Data Paper is to describe all
available data resources regarding biodiversity, it
must always be linked to the data set it describes
through an URL or DOI.
Information about how to generate and submit
a manuscript in order for it to be considered as a
Data Paper by using the tools and publication model
of SiB Colombia is found below. It must be noted,
however, that Biota Colombiana also accepts Data Pa-
pers that link to data sets published in other known
platforms as long as it is linked to a trustworthy re-
pository and has an IPT link. The parts of a Data
Paper manuscript are described in Table 1.
As other types of manuscripts that are submitted to
the journal, Data Papers will be reviewed by peers
and must comply with the same format specications,
citation norms and use of language. Similarly, Data
Papers must also be presented with a cover letter,
as mentioned in the present Guidelines for authors.
Have in mind that as soon as the manuscript is
submitted and under evaluation, described data
must be available in a public online repository with
an adequate license of use and attribution.
Step 1
Data publication in SiB Colombia
SiB Colombia uses a publication model pased on
the IPT as its working tool. Using the IPT, the rst
version of the manuscript may be generated in
rich text format (RTF), based on its associated
metadata. This tool is available as long as the
data set has been indexed by SiB Colombia and
sufcient metadata are linked (more information
on publication process of SiB Colombia may be
consulted in https://www.sibcolombia.net/).
A. Registration of organisation. To publish
through SiB Colombia, your organisation must
be registered as a publishing partner. Consult
this link to nd already registered organisations.
If your organisation is not registered, adding an
organisation is easy through the Registration
Format.
Figura 1. General process to submit a Data Paper from SiB Colombia to the journal
Biota Colombiana.
Guidelines for authors
224
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
B. Data standardization. Data must be structured
in a table using the Darwin Core (DwC) standard.
Download respective template that is appropriate
for type of data or generate your template.
C. Data quality. Data quality must be veried and
improved using available tools to identify and
correct possible geographical, taxonomic or
format errors, among others.
D. Online upload of data. IPT is a tool that shares
different types of biodiversity data as long as
data is structured using DwC standard. To upload
data to the IPT, you must have an existing user
account in the available IPT of SiB Colombia.
If you do not have an account, you may contact
the SiB Colombia Coordinating Team (EC-SiB)
and request an account to the email address
sib@humboldt.org.co.
E. Data mapping. Once the data set is uploaded,
verify that it follows DwC elements. For more
information, consult the IPT User Manual or
contact EC-SiB.
F. Creation of metadata. Metadata structure is
similar to that of a traditional research article. In
this way, metadata has the same general structure
of a Data Paper and thus facilitate the generation
of the manuscript. In the metadata section of the
IPT, all information that broadens the context
of data must be included. There is a total of
12 sections to add information as metadata to
describe the data set. For more information,
consult the IPT User Manual or contact EC-SiB.
G. Publish resource and notify EC-SiB. Once all
previous instructions are completed, IPT will be
activate the “Publish” option. Click on the button
and send an e-mail to sib@humboldt.org.co in
order to notify EC-SiB about your publication.
The e-mail must have as subject “Published
resource” and include:
- Name
- Name of organisation
- Name of published resource
- URL of general view of resource after
publication
Now data are indexed by SiB Colombia and GBIF,
and have a digital object identier, DOI.
Step 2
Creation of manuscript for submission as Data
Paper through IPT
The IPT used for publishing the data set generates a
RTF manuscript that describes the data set. The link
to the data set in the manuscript appears under the
title “Data published through GBIF”. Here you will
nd step by step information about how to generate
a manuscript based on the data set metadata
published in SiB Colombia.
- On the resource homepage published in IPT, click
on the RTF button to download the rst version of
the manuscript in rich text format, which may be
opened in any text processor (p. e. Word) (Figure 2).
- Downloaded manuscript is in English. Necessary
corrections to follow Biota Colombiana guidelines
must be completed on the template. Data Papers
template may be downloaded here.
- Once the manuscript is adjusted with additional
text, tables and gures, it may be submitted to
the journal Biota Colombiana through its online
platform, following steps of registry as a user. The
complete editorial process is developed through
this platform.
Step 3
Adjustments and corrections of manuscript for
data paper
When a manuscript is submitted as a Data Paper,
it will go through the same peer review process as
other articles of the journal, with specications for
Data Paper evaluation.
After evaluation, and if the manuscript is accepted,
it will be returned to the author with the comments
of reviewers and the journal’s Editor so that
respective modications may be incorporated.
225
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Guidelines for authors
As the author, you should do all corrections or
modications directly on the IPT metadata and not
on the manuscript. In this way, the metadata of the
linked data set are also improved by the peer review
and editorial comments.
