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... In planning studies, conceptions of justice are inevitably related to places and spaces. Hence, we concur with Soja (2009Soja ( , 2010 in saying that it is important to foreground 'the spatial' as a way of investigating the causes and implications of social justice. In this respect, Madanipour et al. (2022, p. 810) note that 'if the concept of spatial justice is emptied of its social content, it loses its meaning and turns into an empty abstraction. ...
... Moroni (2020, p. 255), for instance, agrees that 'space is certainly relevant', but argues that the justness of the underlying public institutional framework is decisive as regards whether the normative ideal of a just city is achievable or not. Soja (2009Soja ( , 2010, on the contrary, underscores that it is crucial to foreground the spatial as a way of investigating the causes and implications of social justice. He further argues that [s]patial (in)justice can be seen as both outcome and process, as geographies or distributional patterns that are in themselves just/unjust and as the processes that produce these outcomes. ...
... (Soja, 2009, p. 3) This quote underlines that planning, like many other public interventions in the world of politics, normally has to cope with the justness of both outcomes and processes. Therefore, drawing on Soja (2009Soja ( , 2010 and Madanipour et al. (2023), in this paper we use the term spatial justice instead of social justice as it articulates the inclusion of two essential, what we call in the following, dimensions of justice, namely the justness of processes and outcomes within a specific local context (see Figure 1). ...
... Critical Race Spatial Analysis ritical race spatial analysis (CRSA) seeks to expand interrogations of the historical and social constructions of race and racism by foregrounding spatial dimensions of injustice.This work builds on a tradition of critiquing the ideological and racialized implications of space that date back to Du Bois (1903Bois ( /2017 and embraces Soja's (2009Soja's ( , 2010 concept of spatial justice. Soja argues for geographers to move away from seeing space as a "container or stage of human activity or merely the physical dimensions of fixed form, to an active force shaping human life" (p. 2) and promotes the notion that physical and social aspects of space shape one another in a socio-spatial dialectic. ...
... Critical Race Spatial Analysis ritical race spatial analysis (CRSA) seeks to expand interrogations of the historical and social constructions of race and racism by foregrounding spatial dimensions of injustice.This work builds on a tradition of critiquing the ideological and racialized implications of space that date back to Du Bois (1903Bois ( /2017 and embraces Soja's (2009Soja's ( , 2010 concept of spatial justice. Soja argues for geographers to move away from seeing space as a "container or stage of human activity or merely the physical dimensions of fixed form, to an active force shaping human life" (p. 2) and promotes the notion that physical and social aspects of space shape one another in a socio-spatial dialectic. ...
... Early readers of that study suggested these representations of space would be better utilized if conceived of as data related to the socio-spatial environment of the region, rather than as simple background. Following this advice, Bohonos began exploring the literature around Spatial Justice (Soja, 2008), CRSA (Vélez & Solórzano, 2017) and Contact Zones (Pratt, 1991) and reconceptualizing his writing about space in more analytical terms. Serendipitous discussions with the Duff led to the realization that his years of ethnographic work in the same region would allow him to contribute additional layers of both narrative data and analysis. ...
Adult education practice is informed by the geographic spaces in which learning centers are located and in which outreach activities take place. Throughout American history practices such as redlining, lynching, zoning, and police brutality have been used to enforce racial segregation (Loewen, 2005; Rothstein, 2018). Thus, segregated spaces are products of white supremacy which complicate the work of adult education. The purpose of this paper is to explore how white supremacies shaping of spaces in the Midwest effects adult educators working for social justice.
... S. Fainstein 2010S. S. Fainstein , 2014Harvey 1973;Healey 1997;Marcuse 2015;Marcuse et al. 2009;Sandercock 1998;Soja 2009Soja , 2010. ...
... The structuralists' definition of social justice is rooted in a critique of the political and economic structures of the capitalist system (e.g., Harvey 1973;Lefebvre 1996;Marcuse 2009aMarcuse , 2009bMcDougall 1982;Soja 2009). Although traditional Marxism does not explicitly explain the concept of social justice, by focusing on the mode of economic production, it conceptualizes it in the form of eliminating inequalities and attributes inequalities to the way social work is divided (Marx 2011). ...
... Another reading of justice that stems from the political economy perspective is the concept of "spatial justice." Here, space is a central element in defining justice (Dikeç 2001(Dikeç , 2009(Dikeç , 2012Marcuse 2009b;Soja 2009Soja , 2010. The concept of spatial justice shows how the imbalance of economic and political power in the accumulation of capital steps into the spatial domains and how the resulting social space exacerbates this inequality (Harvey and Potter 2009;Parker 2015). ...
“Social justice” and “public interest” have traditionally been fundamental concepts for most planning theories. The planning
literature about these concepts has become a complex set of interpretations that make it difficult to explain the relationship
between the two concepts. The current article attempts to shed light on this conceptual confusion about the relationship
between these concepts by using the meta-synthesis method. This meta-synthesis leads to the identification of four distinct
perspectives “Utilitarians,” “Democratic Proceduralists,” “Structuralists,” and “Post-structuralists.” Each of which places
them in different positions from each other according to their distinct definitions of these concepts.
... Para compreendê-la, é preciso entender o processo de reprodução do espaço geográfico (RIBEIRO, 2017). Soja (2009;2010) afirma que o "desenvolvimento geográfico desigual" é um aspecto que contribui para a criação e manutenção de desigualdades sociais e individuais e, portanto, de injustiças socioespaciais. A (in)justiça espacial refere-se, assim, a uma ênfase aos aspectos espaciais e/ou geográficos da justiça e da injustiça, envolvendo a distribuição e o acesso justo e equivalente de recursos socialmente valorizados, podendo ser interpretada tanto como um resultado quanto como um processo, como geografias ou padrões distributivos que são justos/injustos e como os processos que produzem esse resultado (SOJA, 2009;2010 A justiça ambiental versa sobre como os efeitos do modo de produção hegemônico afetam de modo distinto diferentes grupos sociais (RIBEIRO, 2017). ...
