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Garlic, onions and cardiovascular risk factors. A review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Abstract
1. Claims for beneficial effects on cholesterol levels, fibrinolytic activity, and platelet aggregation are attributed both to fresh garlic and onions (or their extracts) and to commercially available preparations. 2. Regarding fresh garlic, the claims have been confirmed, but so far only at very high dosages. 3. For onions and commercially available supplements contradictory results have been reported. 4. All published trials showed severe methodological shortcomings. Some trials were not randomized and/or not blinded whilst this was possible, and in only one of every three studies more than 25 patients participated in each treatment group. In no trial was prognostic comparability of the treatment and the control groups ascertained. At the moment there is inadequate scientific justification for garlic supplementation.
... Certain ingredients of garlic, in particular the thiosulfinates, have strong antimicrobial properties against a broad range of bacteria and fungi; and even a viricidal effect of garlic against different human-pathogenic viruses has been reported [2]. Furthermore, several garlic substances are physiologically active in mammals and are mainly described as health promoting, for example by reducing low-density-lipoprotein (LDL), which correlates with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases [3][4][5]. ...
... In contrast, in the samples treated with synthetic allicin, a slight increase in fluorescence was first observed only at a higher concentration (0.075 mM) and fluorescence levels remained low up to the highest concentration tested (1.2 mM allicin) ( Figure 4B). This suggests that allicin, at lower concentrations, where effects were clearly seen in the MTT, 3 H-thymidine and monochlorobimane tests, does not induce reactive species that can react with DCFDA. The slight increase in fluorescence seen at higher concentrations of synthetic allicin is possibly artifactual because the cells are very stressed at these concentrations (Figures 1-3). ...
... Interestingly, HUVEC cells showed no DCFDA-fluorescence even at the highest concentrations of synthetic allicin ( Figure 4B). in the samples treated with synthetic allicin, a slight increase in fluorescence was first observed only at a higher concentration (0.075 mM) and fluorescence levels remained low up to the highest concentration tested (1.2 mM allicin) ( Figure 4B). This suggests that allicin, at lower concentrations, where effects were clearly seen in the MTT, 3 H-thymidine and monochlorobimane tests, does not induce reactive species that can react with DCFDA. The slight increase in fluorescence seen at higher concentrations of synthetic allicin is possibly artifactual because the cells are very stressed at these concentrations (Figures 1-3). ...
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as a spice and medicinal plant since ancient times. Garlic produces the thiol-reactive defence substance, allicin, upon wounding. The effects of allicin on human lung epithelium carcinoma (A549), mouse fibroblast (3T3), human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), human colon carcinoma (HT29) and human breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines were tested. To estimate toxic effects of allicin, we used a standard MTT-test (methylthiazoltetrazolium) for cell viability and 3 H-thymidine incorporation for cell proliferation. The glutathione pool was measured using monobromobimane and the formation of reactive species was identified using 2 ,7-dichlorofluoresceine-diacetate. The YO-PRO-1 iodide staining procedure was used to estimate apoptosis. Allicin reduced cell viability and cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. In the bimane test, it was observed that cells treated with allicin showed reduced fluorescence, suggesting glutathione oxidation. The cell lines tested differed in sensitivity to allicin in regard to viability, cell proliferation and glutathione oxidation. The 3T3 and MCF-7 cells showed a higher proportion of apoptosis compared to the other cell types. These data show that mammalian cell lines differ in their sensitivity and responses to allicin.
... Onion as an exceptional aphrodisiac tonic Gupta and Bhaskar 2020 Toothache and kills off germs in the oral cavity Dorant et al. 1996, Kim 1997 For getting relief from piles and haemorrhoids Nadkarni 2002, Kapoor 2018 Anticancer properties Challier et al. 1998, Calucci et al. 2003, Arshad et al. 2017 Anticlotting properties Kendler 1987, Kleijnen 1989 Children health: Onions along with jaggery are used to stimulate the growth and development of the children. Colic which is a common problem among infants and small children can be prevented by taking a mixture of onion juice with common salt (Verotta et al. 2015). ...