Once metadata in the IPT are improved, the
resource publication must be updated so the
changes are reected. On the resource homepage of
the published resource, click on the RTF button to
download the improved version of the manuscript
in rich text format that may be opened in any type
of text processor (p. e. Word).
After the manual changes of additional text,
gures and tables, and the corroboration that the
manuscript follows all of the journal’s requirements,
it must be sent again through the online platform of
Biota Colombiana.
Parts of a Data Paper
Data Papers differ from other articles that are publi-
shed in the journal Biota Colombiana in the sections it
should include and are mentioned in Table 1.
Figure 2. Metadata of a data set may be downloaded from the IPT as a RTF le,
giving the rst version of the manuscript that will be submitted to the journal.
Guidelines for authors
226
Biota ColomBiana 19 (Sup. 1) - 2018
Table 1. Structure of a Data Paper and correspondence with GMP elements of IPT.
Name of section Correspondence with IPT elements
Title Derived from the element Title. Centered and without period at the end.
Authors
Derived from the elements Resource creators, Metadata providers and Associated Parties.
From the elements, the combination of name and last name, separated by a coma, is
created. Author afliations are indicated with numbers (1, 2, 3…) at the end of each last
name with a superscript. Centered.
Afliations
Derived from the elements Resource creators, Metadata providers and Associated Parties.
From these elements, the combination of organisation, address, postal code, city, country
and email address constitute the complete afliation. If one or more authors share the
same afliation, it is represented with the same number.
Contact
Derived from the elements Resource creators and Metadata providers. From the elements,
the combination of name, last name, and email address is created. Email addresses are
inside parentheses. If there is more than one author as contact, authors are separated
by comas. If the Resource creator and Metadata provider is the same author, the Resource
creator is assumed to be the contact. Text is centered.
Dates of received,
revised, accepted and
published
Manually incorporated by the editorial assistant of the journal to indicate respective dates
of when the manuscript was received, revised, accepted and published as a Data Paper in
Biota Colombiana.
Abstract Derived from the element description. Abstract must be included in Spanish or
Portuguese, and English.
Keywords Derived from the element keywords. Words are separated by comas. Keywords must be
written in Spanish or Portuguese, and English.
Introduction Not derived and must be added by the authors manually.
Taxonomic coverage Derived from section of taxonomic coverage: description, scientic names, common names
and category.
Geographic coverage Derived from section of geographic coverage: description, minimum latitude, maximum
latitude, minimum longitude, maximum longitude.
Temporal coverage Derived from section of temporal coverage: description, start date, end date.
Project description Derived from section of project data: title, project personnel, funding, study area description,
design description.
Collection data Derived from section of collection data: name of collection, collection identier, parental
collection identier, specimen preservation methods, curatorial units.
Materials and methods Derived from section of sampling methods: study extent, study description, quality control,
step description.
Results ---
Data description Derived from external links, among others: name, le URL, le format, version of le format,
publication date, language, copyright. An additional description of data such as text, gures
and tables may be added.
Additional information Derived from element of additional information.
Discussion Not derived and must be added by the authors manually.
Acknowledgements Not derived and must be added by the authors manually.
Literature cited Derived from element of citations.
1
3
10
17
29
45
60
65
84
95
117
131
160
191
211
205
Editorial
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Una nueva especie de barniz de pasto Elaeagia (Rubiaceae), de la cordillera Oriental de Colombia. A new species of Elaeagia
(Rubiaceae) from the cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Humberto Mendoza-Cifuentes y José Aguilar-Cano
............................................
Una nueva especie de Allomaieta (Melastomataceae – Cyphostyleae) del piedemonte amazónico de los Andes de Colombia.
A
new species of Allomaieta (Melastomataceae-Cyphostyleae) from the Amazonian foothills of the Colombian Andes.
Humberto
Mendoza-Cifuentes
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Dos nuevas especies de Miconia (Melastomataceae) del piedemonte oriental de la cordillera Central de Antioquia, Colombia.
Two new species of Miconia (Melastomataceae) from the eastern foothills of the Cordillera Central of Antioquia, Colombia.
Humberto Mendoza-Cifuentes, Julián Aguirre-Santoro y Álvaro Idárraga
........................................................................................................
Dos nuevas especies de árboles molinillo (Magnolia: Magnoliaceae) de la serranía de los Yariguíes, departamento de Santander,
Colombia.
Two new species of “molinillo” tree (Magnolia: Magnoliaceae) from Serranía de los Yariguíes, Santander, Colombia.
José Aguilar-Cano, Humberto Mendoza-Cifuentes y Melisa Ayala-Joya
............................................................................................................