... Soja (2009;2010) afirma que o "desenvolvimento geográfico desigual" é um aspecto que contribui para a criação e manutenção de desigualdades sociais e individuais e, portanto, de injustiças socioespaciais. A (in)justiça espacial refere-se, assim, a uma ênfase aos aspectos espaciais e/ou geográficos da justiça e da injustiça, envolvendo a distribuição e o acesso justo e equivalente de recursos socialmente valorizados, podendo ser interpretada tanto como um resultado quanto como um processo, como geografias ou padrões distributivos que são justos/injustos e como os processos que produzem esse resultado (SOJA, 2009;2010 A justiça ambiental versa sobre como os efeitos do modo de produção hegemônico afetam de modo distinto diferentes grupos sociais (RIBEIRO, 2017). Através desses casos, que não são "exceção da regra", é possível visualizar que há um direcionamento de danos ambientais provenientes de atividades econômicas produtivas sobre grupos sociais historicamente marginalizados, possuindo um diferencial menor em relação à mobilidade, visto que os mais ricos conseguiriam escapar dos riscos ambientais dispostos a eles e os mais pobres circulariam, então, em um circuito de risco (ACSERALD, 2010). ...
O presente artigo utiliza a construção social de problemas ambientais como proposta para discutir os problemas ambientais que são socialmente construídos no município de Três Rios-RJ. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar as principais reivindicações ambientais dos moradores do bairro Rua Direita, em Três Rios, que é um bairro periférico que contém em seu território diversas fontes potenciais de poluição ambiental, incluindo diversas indústrias, o antigo lixão municipal e o novo aterro sanitário. Buscou-se verificar como a população interpreta a espacialidade desses problemas ambientais e avaliar a produção de injustiça espacial no local. Para isso, foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os moradores do bairro. Doze entrevistas foram realizadas e o principal problema ambiental identificado foi o aterro sanitário. A partir da operação do aterro, foi identificada a geração de chorume e o seu lançamento nos corpos hídricos do bairro. A população está exposta aos impactos ambientais do chorume. A decisão locacional de concentrar diversas atividades poluidoras no mesmo bairro revela a produção de uma zona de sacrifício dentro do município de Três Rios. O aterro sanitário, então, aparece como um promotor de injustiça espacial e ambiental com anuência do poder público.
... Spatial justice, as analytical framework, has twin roots in the Marxist urban geography of David Harvey, including concerns with 'territorial justice' in the distribution of resources, and in the radical urban sociology of Henri Lefebvre, particularly his notion of the 'right to the city' that focuses more on questions of justice in the participation of individuals in the production of space. These two dimensions were woven together in later work by geographers including Gordon Pirie (1983), Mustafa Dikeç (2001), and especially Ed Soja (2009Soja ( , 2010. Throughout this evolution, the primary focus of spatial justice scholarship remained on the city, which Soja (2010) positioned as the crucible of struggles over social justice embedded in uneven geographies. ...
... Spatial justice, as analytical framework, has twin roots in the Marxist urban geography of David Harvey, including concerns with 'territorial justice' in the distribution of resources, and in the radical urban sociology of Henri Lefebvre, particularly his notion of the 'right to the city' that focuses more on questions of justice in the participation of individuals in the production of space. These two dimensions were woven together in later work by geographers including Gordon Pirie (1983), Mustafa Dikeç (2001), and especially Ed Soja (2009Soja ( , 2010. Throughout this evolution, the primary focus of spatial justice scholarship remained on the city, which Soja (2010) positioned as the crucible of struggles over social justice embedded in uneven geographies. ...
This paper examines patterns of rural-urban inequality in Europe. Econometric analysis of quantitative data, new large-n survey data, and stakeholder interviews are utilised, revealing a broad trajectory of convergence between rural and urban areas that is cross-cut by pockets of persistent disadvantage and by contrasts between different parts of Europe. The paper employs the concept of spatial justice to consider the factors shaping these patterns and their political effects. It shows that while EU programmes have had some impact on material measures of inequality, perceived spatial injustice remains, creating opportunities for disruptive political movements.
... Edward Soja (2000) points out that in today's cities, many things are standardized to create a global city image, and that we are increasingly creating "cities of simulacra" that resemble each other, but where the reality is known that this is not the case. The resulting simulacra society blunts the experience of a Flenaur wandering around the city and obscures his urban-spatial memory (Benjamin, 2012). ...
... Simultaneously, in recent years, thinking about space has changed dramatically, from a flat cartographic concept of space as a stage for human activity or as merely the physical dimensions of a fixed form, to an active force shaping human life. Consequently, a new focus on urban spatial causality has emerged to investigate the generative impact of urban environments not only on everyday behaviour but also on processes such as technological innovation, artistic creation, economic development, social change, as well as environmental degradation, social polarisation, growing income disparities, and the production of justice and injustice [2]. Thus, urban researchers began to use the term spatial justice, which is gaining increased importance in the context of neo-liberal urban policies [1]. ...
For successful and efficient participatory planning, continuous improvement and assessment of its tools is needed. The aim of this research is to summarize the methodologies, process, and results of the participatory workshops carried out within the framework of the Genius Loci project implemented in the Šančiai neighbourhood (Kaunas, Lithuania), and to draw conclusions and insights on the effectiveness, advantages, and possibilities of using urban theories and approaches, such as mental mapping, sociotope methodology, and pattern language in participatory planning tools. The possibilities of application of the design thinking approach in facilitating the process and improving user experience are also discussed. The article includes a brief introduction to the activities of the Genius Loci project with the following focus on workshops, their methodologies, processes, and outcomes from the point of view of urban theories applied. The main outcome is the summary table demonstrating features of participatory tools (workshop sessions), elements of urban theories applied, and their evaluation followed by conclusions.