... Anticlotting properties: Onions are considered natural anti-clotting agent because they possess fibrinolytic activities and enriched sources of sulphur compounds which suppress the aggregation of platelet (Kendler 1987, Kleijnen 1989. ...
The efforts to comprehend the ideal healthy state have invariably intrigued the minds of people which led to evolution of several treating and healing systems being established across the globe. Several folk and traditional medicines evolved among various cultures and communities that were generally disseminated verbally for example use of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs. Since antiquity, this bulbous crop is being used as a traditional nutraceutical and medicinal plant, that's why, this is known as protective food. Onion is one of the most common vegetables utilized for culinary purpose in every kitchen. It is used to cure cold, flu, indigestion, pain relief, as an antidiabetics, anti-asthmatic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The ancient literature displayed the onion as an utmost important part of human diet due to its multidimensional uses for thousands of years. However, the masses are not aware about its importance as a traditional remedy. Now, the utmost focus has been directed towards the evaluation of the medicinal values of this interesting and fascinating vegetable crop. It can also be recommended that utilization of plant-based nutraceuticals is better than devouring synthetic drugs against known and specific diseases. Furthermore, various vegetables and fruits are being used as a part of many recommended dietetic plans to prevent and lessen the common metabolic and lifestyle related diseases. The 21 st century is going to work on the principle of "Food as Medicine" and onion will surely play a bigger role in it. This thoroughly collected information about onion as traditional medicine is the first of its kind in disseminating information about the much consumed and less researched vegetable crop of India.
... Utilization of vast amounts of crisp garlic (0.25 to 1.0 g/kg or around 5-20 normal estimated 4-g cloves in an individual weighing 78.7 kg) has been appeared to create the gainful impacts referenced earlier. [40] In help of this, an ongoing twofold visually impaired traverse ponder was directed on reasonably hypercholesterolemic men that looked at the impacts of 7.2 g of matured garlic remove with fake treatment on blood lipid levels. This examination found that there was a maximal decrease of 6.1% in all out serum cholesterol levels and 4.6% in LDL cholesterol levels with garlic contrasted and placebo. ...
... This examination found that there was a maximal decrease of 6.1% in all out serum cholesterol levels and 4.6% in LDL cholesterol levels with garlic contrasted and placebo. [41] Be that as it may, in spite of positive proof from various preliminaries, a few agents have been reluctant to by and large embrace the standard utilization of garlic for cardiovascular infection in light of the fact that a considerable lot of the distributed examinations had methodological shortcomings, [40,[42][43][44][45][46] maybe in light of the fact that constituent preliminaries were little, missing measurable power. Likewise, unseemly techniques for randomization, absence of dietary run-in period, brief span, or inability to attempt expectation to-treat examination may clarify the wary acknowledgment of past meta-analyses [47] truth be told, one late investigation found no self evident impact of garlic ingestion on lipid and lipoprotein levels. ...
... Both acute and chronic suppurative otitis media are still one of the most common diseases of ENT organs and ranged from 5.1 to 58% of cases, and from 8.6 to 37% of cases are the cause of high levels of hearing loss. 3,4 Annually, 31 million new cases of CSOM are registered in the world, 22.6% of them are diagnosed in children younger than 5 years. 5 That is why the issues of early diagnosis, choice of treatment and characteristics of patients with CSOM are still relevant. ...
... When there is a break in the procedure of taking the drug, the patient is excluded from the study. 3 Responsible person will not allow the use of the test drug and comparison drug for any other purpose except that specified in the protocol of a clinical trial. ...