Catálogo de la ora de los Parques Nacionales de Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural El Tuparro. Catalogue of the ora of the
National Natural Parks of Colombia: El Tuparro National Natural Park. Humberto Mendoza-Cifuentes y Mireya P. Córdoba-Sánchez
.
Primer registro del efemeróptero Oligoneuria (Oligoneurioides) amazonica (Demoulin, 1955) (Insecta: Ephemeroptera,
Oligoneuriidae) para Colombia. First record of Mayy Oligoneuria (Oligoneurioides) amazonica (Demoulin, 1955) (Insecta:
Ephemeroptera, Oligoneuriidae) from Colombia. Cristian E. Granados-Martínez, Carlos A. Lasso y Juan M. Fuentes-Reinés
.................
Variaciones morfológicas y algunas notas bioecológicas del cangrejo de agua dulce Neostrengeria charalensis Campos y
Rodríguez, 1985 (Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae), en ambientes exo y endocársticos de los Andes colombianos. Morphological
variations and some bioecological notes of the freshwater crab Neostrengeria charalensis Campos & Rodríguez, 1985 (Decapoda:
Pseudothelphusidae), in exo and endocárstic environments of the Colombian Andes. Martha R. Campos, Ada Acevedo, Carlos A.
Lasso y Jesús Fernández-Auderset
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Ectoparásitos (Argulidae, Cymothoidae, Corallanidae) en rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de la Orinoquia colombiana.
Ectoparasites (Argulidae, Cymothoidae, Corallanidae) in freshwater rays (Potamotrygonidae) of the Colombian Orinoquia.
Carlos A. Lasso, Martha R. Campos, Mónica A. Morales-Betancourt y David Castro
......................................................................................
Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) a new species of hipogean catsh from the Colombian Andes.
Trichomycterus rosablanca (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) una especie nueva de bagre hipogeo de los Andes colombianos. Lina
M. Mesa S., Carlos A. Lasso, Luz E. Ochoa y Carlos DoNascimiento
................................................................................................................
A new species of cave catsh, genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), from the Magdalena River system,
Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Una nueva especie de bagre de caverna, género Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae),
del sistema río Magdalena, cordillera Oriental, Colombia. César A. Castellanos-Morales
.......................................................................
Una nueva rana de huesos verdes del género Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) asociada a los bosques subandinos de la cuenca del río
Magdalena, Colombia. A new frog with green bones of the genus Scinax (Anura: Hylidae), associated with the sub-Andean
forests of the Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Andrés R. Acosta-Galvis
................................................................................................
Una nueva rana nodriza (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de los bosques de niebla asociados a la cuenca del Orinoco de Colombia. A new
nurse frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the cloud forests of the Orinoco basin of Colombia. Andrés R. Acosta-Galvis y Adrián Pinzón
Notas
Nuevos registros de plantas acuáticas para la región Guayana y notas sobre las islas otantes en el río Guaviare, Guainía,
Colombia. New records of aquatic plants from the Guayana region in Colombia, with notes on oating islands in the Guaviare
River, Guainía. Anabel Rial
................................................................................................................................................................................
Primer registro del hemíptero Strudivelia cinctipes Champion, 1898 (Hemiptera: Veliidae) para ambientes cavernícolas de
Colombia. First record of the hemiptera Strudivelia cinctipes Champion, 1898 (Hemiptera: Veliidae) for cave environments in
Colombia. Hernán Aristizábal-García, Natalia Herreño-Castellanos
y Carlos A. Lasso
...........................................................................
Guía para autores. Guidelines for authors
.....................................................................................................................................................
Biota Colombiana Vol. 19 (Sup. 1) - Colombia Bio y otras novedades científicas - Junio 2018
Una publicación del /A publication of: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt
En asocio con /In collaboration with:
Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar
Missouri Botanical Garden
Biota Colombiana
Volumen 19 (Sup. 1) - Colombia Bio y otras novedades cientícas
TABLA DE CONTENIDO/
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BIOTA COLOMBIANA
ISSN impreso 0124-5376
ISSN digital 2539200X
DOI 10.21068/c001
Volumen 19 Suplemento 1 junio de 2018
Colombia BIO y otras novedades cientícas
BIOTA COLOMBIANA
ISSN impreso 0124-5376
ISSN digital 2539-200X
DOI 10.21068/c001
Volumen 19 Suplemento 1 Junio de 2018
Colombia Bio y otras novedades cientícas
Una nueva especie de
Elaeagia
en honor a la paz
Primeros registros
Hemípteros, efemerópteros, crustáceos
ectoparásitos y plantas acuáticas
Nuevas especies de plantas
(Allomaieta,
Miconia, Magnolia), peces (Trichomycterus) y
ranas (Scinax, Hyloxalus)