... The experiences pertaining to encounters with the various dimensions are informative to perceptions of fairness and equity of socially valued resources (i.e. spatial justice see Soja, 2009). Such experiences pertaining to the physical (i.e. ...
Social space production theorizes space as a socially constructed phenomenon, comprising of the expectations of society, technical design decisions, and the physical features that result. This theorization of space is especially relevant to recreational public spaces (e.g. parks, playgrounds, community centres) in low-income settings. This is because, the power linkages between technical decisions and neo-capitalist influence, have in some instances, translated to physical features for recreation that do not meet societal expectations or ideals on use. However, recognized opportunities of use (i.e. perceived accessibility) are yet to be examined through the physical, technical, and social facets that collectively guide considerations, as theorized in social space production. Our study hence adopts social space production as a lens to examine perceived accessibility to public recreational spaces in low-income residential contexts. Participatory mapping interviews with resident leads in a low-income residential context in the United States, revealed three thematic considerations. The themes were namely: physical ease of use, planning and design experiences, and social interactions with and within space. Our findings demonstrate that multifaceted considerations, which are pertinent to physical, technical, and social aspects of social space production, are informative to perceived accessibility.
... Rather, the elected officials preach equity and equality in the distribution of public resources which is only a lip service undertaken mainly to win elections. These events are mainly in stark contrast to the ideals of spatial justice, good governance, and effective planning premised on accountability and good moral values by the institutions as explained by Moroni (2020) and Soja (2009) in the perspectives on spatial justice. ...
The ideals and fundamentals of urban planning are largely to ensure habitable and liveable environments for the citizens. However, while planning is an apolitical profession that is supposed to advance human well-being and urban liveability, we argue that the planning process has been compromised by political interference that jeorpadises the realisation of the envisaged planning outcomes. Applying an exploratory qualitative research design in the context of Harare, Zimbabwe, this article interrogates the nexus between politics, ethics and urban planning, focusing on the provision of land and space. The article uses a desktop study with literature and document review as the major methods of reference to explore the nexus in land provision and ethics. The findings of the study show that land barons are exploiting the hard-earned monies of the desperate Harare residents together with the space barons who take advantage of the street vendors. Therefore, this article recommends the resuscitation of ethics and values in urban management to foster fairness and satisfy the public good.
... Further, (Soja, 2013) believes that office is space and space is geography or spatiality and the justice of spatiality needs to be examined hence the theory of spatial justice. Spatial justice involves "the fair and equitable distribution in space of socially valued resources and opportunities to use them" (Soja, 2009). The space we live in can have negative as well as positive consequences on everything we do. ...
ARTICLE INFO The primary focus of this study was to explore the experiences of academics in relation to the challenges they face regarding office space. This paper was underpinned by the qualitative exploratory research design within the interpretivist philosophy. This paper explores the varied expressions of participants (three lecturers, two senior lecturers, three associate professors, four full professors, and three managers) through semi-structured interviews on how they characterize spatial challenges in their selected universities. In its examination, I undergirded the thesis of this paper on the social justice theory and on the concept of space as espoused by Lefebre (2004). In addition, extant literature on the epistemology of academic space and academic performance was intensively evaluated. The result of this study provides a glimpse of the socially just challenges academics face regarding office space. This study is of significance because there is scarcity of research on the comparison of office space provision in relation to selected universities in the Sub-Saharan region. In addressing this scholarly gap, the paper provides insights in the epistemology of space, social justice, and academic performance and how space can disrupt the academic agenda. This is an open access article under CC-BY-NC 4.0 license.
... From the infrastructural point of view, the expansion of broadband technology is significantly driven by private-sector firms focused on developing infrastructure and selling subscription services where the number of potential customers is higher, potentially strengthening pre-existing inequalities across territories and population groups. On the other hand, according to the political priorities of the administrations, recent years have witnessed the deployment of international, national, and local programmes and funds which might either exacerbate inequalities (Soja 2009) or reduce the digital divide (Graham 2005; Valenzuela-Levi 2021; Graham and Mann 2013), and favour agglomeration economies or convergence (Picot and Wernick 2007;van Winden and Woets 2004). ...
Urbanisation and digitalisation are two of the megatrends characterising contemporary human society. Digital broadband access is an essential enabler, and despite its large growth potential, it can differ across territories. Taking a comparative approach from a global perspective, this chapter studies the relationship between urbanisation and digitalisation by looking at the quality of broadband access in urban centres using geospatial data processing. It is based on a combination of open and free data sourced from earth observation (Copernicus and Landsat programmes) to map and classify human settlements, with social sensing data to assess broadband quality with open data released by Ookla® at the grid level. We analyse the database in a stratified way to identify whether urban centres in high-income countries are better in terms of broadband connectivity compared to those in developing economies; whether urban centre population size is an advantage in the regions of the world where connectivity is low; and whether urban centres that have experienced stronger population growth in recent years display an advantage in terms of digitalisation. This work sheds light on the nature and type of deprivation related to uneven access to infrastructure, especially digital ones. The results indicate significant geographical and income disparities in terms of internet download speeds across the world. The performance of mobile and fixed broadband connectivity is different, and mobile connectivity offers a higher performance alternative to fixed networks in less affluent countries.
... This approach interlinks therefore concerns of recognizing and representing diversity of groups and individuals, and efforts directed at the visibility and inclusion of marginalized groups, with issues of economic development and right to the city. In this sense, this notion refers to the relation between spatial dynamics and justice that translates into 'the fair and equitable distribution in space of socially valued resources and the opportunities to use them' (Soja, 2009). The nub is whether we can continue to celebrate diversity through identity and recognition policies without taking into account inhabitants' fundamental rights, such as housing, public transport, and other social services that imply giving priority to notions of equity and spatial justice. ...