Objectives:
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a serious disease with the presence of bacterial infection in the middle ear. Worldwide, 1% to 46% of the population living in developed and developing countries have CSOM, about 65-330 million people, 60% of whom have significant hearing loss. The study of the wound healing efficacy and tolerability of the drug MEKRITEN (garlic extract liquid) was performed to identify the possibility of issuing recommendations for the drug for clinical use in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Materials and methods:
The main group of patients, who received the study drug, consisted of 30 patients; the group of patients who received the comparison drug comprised 20 patients. Patients of the main group (30 persons) were given 'garlic extract liquid,' which was developed by the Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, given as 2 drops twice per day for 10 days in the external auditory canal. Patients in the comparison group (20 people) took other drugs (0.25% solution of levomycetin) in a similar way. Patients were examined and observed carefully to determine the severity of symptoms such as pain, secretion (in points), and clinical analyses were performed including general blood analysis, and urine. In addition, the researchers performed biochemical (ALT, AST, bilirubin), instrumental (ultrasound of the liver), and special (biopsy of fibrous tissue of echinococcal capsules) analyses.
Results:
The average rating of the tolerability and effectiveness in the points for MEKRITEN made portability of 4.97 points, and the effectiveness was 4.77 points, and for 0.25% levomycetin solution, they were 4.8 and 3.35 points, respectively. While receiving MEKRITEN, no adverse effects and allergic reactions were observed. No criteria for treatment cessation were observed (adverse effects, ineffective treatment, poor adherence to protocol, and refusal to continue) thus the study was not stopped in any patients.
Conclusion:
Local therapy with the drug MEKRITEN in patients with CSOM is more effective than local application of 0.25% levomycetin solution. Local therapy with MEKRITEN in the treatment of CSOM leads to faster termination of otorrhoea and is accompanied by fewer adverse drug reactions.
... 15 Allicin also has important lipid-lowering properties, as well as antitumorigenic effects in vitro. [58][59][60] With respect to the antioxidant properties, components in garlic have been reported to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, and to decrease lipid peroxidation. ...
... 39 However, although it contains sulfur compounds similar to garlic, the health benefits of onion are less clear. 59 Other condiments that are mixtures of spices, such as some Indian spices, have also been studied as therapeutic agents. In particular, curry and other turmeric-containing blends, because of their inclusion of turmeric and curcumin, have been reported to increase detoxifying enzymes, prevent DNA damage, improve DNA repair, decrease mutations and tumor formation, and exhibit antioxidant potential in animals. ...
Spices and condiments are an important part of human history and nutrition, and have played an important role in the development of most cultures around the world. According to the Codex Alimentarius, the category of salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads, and protein products includes substances added to foods to enhance aroma and taste. Spices have been reported to have health benefits as antioxidant, antibiotic, antiviral, anticoagulant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Health claims about the benefits of condiments for disease prevention or health improvement need to be science based and extensively supported by evidence; data on their preventive or protective potential in humans are currently limited. The condiments market has been growing continuously over the last few years, with the quantity of products sold under the category of sauces, dressings, and condiments during the period 2008-2013 increasing from 31,749,000 to 35,795,000 metric tons. About 50 of the 86 spices produced in the world are grown in India. From 2008 to 2013, the United States was the largest importer of spices, followed by Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Russia. The main buyers of fish sauce are Vietnam and Thailand, with purchases of 333,000 and 284,000 metric tons in 2013, respectively. The sauces and condiments category is dynamic, with large differences in consumption in habits and practices among countries. This paper aims to establish definitions and discuss potential health benefits, consumption patterns, and global markets for sauces, spices, and condiments.
... Studies has proved that garlic is effective in the treatment of the cardiovascular diseases and have cholesterol lowing effects (Kleijnen et al., 2019). Mankind is believed to be the only soul that eats garlic. ...
Advancement in lifestyle and abject eating habits paved a path towards the compromised nutritional status. Increased consumption of fast food and instant meals demand to be nutritionally adequate in order to lower the increased burden of NCD's. Among the instant food, bread spread is third most commonly used product by consumers. It is consumed throughout the day during a meal and snacking. However, such type of products are not widely available in markets especially in Pakistan and mostly imported from United States. In this, various spread like garlic enriched spread can promise various functional and therapeutic benefits. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that is consumed worldwide as food and traditional remedy for various diseases, having several biological properties including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihypertensive activities. The present project was designed to prepare indigenous garlic enriched functional spread. For this purpose garlic was converted into paste in different combinations T1 (2% garlic), T2 (3% garlic) and T3 (4% garlic). Garlic spread was prepared and evaluated for phytochemical i.e. total phenolic content (4.56 to 4.70), total flavonoid content (1.27 to 1.94), and antioxidant potential (0.76 to 0.97). All formulations was converted into functional spread followed by their assessment for color, and texture. Sensory acceptability of the product was judged for different attributes like color, taste, aroma, texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability. The data obtained from different tests was analyzed statistically.