Drawing on literature emphasising circulation modalities of urban diversity policies and its (dis)connection with issues of socio-spatial inequalities, this chapter seeks to demonstrate the complexity of urban diversity as a locus of negotiation and tension between diverse social and political players. In the cities of both the Global South and the Global North, whether under authoritarian regimes or liberal democracies, the undeniable fact of diversity is now an integral feature of political discourse and action. However, the political use – instrumentalisation, even – of urban diversity is often selective, partial, and sometimes discriminatory: experiences seen by inhabitants as being cosmopolitan and diverse are not always those recognised and valued by urban governance. The tension between a political vision of diversity and diversity as experienced from below, on a day-to-day basis, can contribute to processes aimed at making certain social groups visible or invisible at the urban level, i.e., those who deserve to be recognised and represented by the political authorities and those who remain excluded from the political representation of diversity.
... The simplest definition of an archipelago is a group or chain of islands. However, many island scholars have sought to advance beyond simpler conceptualisations of archipelagos, opening up appreciation of islands as set within spatial interconnections and movements rather than static territorial form (Massey, 2008;Soja, 2009), or as Jonathan Pugh suggests, thinking through constellations (Pugh, 2013 This transfiguration of territorial interests saw the establishment and growth of Orkney's modern-day constellation of main settlements; with the city of Kirkwall as the cultural capital and with the towns of Stromness and St. Margarets Hope as secondary cultural centres. From its early days, Hudson Bay Company ships regularly called into Stromness, using the islands as a staging post for supplies and to hire labour before setting sail across the Atlantic. ...
The Orkney Archipelago, around 10 miles off the north coast of Scotland, has seen 6000 years of human settlement, with many archaeological artifacts offering significant insights into the formation of a deep-rooted island culture. The various transfigurations of this island culture to present-day Orkney indicate how external influences shape cultural inheritances, yet how this culture retains fundamental qualities; of imagination, resourcefulness, and territorial interconnections. This issue of how we negotiate the complexity of archipelagic relations is presented through a framework of process-based terms, of formations, transfigurations, constellations, aggregations, and tensions. This framework offers a degree of conceptual specificity, bringing focus to processes of relation change, movement, and interaction, across varying spatial and temporal scales. Underpinned by observational fieldwork, what emerges in this study is a sense of island life, bringing light to cultural and environmental processes, often most intensively manifest around strategic staging posts.
... Furthermore, the role of city parks in mitigating the effects of climate change is gaining increasing attention, as they provide shade, reduce the effects of urban heat, and capture carbon dioxide [5]. In the context of growing urbanization, city parks are taking on greater importance, providing much-needed green space in densely populated urban areas [6]. In line with the growing trend of urbanization, the role of city parks is increasingly vital [7]. ...
City Park planning often focuses primarily on the benefits of ecosystem services. Seldom does the study of community preferences become the main focus. However, the community are the beneficiaries and service users of a city park. Hence, a sustainable city park’s planning and design have to involve the community. This study aims to investigate the preferences of the public of Pahandut district in Palangka Raya City, Indonesia, toward two city park themes, namely ornamental and tree-filled parks. A total of 159 city park visitors participated in this study as respondents. The results of binary logistic regression showed heterogeneous preferences influenced by socio-demographic characteristics. The findings of this study contribute to the foundation of well-performing and sustainable urban park planning by grounding the preferences of city residents. Community-derived policies are more likely to be sustainable due to the involvement of beneficiaries.
... It is "a term of power relations involving the distribution of resources, rights, and material space". [19] Some scholars have summarized the principles for the development of NGOs at the level of green community governance in China from the experience of Canada's green community entrepreneurship on green community governance participation. [20] There are also scholars who propose to promote the level of informatization of green communities with the help of infrastructure and building facilities, information infrastructure, smart platforms and databases, smart special application systems and related guarantee system construction. ...
... Although numerous achievements have been made in the research on daily activities, exploring their social implications remains insufficient. In recent decades, the 'social turn' in human geography and the 'spatial turn' in sociology have rendered social space issues and related theories prominent in academic discourse (Soja, 2009). Scholars have endeavored to analyze urban social problems through the lens of related-spatial theories (Harvey, 2010). ...
Recent decades have witnessed continued research interest in the residents' sense of community (SOC) towards their neighborhoods, attributed to the rapid global expansion of urban spaces and increased human mobility. Early studies predominantly focused on the influence of SOC from a place-centric perspective, emphasizing the physical attributes of neighborhoods. However, recent scholars have called for a shift in research towards an individual-activity-based approach. Despite this, there has been a relative dearth of knowledge regarding the nuanced activity factors and intrinsic pathways that impact SOC, particularly within mixed housing neighborhoods. To bridge this gap, this study utilized first-hand social survey data and daily activity diaries collected in Fuzhou to examine the associations between daily activities and SOC and identify the critical mediator. Multi-group Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis revealed several noteworthy findings. Firstly, despite living together in a mixed neighborhood, affordable and market housing residents exhibited significant disparities in their daily activities, facility utilization, and SOC. Residents of market housing demonstrated lower SOC compared to those in affordable housing. Secondly, daily activities had differing impacts on SOC between these groups. A variety of activity factors, such as the proportion of activity space to the neighborhood, time allocated to local activities, and the diversity of activity types, collectively enhanced SOC. These effects were particularly marked within affordable housing. Conversely, the positive influence of daily social interactions on SOC was exclusive to residents of market housing. Additionally, the use of neighborhood facilities serves as an underlying mechanism. Frequent utilization of proximal facilities can substantially improve SOC among residents, particularly for those in affordable housing. These findings offer valuable insights for the planning and managing of mixed housing neighborhoods and may also inspire strategies in other neighborhood types.
... Proper distribution of services provided by different land uses is one of the main goals that should be considered by urban planners to achieve justice (Holifield, 2001;Tsou et al., 2005). The most prominent aspect of justice is the distributive justice of resources, based on which justice is defined as the equitable distribution of valuable resources and opportunities in society (Davidoff, 1965;Soja, 2009). Philosophical schools have also explained this issue from their perspectives; From Rawls' point of view, justice is how several groups of goods are distributed among members of society, which is established on equality (equal right to access basic freedoms) and usefulness of inequality (inequality is for the benefit of all) (Rawls, 1972). ...