... Studies has proved that garlic is effective in the treatment of the cardiovascular diseases and have cholesterol lowing effects (Kleijnen et al., 2019). Mankind is believed to be the only soul that eats garlic. ...
Advancement in lifestyle and abject eating habits paved a path towards the compromised nutritional status. Increased consumption of fast food and instant meals demand to be nutritionally adequate in order to lower the increased burden of NCD's. Among the instant food, bread spread is third most commonly used product by consumers. It is consumed throughout the day during a meal and snacking. However, such type of products are not widely available in markets especially in Pakistan and mostly imported from United States. In this, various spread like garlic enriched spread can promise various functional and therapeutic benefits. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that is consumed worldwide as food and traditional remedy for various diseases, having several biological properties including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihypertensive activities. The present project was designed to prepare indigenous garlic enriched functional spread. For this purpose garlic was converted into paste in different combinations T1 (2% garlic), T2 (3% garlic) and T3 (4% garlic). Garlic spread was prepared and evaluated for phytochemical i.e. total phenolic content (4.56 to 4.70), total flavonoid content (1.27 to 1.94), and antioxidant potential (0.76 to 0.97). All formulations was converted into functional spread followed by their assessment for color, and texture. Sensory acceptability of the product was judged for different attributes like color, taste, aroma, texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability. The data obtained from different tests was analyzed statistically.
... Studies has proved that garlic is effective in the treatment of the cardiovascular diseases and have cholesterol lowing effects (Kleijnen et al., 2019). Mankind is believed to be the only soul that eats garlic. ...
... Garlic has been used as a folk remedy for a variety of ailments since ancient times. In the past few years, it has been found in certain models that garlic preparations including aged garlic prevented cardiovascular diseases [54], liver damage [55], and aging [56] which are considered to be associated with oxygen radical and lipid peroxidation. In recent times, garlic has been shown to have multiple beneficial effects such as antimicrobial, antithrombotic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and antitumor activities [57]. ...
Schistosomiasis is the second most important parasitic disease after malaria in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 200 million people infected with Schistosoma, of whom 120 million are symptomatic and 20 million have severe disease. Six hundred million people are at risk of infection. Schistosomiasis is major public health in some Arab countries like Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Iraq. However, poverty, adverse environments, lack of education and awareness, with parasites that can thrive if uncontrolled, remain issues for the successful global eradication of Schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a serious endemic parasitic disease that is prevalent in many countries worldwide. Human Schistosomiasis is caused by six Schistosoma species. Among these, Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum are responsible for 99% of human schistosomiasis, of which the first two are the predominant and widely distributed species, while S. japonicum is restricted in China, Indonesia, and parts of the Philippines. Praziquantel is an anti-worm medication that was developed in 1977. PZQ is considered the only available treatment used in the controlling of the infections induced by Schistosoma species. Previous studies showed the limited efficacy of PZQ against schistosomules and immature worms which supports the hypothesis that it's inadequate for the mass treatment in the high endemic areas. Besides, the regular excessive usage of PZQ results in the rise of resistant strains of S. mansoni. Multiple failures in preventing reinfection have been reported as well. The encouragement of new regimens acting alone or in combination with PZQ to inhibit the growth of the PZQ-resistant strains by the development of genotoxic and mutagenic changes, safely and effectively, is of global interest. The author discusses new regimens for treatment of schistosomasis. The objectives of this review were to study the epidemiology and characteristics of the disease, hosts, infectivity, subtypes, clinical presentations, its geographical distribution, prevalence, successes in eradication, and newly experimentally tried herbs for treatment and control of schistisomasis. Methodology Data was collected scrutinizing PubMed using a Mesh search. Initial word searches included Schistosomiasis; Egyptian herbs; Nigella sativa; Curcuma longa; garlic extract Allium sativum; Cleome droserifolia; mandarin orange Citrus reticulate; and ginger Zingiber officinale.
... However, Al-Jaff , 2011 found that chicks fed 2% coriander seed had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels (LDL), however, birds fed 2% and 3% coriander seed had significantly higher HDL values. Additionally, studies conducted by Warshafsky et al., 1993 andKleijnen et al., 1989 discovered that while HDLcholesterol levels are unaffected, herbs can successfully lower LDL and triacylglycerol concentrations, hence reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke. Moreover, Barad et al., 2016 concluded that there were no negative impacts on blood biochemical indicators when 2% coriander seed was added to the diets of Cobb-400 broilers. ...
... Non Commercial Use sugar cholesterol levels and improves the lipid profiles (Knipschild et al., 1989). Garlic has multi medicinal properties that prevent from bacterial and fungal infections, digestion, gastric problem, antioxidants, and enhance the immune system. ...
... Allicin has been proven to inhibit the tumor growth of explants by regulating the Nrf2-system and ERK1/2 map kinases in immune cells of glioma [12,13] and attenuate agerelated cognitive and memory deficits by regulating the Nrf2system [12,14,15]. Studies also demonstrated that allicin was beneficial to health because it could selectively reduce the levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol without any alteration in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol levels [16,17]. Allicin was also shown to be effective in suppressing cholesterol biosynthesis, which is involved in ischemic diseases such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke [18,19]. ...
Allicin exhibits various pharmacological activities and has been suggested to be beneficial in the treatment of stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we confirmed that allicin protected the brain from cerebral injury, which could be ascribed to its anti‑apoptotic and anti‑inflammatory effects, as well as the regulation of lipid metabolism, using proteomics and metabolomics analysis. Our results suggested that allicin could significantly ameliorate behavioral characteristics, cerebral infarct area, cell apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and lipid metabolic-related factors (arachidonic acid, 15-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HPETE), palmitoylcarnitine, and acylcarnitine) by recalibrating astrocyte homeostasis in mice with photothrombotic stroke (PT). In astrocytes, allicin significantly increased glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) levels and inhibited the arachidonic acid-related pathway, which was also observed in the brains of mice with PT. Allicin was proven to inhibit hypoxia-induced astrocyte apoptosis by increasing GPX1 expression, activating proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (Src)- protein kinase B (AKT)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and decreasing lipid peroxidation. Thus, we concluded that allicin significantly prevented and ameliorated ischemic stroke by increasing GPX1 levels to complete the complex physiological process.
... Non Commercial Use sugar cholesterol levels and improves the lipid profiles (Knipschild et al., 1989). Garlic has multi medicinal properties that prevent from bacterial and fungal infections, digestion, gastric problem, antioxidants, and enhance the immune system. ...
... Non Commercial Use sugar cholesterol levels and improves the lipid profiles (Knipschild et al., 1989). Garlic has multi medicinal properties that prevent from bacterial and fungal infections, digestion, gastric problem, antioxidants, and enhance the immune system. ...
... 28 Furthermore, allicin is associated with increased intravascular fibrinolytic activity. 29 Previous studies have confirmed that the beneficial effects of O. europaea oil are due to the presence of oleic acid and polyphenols, which act as antioxidants and therefore prevent oxidative stress. 30e32 Furthermore, oxidative stress and inflammation are interrelated, thus leading to the generation of a vicious cycle that can aggravate many metabolic diseases. ...