In contemporary cities, justice stands as a paramount concern, integral to their fabric and functionality. Just urban land use planning (JULUP) is one of the main topics in urban land use planning and tries to promote justice in cities through land use planning principles. Despite the abundance of JULUP studies, there is still a lack of comprehensive research that can review JULUP principles in an integrated manner. This article aims to explore and describe the principles of JULUP and seeks to answer the question of what principles JULUP is defined by using a systematic review and qualitative content analysis method. Based on the review of 191 sources, the results show that principles of JULUP can be categorized into four major principles: Land rights management, social cohesion, accessibility and spatial health. This array of principles underscores that attaining justice in urban land use planning necessitates a comprehensive and integrated perspective.
... Como es ampliamente compartido, en el ámbito metropolitano o urbano los elementos inherentes a la movilidad humana deben focalizarse en la mejora de la calidad de vida y en la compatibilidad de las infraestructuras y los flujos de transporte. Ello implica articular una red de transporte que alcance un alto grado, no solo de eficiencia, sino de equidad espacial para sus habitantes (Reynaud, 1981;Soja, 2009). En ese sentido, la accesibilidad por parte de la población al sistema de transporte, medida mediante indicadores ad hoc, resulta decisiva si se pretende dotar un servicio adecuado a escala municipal, considerando que los diferentes modelos urbanos generan pautas de movilidad dispares (Cardozo et al., 2010;Calvo-Poyo et al., 2019). ...
Las infraestructuras de transporte y las políticas de movilidad, dependientes en gran medida del sector público, determinan el crecimiento urbano, las condiciones de vida de la población y el desempeño de las organizaciones, al facilitar (o entorpecer) la movilidad y el acceso a las oportunidades existentes en la ciudad. De ello podrían ocasionarse discriminaciones sociales, susceptibles de valorar desde la perspectiva de la justicia espacial, cuya evitación o corrección requeriría intervenciones públicas.
En este artículo, partiendo de la distribución espacial de las paradas de autobuses públicos dentro de la ciudad de Santa Fe (Argentina), y de la población (categorizada en dos niveles de vulnerabilidad - carencias), se pretende medir la magnitud y significación que tienen las desigualdades sociales en el acceso espacial al transporte público en el conjunto de la ciudad y desagregadamente en los ocho distritos administrativos que la componen.
A tal fin se estableció, como alcance óptimo de las paradas, 300 m (según distancias euclidianas), de acuerdo con criterios magistrales reconocidos, y considerando como modo de desplazamiento el peatonal. El análisis de las coincidencias / divergencias espaciales entre grado de proximidad y categoría de vulnerabilidad - carencias de la población se apoyó en varias técnicas estadísticas (índices de asociación como Phi ɸ, V de Cramer, coeficiente de contingencia de Pearson y Gamma γ), y para establecer la eventual injusticia espacial se usó la balanza-diagrama de la justicia espacial y un test inferencial basado en la χ².
Los resultados evidenciaron la existencia de inequidad espacial vertical en el acceso a la red de autobuses en el conjunto de la ciudad y que las zonas norte, costera y parte del cordón límite oeste eran las más desfavorecidas y las que, a la vez, poseían un menor grado de accesibilidad a este servicio, debido fundamentalmente a lejanía del mismo.
... • The socio-spatial interaction (the spatial forms the social as much as the social forms the spatial) (Soja 2009:2). ...
The Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa, over time, became a state church and aligned with the Apartheid regime and in some corners supported separate development. Moreover, the church would, working with colonial and apartheid cultural powers granted to it, gain numerous landholdings across South Africa. The Dutch Reformed Church property ownership, revealed in a 1998 inventory (which was said to be incomplete), sat at 600 properties and covering over fourteen thousand hectares. This article will discuss the church’s rise in the colony and in South Africa’s northern areas. It will also explain its historical landholding in South Africa in general as well as in the capital, Pretoria. Moreover, it will detail interviews with church leaders in a presbytery in Pretoria and explain learnings from history and spatial changes and what these may mean for the church at large.
... Scholarly work on justice [13,32,64,65] shows that spatial justice prioritizes fair and equitable utilization of space as a resource with inherent social value. It is important to clarify that spatial justice is not a replacement for or alternative to social or economic; instead, it offers a lens for examining justice through a spatial context. ...
... Young (1990) alludes to these politics of difference, depicting how certain individuals and groups are marginalised in accessing basic services when they do not sympathise with or support a particular political party. Such instances are a gross violation of human rights as they exclude the communities from accessing water services, thus denoting distributional injustices (Soja, 2009). In their study, Dos Santos et al. (2017) showed how urban growth has been associated with water water access challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. ...
This paper examines the complex dynamics of women and girls as primary custodians of household water supply, sanitation, and health in the face of escalating water stress in low-income regions, with a specific focus on Chegutu, Zimbabwe, a secondary urban area grappling with water scarcity. Employing the innovative Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology, the study engages the affected women to co-create new knowledge and insights. The findings reveal a precarious water situation, delineating diverse socio-economic impacts on women, including heightened susceptibility to water-borne diseases, restricted access to fundamental sanitation and hygiene, persistent gender disparities, elevated risks of abuse and harassment during water collection, compounded health challenges, and enduring conflicts and discrimination. Women’s adaptive capacity is exemplified through diverse coping strategies, such as rainwater harvesting, borehole utilisation, and wastewater recycling, facilitated by interactive sessions. However, most of the strategies are palliative and just measures of last resort. The study highlights the necessity of gender-responsive water and sanitation facilities and gender-sensitive local water management practices to mitigate the disproportionate burdens borne by women and girls. Addressing their unique challenges is central to achieving gender equity and Sustainable Development Goal 6.1, which strives for universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030, thus emphasising the collective effort required to ensure equitable access to clean water, leaving no one marginalised in the pursuit of this fundamental human right.
... The present study also reveals very important fact that the location of slum households is the most dominant predictor of poverty. Many researchers focus on how spatial arrangements operate as constitutive dimensions of social phenomena and determine the level of poverty and inequality (Harvey, 1993;Smith, 1994;Soja, 2019). Spinks (2001) found that micro-level spatial inequality has facilitated polarisation between different urban spaces and their inhabitants in African cities. ...
Urban poverty is a complex phenomenon and people experiencing poverty suffer from various deprivations. Multidimensional poverty measurement has been one of the best indicators of this deprivation. In general, slum dwellers are considered homogenous groups, but it is not valid in multidimensional deprivation. This paper aims to find out the correlates of multidimensional poverty in slums. Spatiality and correlates of poverty in Varanasi City have been tapped using statistical modelling. The paper is based on primary data collected from 384 households through an interview schedule from 12 slums across three geographical zones of the city. The MPI index for slums, based on global MPI, was used to compute MPI for each geographical zone. Further ANOVA and hierarchical regression analysis were performed to find spatiality and correlates of multidimensional deprivation. The paper reveals that socio-religious categories, occupation and geographical location are significant determinants or at least correlates of multidimensional poverty in slums.
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... Because the realization of social justice in cities will ultimately lead to citizens' satisfaction with their lifestyles and contribute to political stability and national sovereignty, failure in the fair distribution of social justice will lead to social crises and complex problems (Sharifi, 2006). As a minimum definition, the concept of spatial justice "refers to a conscious and focused emphasis on the spatial or geographic aspects of justice and injustice" (Chang et al., 2019;Kunzmann, 1998;Soja, 2009;Tsou, Hung & Chang, 2005). Based on this, during the last two decades, considerable attention has been paid to this issue in urban studies; some of these studies are mentioned below: ...
As the urban population continues to grow, especially in densely populated cities, the demand for urban services has increased. However, many cities have not kept up with this growth, leaving some regions without adequate access to essential services. This raises important questions about spatial justice, such as who receives what services, where, and how. To address this issue, we conducted a study in Tabriz, a metropolis in the northwest of Iran. We used a spatial analytical perspective to evaluate the fairness of the distribution of urban facilities in Tabriz; for this purpose, we examined fourteen criteria, including urban services per capita and average access to these services. We weighted the criteria using the MEREC model and then ranked the areas of Tabriz using the latest multi-criteria decision-making models, such as MARCOS, COPRAS, and MABAC. According to our findings, the eastern regions of the city have a much better situation, with regions 8, 9, and 2 ranking as the top three regions, respectively.
... For some political scientists, a state is defined as being comprised of three components: land with defined borders, a ruler in the form of a government, and peoples as a defined population (Grotenhuis, 2016;Mitchell, 1991). Similarly, urban geographers define cities as a composition of urban space, structures and laws, and subjects as communities (Soja, 2009;Lefebvre & Nicholson-Smith, 2013;Abdoumaliq Simone, 2015a). In this analogy, a city is understood as a microcosm of the state, as it contains rather similar features articulated in spatial and physical forms, involving several exchanges and flows. ...
This chapter discusses the urban struggles of Cairo’s middle-class citizens in recent years by highlighting the systemic processes of socio-spatial disenfranchisement that have taken place since the 2014 political shift. Through investigating several urban interventions, it will exemplify how urban re-planning is employed as an instrument for exclusive city-making and how citizens employ various tactics to negotiate these changes. It examines the urban re-planning projects undertaken by the government that took place in many of Cairo’s middle-class neighborhoods, broadly defined as the old city core, historic, or planned areas centered around the Nile. The practice of re-planning the city that came with the change of the political leadership is not a new urban practice. But this “facelift” post 2014 has left the citizenry in a state of disorientation, angst, and dissatisfaction. Through the installation of new infrastructure and the removal of existing infrastructure, as well as re-planning urban facilities, the city’s middle-class neighborhoods have experienced an authoritative urban planning directive that integrated and disintegrated the city in new forms. Qualitative urban research methods are employed, including ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews, to analyze citizens’ socio-spatial practices within roads, streets, and several public spaces as key spaces where such urban transformations have occurred.
... The latter is not surprising given that factors that attract individuals to an employer are often the factors that retain them (Kraft & Lyon, 2022). Treating administrative supports as uniform across contexts such as rural and urban schools reinforces spatial injustice (Soja, 2009) as it ignores considerations of those employed in different schools with differing contexts, resources, and challenges. We posit that deeper understanding of leadership supports can guide educational leaders (i.e., preservice and in-service) on where to focus in teacher retention efforts. ...
In this study, we examine teachers’ perceptions concerning the relative importance of different administrative supports for teacher retention across school levels (i.e., middle and high schools), retention status (i.e., low or high), and locale (i.e., rural and urban). Results from our Best–Worst Scaling analyses, with a sample of 178 South Carolina teachers from 12 schools, indicate respect as the most important type of administrative support for the full teacher sample, and subgroups (school type, retention status, locale). The relative importance of other types of supports suggested heterogeneity across settings. Results are supplemented with qualitative teacher interview data.
Focusing on the nexus of climate and housing policy, this article analyzes the socio‐spatial consequences of urban climate mitigation policies and the resultant need to broaden the concept of climate justice. By using the example of energy retrofitting in a low‐income district in Kiel, Germany, the article examines cities’ dependence on real estate companies to reach low‐carbon goals in a privatized housing market and the (potential) need to provide incentives for investment. As the case study shows, this can lead to a highly sensitive confluence of climate policy, private real estate investment and neighborhood development policy, which leads to a higher financial burden as well as the potential displacement and further political marginalization of current tenants. In light of these results, the article argues for the application of a climate justice frame in analyses of urban climate policies that integrates housing justice with spatial justice. Specifically, it calls for the right to climate‐just housing; that is, for the right to affordable housing to be connected with the right to energy‐efficient housing in one's own neighborhood. This implies the right to information and to urban space as political space, which in turn means the politicization of the targets, strategies and, not least, spaces of urban climate policy.