Objective:
This study was designed to assess the effects of a combination of Allium sativum and Olea europaea oil on disturbed lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods:
This randomized control trial (RCT) involved 160 patients of either sex (aged 40-60 years) with T2DM and dyslipidemia, and were equally divided into two groups. Group A patients received hypoglycemic and lipid lowering agents (Tab glimepiride 2 mg + metformin HCl 500 mg and Tab rosuvastatin 10 mg once a day orally). Patients in group B were given the same allopathic drugs as group A, in combination with A. sativum and O. europaea oil over a period of 6 months. Blood samples were taken at three stages of the study to allow the analysis of lipid profiles.
Results:
Analysis showed that after 3 and 6 months of treatment, the mean levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were reduced in both groups and that there was a highly significant (P < 0.001) decline in group B when compared to group A. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased in both groups but there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the group B when compared to group A. The percentage reduction was highest at 6 months of treatment for cholesterol, TGs, LDL and HDL in group B (41.5%, 45.9%, 60.4% and 58.1%, respectively).
Conclusion:
The antihyperlipidemic activity observed may be due to the presence of antioxidants in the test substances. Further studies should be conducted with a larger sample size in order to further evaluate the role of A. sativum powder and O. europaea oil in patients with T2DM with dyslipidemia.
... The administration of garlic extract significantly decreased cholesterol in diabetic rats. Incontinence with the present data, other workers have reported that administration of fresh garlic or etheric garlic extracts was shown to improved lipid profile including reduction of serum cholesterol levels (Knipschild and Ter-Riet, 1989). Short-term experiments using primary hepatocyte cultures, which have proved useful as tools for screening the anticholesterogenic properties of garlic, also confirmed the cholesterol lowering effect of garlic (Yeh and Yeh, 1994). ...
The aqueous seed extract of black cumin, fenugreek, garlic and combination of these three extracts were evaluated for its antidiabetic potential by estimating biochemical parameters and glucose tolerance level on normal and Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. The rats were divided into six groups as normal, diabetic control and four aqueous extracts (black cumin, fenugreek, garlic and combination of these three) treated groups. In this experiment, the aqueous extracts were administered to STZ-NT induced diabetic rats at the doses of 500 mg/kg BW P.O. per day for 30 days. The comparative effect of extracts on oral glucose tolerance test and ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, BUN, Uric acid, creatinine, and glucose level were evaluated. The statistical data indicated there was a significant increase in glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, BUN, Uric acid and creatinine level in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. Comparative effect of aqueous treated group indicates that black cumin and fenugreek extract treated groups had better glucose tolerance as compared to other extract treated groups in diabetic rats. Conclusively, the aqueous extracts of black cumin, fenugreek, garlic, and their combination had beneficial effects in producing hypoglycemic effect along with significantly alleviating the altered biochemical enzymes in STZ-NT induced diabetic rats.
... Allyl sulfides, isothiocyanates, and indoles are the most studied OSCs. Garlic and onion are also considered as natural hypolipidemic spices, and lower serum cholesterol levels are induced if applied in appropriate doses and durations (76)(77)(78). In addition, OSC possesses antioxidant effects by acting as an inducer of phase 2 enzymes, named as the antioxidant response element (ARE) (12). ...
Phytonutrients are widely recognized for providing protective human health benefits. Among the phytonutrients, epidemiological and experimental studies show that dietary organosulfur compounds (OSC) play a significant role in preventing various human pathological progressions, including chronic inflammation, by decreasing inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG)E2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-17, which are all typical hallmarks of inflammation. Evidence supports OSC in reducing the expression of these markers, thereby attenuating chronic inflammatory processes. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a key regulating factor during inflammation, and novel evidence shows that OSC downregulates this transcriptional factor, thus contributing to the anti-inflammatory response. In vitro and in vivo studies show that inflammation is mechanistically linked with acute and chronic pathological conditions including cancer, diabetes, obesity, neural dysfunction, etc. Furthermore, a considerable number of experiments have demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory properties of OSC occur in a dose-dependent manner. These experiments also highlight indirect mechanisms as well as potent co-functions for protective roles as antioxidants, and in providing chemoprotection and neuroprotection. In this brief review, we provided an overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of OSC and elucidated probable mechanisms that are associated with inflammation and chronic disorders.