We, SKRIB: Critical Studies in Writing Programs and Pedagogy co-editors, and the editorial board are pleased to provide a space for multilingual, international writing scholars and practitioners. As we wrote on the founding of the journal, our hope for SKRIB is to facilitate “intercultural dialogue around the development of writing programmes, writing centres, and writing pedagogy in post-secondary institutions of higher learning around the world.” As a forum for intercultural discourse, SKRIB draws attention to the ways in which the writing at the core of our work is not neutral, but rather deeply personal, and it resides in an inherently politicized space. Our work is always necessarily caught up in globalization processes and global contestations of power between nation states, ideologies, cultures, communities, and languages. SKRIB invites scholars to centre this conception of writing as inherently political in the ways they critically reflect on their writing programs, pedagogies, and initiatives, and, especially, in how they contribute to the development of writing studies; decolonization, equity, inclusion, and diversity are fundamental responsibilities of writing teachers, scholars, and administrators.
This paper will begin by highlighting how five major social turns in South Africa’s history have impacted issues of space and safety in the South African writing centre. The paper will attempt to define the concepts of space and safety through a social justice lens alongside the philosophy of ubuntu pedagogy. Embracing philosophy’s from the Global South allows us to juxtapose indigenous and western knowledge systems without privileging one while marginalising the other, thus putting an end to epistemic injustices that devalue indigenous knowledge systems such as Ubuntu (Ngubane & Makua, 2021). Crucial to the interrogation of issues of space and safety is a close reading of the ways in which the writing centre space has been theorised and metaphored, reflecting the evolution of the writing centre. Close interrogation will demonstrates how such metaphors conflict with the space of the South African writing centre. The last part of this paper proposes the reimagining of the writing centre space, allowing us to reinvent the space of the writing centre, into one that is vibrant and brave. Importantly, it hopes to propose that such reimagining may allow writing centres to move from margin to centre.
Drawing on empirical data from a regional Australian city, this paper investigates how public space is implicated in locational disadvantage, how COVID-19 is impacting inequality, and how placemaking can best serve “disadvantaged” communities. To explore public space’s role during COVID-19, we assessed public open space coverage in three “disadvantaged” Geelong suburbs, interviewed local community workers, and analysed survey data from resident input to a local placemaking project. Findings revealed both quantitative and qualitative shortfalls in local public spaces; that COVID-19 amplified existing inequalities; that public space shortfalls compounded pandemic stressors; and that these shortfalls should be remedied via community-driven placemaking. Findings also yielded common themes linking place stigma, inequality, and place attachment, and underscoring how placemaking can reinforce or challenge existing disparities. We developed a holistic Framework illustrating the dynamic interplay of five important factors that emerged across our data: locational disadvantage, public space, place stigma, place attachment, and placemaking. Illuminating how place-makers might harness these dynamics to advance social goods and minimise social harms, our Framework seeks to support more “spatially just” placemaking. Amidst rising inequality, we argue that a renewed focus on the spatial dimensions of justice will strengthen placemaking’s potential to mitigate the locational aspects of disadvantage.
KEYWORDS: Public space, locational disadvantage, place stigma, place attachment, placemaking, spatial justice
This report provides a baseline review of Irish environmental
and climate policy for the National Women’s Council (NWC)
and Community Work Ireland (CWI) Feminist Communities
for Climate Justice project (FCCJ) from the perspective of
intersectional feminist climate justice
This chapter seeks to spotlight the big elephant in the room of cinematic apocalypse—patriarchal culture—one that only replicates the pachyderm presiding over our apocalyptic drifting offscreen in the so-called, deceptively gender-neutral, Anthropocene. Drawing on utopian scholarship, contemporary sociology and film studies, this chapter looks closely at collapsing patriarchal-capitalist imaginaries and promising ecofeminist alternatives in twenty-first-century post-apocalyptic films such as Children of Men, Interstellar and Mad Max: Fury Road, among others. In the light of Ruth Levitas’s Utopia as Method (2013), film analysis prompts reflection on how the archaeological evaluation of apocalyptic rubble must help emancipate utopian architectural speculation and the future from patriarchal realism.
Przyjęcie perspektywy uwzględniającej konieczność uznania kryteriów, jakimi są sprawiedliwość przestrzenna (spatial justice), jest postrzegana jako warunek konieczny rzeczywistej inkluzji. Postawiono hipotezę, że uzupełnienie porządku politycznego, ekonomicznego i społecznego o te wartości jest niezbędne, aby możliwe było realizowanie konstytucyjnego zapisu mówiącego o tym, że: „Rzeczpospolita Polska jest demokratycznym państwem prawnym, urzeczywistniającym zasady sprawiedliwości społecznej” (Konstytucja RP, art. 2). Posłużenie się perspektywą sprawiedliwości przestrzennej, a więc ulokowanie w ramach dyskursu dotyczącego podziału dóbr (sprawiedliwość społeczna), przenosi punkt ciężkości kolejno na konieczność stwarzania możliwości równego dostępu do przestrzeni. Analizując aktywność społeczną Irish Wheelchair Association, ukazano wieloletnie procesy (niezakończone), których celem jest przybliżenie się do postulowanego stanu realizacji idei sprawiedliwości przestrzennej w warunkach konfliktu.
Spatial justice is an approach to social justice that takes into account the organization and utilization of geographical space and its impact on human life and social relations. Geographical location plays a key role in producing spatial injustice and exacerbating disadvantages. The social is spatial and vice versa, which is critical to understanding the experiences of marginalized individuals and communities. Despite progress in legislation, planning practitioners have not fully realized the enabling power of physical space and dominant models of disability continue to remain unjust. The organization of space and urban planning are crucial to promoting spatial justice, as studies have shown that a person’s ZIP code is a stronger predictor of health than any other factor. Public-private initiatives have often failed to consider the spatial dimension of justice in their designs and have neglected to address the exclusion of people with disabilities. The current social contract ignores the spatiality of injustice and a new social contract centered on space must be developed to reframe the problems and solutions to equity, access, and inclusion in human settlements.
Applying Edward W. Soja's work on spatial justice as an analytical lens, this chapter discusses the use of separate introductory programs for newly arrived migrant students in Norway. Although the use of separate programs for newcomers has been criticized for counteracting the aims of inclusion, this chapter suggests that from a spatial perspective, separation in itself is not necessarily a sign of exclusion; rather, it is what happens in an introductory program and how the actual space affects practices that matter. Furthermore, a sensitivity toward place and space can help educators pay attention to newly arrived students' backgrounds and needs without separation from their mainstream peers becoming a perceived barrier to inclusion. Acknowledging Soja's idea that social processes and discursive practices also influence place and space, a spatial perspective warns against letting ideological (and sometimes superficial) ideas about inclusion shape and govern practices.
This study looks at the resurgence of Marxist ideology in contemporary urban planning and examines its compatibility and potential contribution to addressing the complex challenges in modern urban societies. Against the backdrop of prevailing themes of sustainability, equity, and resilience, the integration of Marxist thinking into spatial planning emerges as a relevant phenomenon. Through a critical examination of the interplay between Marxist and capitalist theories, the study navigates the dynamic landscape of urban planning and highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with their intersection. The study emphasises the need to be cautious in asserting a harmonious relationship between Marxist ideals and modern urban planning paradigms and offers a nuanced understanding of the evolving terrain. The study not only critically analyses the resurgence of Marxist ideology, but also actively engages with proponents of its revival. The findings seek to contributing to the ongoing discourse on the evolution of urban planning paradigms and offer a perspective that encourages a reassessment of the significance and potential impact of reintroducing Marxist principles into the planning system.
This Chapter provides a context for the case studies in this book. It firstly outlines how advantage and disadvantage are spatially distrubuted in Australia, outlines the impact of this maldistribution on educational outcomes for children. It theorises this maldistribution through the critical geographies of Edward Soja. It then introduces the contextual details for the case studies canvassed in this book. They are some of the most marginalised and under-resourced areas in Victoria: two primary schools in outer suburban areas, and one in a rural area. It then briefly introduces the three primary schools lead by the key participants in this research, principals Rachael, Peter and Christine, and secondary participants, Lucy and Steven.
In this paper, we lay out learnings from the first two years of our ongoing, student-led design/research study to develop a bottom-up, community-based approach to ending mass incarceration via design interventions in our built environment.
This chapter presents the theoretical underpinnings of this book. The discussion presented in the chapter focuses on the urban health penalty, right to the city, complexity theory, and distributive justice theory. These four theories situate the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the urban poor in the theoretical foundations, which raise issues of how the poor are affected by disease/health pandemics due to their living conditions. First, the urban health penalty theory explores the vulnerabilities the poor face due to their positioning in the city’s grey spaces characterized by deprivation, abjection, and poverty, exposing them to health risks. These vulnerabilities are examined and interrogated through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, the chapter situates the right to the city theory in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, the focus is on government interventions and how the “citizens” rights to the city are upheld or compromised, especially the urban poor who are often marginalized and excluded from accessing urban services and facilities. Third, the distributive justice theory is explored, bringing to attention how the citizens are disadvantaged or benefit from accessing services in the city. Regarding COVID-19, this theory shows how the poor benefited or were disadvantaged in accessing services to curb the spread of the pandemic or in recovering from the pandemic. Moreover, the distributive justice theory applied in this chapter also traces the pre-COVID-19 context and how the poor benefited or failed to benefit from services. Lastly, the complex theory explains the nature of COVID-19, which has been elusive and difficult to comprehend and make sense of, and how it has affected different aspects of urban life beyond the health aspect of the city.
This contribution questions the common assumptions and practices concerning the hosting of newcomers in depopulated, remote and disinvested places in order to revitalize these places. While newcomers can contribute to new socioeconomic vitality in marginalised areas, they should not be taken as the only or main solution. Drawing on the debate surrounding the migration–development nexus, which has mainly been applied in global South contexts, I advocate demigrantizing our thinking and debunking the divide between newcomers and locals. Rather than focusing on the integration of migrants, emphasis should be put on how diverse members of these changing communities, regardless of their length of residence, can attract the right (e.g. sustainable and inclusive) projects and investors. I argue that the reallocation of public funding, new (translocal) solidarities and people-based investment plans are imperative if we are to solve the problem of growing poverty and inequality in Europe.
Kentsel dönüşüm kentin eskiyen kısımlarının yenilenmesi, yeniden geliştirilmesidir. Genellikle kentin merkezinde yer alan, mülk sahipleri ve farklı kullanıcıları bulunan kentsel dönüşüm alanlarında mülkiyet hakkı, barınma hakkı gibi temel haklara müdahaleler gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu sebeple kentsel dönüşüm alanlarında sosyal ve mekânsal adaletin sağlanması tüm dünyada büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Ankara İli, İmrahor Vadisi Güneypark Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı kentsel dönüşüm alanlarında mekânsal toplumsal adaletin boyutlarının sürdürülebilir kalkınma anlayışı çatısı altında seçilen proje üzerinden tartışılmasıdır. Araştırmayı özgün kılan yaklaşımdan ilki, toplumsal mekânsal adaletin boyutlarının Gündem 2030 çerçevesindeki sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçlarına dayandırılarak belirlenmesidir. İkincisi ise şemlaştırılan sürdürülebilir kentsel dönüşümün süreç adımları sistematiği içerisinde araştırma sahasındaki verilerin tartışılmasıdır. Böylece toplumsal mekânsal adalet gibi soyut bir kavram, kentsel dönüşüm gibi kapsamlı bir uygulama içerisinde en sübjektif şekilde analiz edilerek, bulgularıyla ve yöntem yaklaşımıyla literatüre katkı sağlanmıştır.
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