... These vegetables are valuable in many nations for their culinary and medicinal uses (Nicastro et al., 2015). Allium vegetables and their related organosulfur constituents are studied extensively for their protective properties against cardiovascular and other chronic disorders (Bahadoran et al., 2017), obesity, dyslipidemia (Kleijnen et al., 1989) and cancer (Nicastro et al., 2015). Based on the beneficial effects of alliums on oxidative stress, insulin resistance and generally metabolic syndrome, as the main factors in the pathogenesis of NAFLD (Atkin et al., 2016;Hosseini and Hosseinzadeh, 2015), we hypothesized that these vegetables might have preventive effects on NAFLD. ...
Purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association between habitual intake of allium vegetables and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk.
Design/methodology/approach: In this study, 196 cases of NAFLD and 803 age-matched controls were enrolled from the same clinic. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of allium vegetables, including raw garlic and onions, were calculated and considered as grams/day in all participants.
Findings: Participants in the highest tertile of allium vegetable intake had %64 lower risk of NAFLD compared with those in the lowest tertile of the allium vegetables intake (OR: 0.35; %95 CI: 0.23 – 0.51; P< 0.001). After controlling for potential confounders, there was no significant change in this inverse association (OR: 0.36; %95 CI: 0.22 – 0.56; P< 0.001).
Originality/value: Our study for the first time showed that higher consumption of allium vegetables was associated with lower risk of NAFLD. The results did not change when we adjusted the analysis for the known risk factors of the disease, which indicate the independency of the association.
... GL contains a large proportion of organosulfur compounds such as allicin, S-allaylcystein, allyl sulfide, diallayl sulfide (DAS), and diallyl disulfide (DADS), which play pivotal roles in managing lipid-induced morphological changes to key organs. These compounds are proven to have antioxidant [19] and antihyperlipidemic [20] activities along with a specificity to provide renoprotective [21] and hepatoprotective effects [22]. ...
Background and Objectives: Dyslipidemia is gaining much attention among healthcare professionals because of its high association with the malfunctioning of a number of normal physiological and metabolic processes in the body. Obesity is directly interconnected with dyslipidemia and is said to be a denouement of hyperlipidemia and, if left untreated, may lead to intense damage to organs that are directly involved in fat metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic antiobesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities along with hepato- and renoprotective potential of nanoemulsomes (NES) of lovastatin (LTN)-loaded ginger (GR) and garlic (GL) oils. Materials and Methods: LTN nanoemulsomes co-encapsulated with GR oil and GL oil were prepared by a thin hydration technique. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g were induced with hyperlipidemia via a high-fat diet (HFD) comprising 40% beef tallow. Body weight, serum biochemical lipid parameters, and those for liver and kidney functions, serum TC, LDL-C, vLDL-C, HDL-C, TG, atherogenic index (AI), ALT, AFT, ALP, γ-GT, total protein (TP), serum albumin and globulin ratio (A/G), serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood urea, and histopathology of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained liver and kidney sections of all aforementioned groups were examined in the treated animals. Results: Nanoemulsomes of LTN-loaded GR and GL oils provided synergistic effects with LTN, exerted better ameliorative actions in reducing serum TC, LDL-C, vLDL-C, triglycerides, and AI, and improved serum HDL-C levels. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, and γ-GT levels were in the normal range for nanoemulsome groups. H&E stained liver and kidney sections of these animals confirmed better hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects than LTN alone. Serum biochemical parameters for renal functions also claimed to be in the moderate range for nanoemulsome-treated groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that nanoemulsomes of LTN-loaded GR and GL oils synergistically provided better antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective effects as compared to LTN alone.
... The use of garlic (Allium sativum) in traditional medicine dates to back to 16 th century BC [1]. Research in recent decades demonstrate that garlic promotes well-being through reduction of blood level of bad cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) which is linked to incidents of heart disease [2][3][4][5]. Studies have shown that allicin possesses antioxidant properties [5]. ...
Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of allicin as a candidate for lung cancer therapy. Methods: Allicin solution at different concentrations was tested on A549 lung cancer cell line. Viability and proliferation of A549 cells were determined. The cytotoxic effects of allicin solution on A549 lung cancer cells were quantitatively determined using Alamar blue assay. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were measured by DAPI-flow cytometry analysis in order to investigate the possible cell signalling pathway targeted by allicin. The level of expression of VEGF-A protein was determined with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: Allicin inhibited lung cancer proliferation and down-regulated the protein expression of VEGF, but had no significant cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. Flow cytometric results showed that allicin induced cell cycle arrest of A549 cells at the G1 phase. Conclusion: These results indicate that allicin exerts anti-proliferative effects on A549 lung cancer cells. Thus allicin, an active component of garlic, might be a promising therapy against lung cancer metastasis. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria and 2018 The authors.
... Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Inji) 6-dehydrogingerdione [61] antioxidant [59] Bisabolene [61] anticarcinogenic [59] Curcurmene [61] atherosclerotic [59] Galanolactone [61] anti-atherogenicity [59] Geraniol [61] inhibiting thromboxane formation [59] Gingerglycolipids [61] inhibition of platelet aggregability [59] Gingerols [61] anti-inflammatory [62] Gingesulfonic acid [61] antimicrobial [62] Monoacyldigalactosylglycerols [61] anti thrombotic [62] Neral [61] Paradols [61] Sesquiphellandrene [61] Shogaols [61] Zingerone [61] Zingiberene [61] Zingiberol [61] 3. Allium sativum L. (Poondu) 1,2-vinyldithiin (1,2-DT) [63] anti-inflammatory [69] Ajoene [63] anti-atherosclerotic [70] Allicin [63] anti-oxidant [5] Alliin [63] anti-platelet [68] Allixin [63] anti-thrombosis [41] Allyl polysulfides (APS) [63] blood fibrinolytic [66] A-phellandrene [65] inhibit angiotensin -converting enzyme [5] B Phellandrene [65] inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis [67] Citral [65] inhibits platelet Aggregation [5] Diallyl disulfude (DADS) [63] prevent lipid peroxidation of oxidized erythrocytes and LDL [5] 4. ...
Health in the conception of the World Health Organization is a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being not merely an absence of disease or infirmity. Aviztham (Drug) as per Siddha
medicine is a substance, or a procedure or restriction which wipes off the sorrow of the patient and
reinstates happiness to him and the society. As per Siddha, thamaragam (Heart) occupies the seat of
Pitta i.e: situated between navel and throat. Pranan and Viyanan are the functional vaayus responsible
for its motor functions. Ranjaka pitham (Haemoglobin) and Sathaka pittam (Heart beat) are behind its
physiological functions. Avalambakam is the kapham responsible for breathing functions and along
with Pranan it helps in purification of blood. When there is excessive accumulation of Kapham – i.e.
Athermatous plaques (Koluppu) Viyanan is affected, causing loss of blood supply due to which
ranjagam i.e.the tissue nourishment deprives causing reduction in Pranan and causes death. In this
review the common kitchen culinaries Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale
Roscoe), garlic (Allium sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), onion (Allium cepa
L.), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.
Presl), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), that are mentioned in the Siddha literature, used for their
cardio protective nature are discussed
... The present results clearly indicate that Allium cepa has a good effect on spermatogenesis in rats. The biological activity of an extract of onion or garlic depends on its mode of preparation (Shashikanth et al, 1986;Kleijnen, 1989;Corzo-Martinez et al, 2007). In the present study, the alcohol extract of onion was separately prepared. ...
Allium cepa has been used throughout history as a medicinal drug. It has many compounds mostly contain a sulfu-ric content such as Alicin, Di-alkyl Di-sulfi de (DAS), that caused antioxidant and protective properties. The present study examined body weight and testicular weight and spermatogenesis in mice. All these reactions were performed by using Allium cepa. This study was conducted on 10 adult male rats, ranging from 6 to 8 weeks. Animals were divided in to two groups, a control group and the experimental group that received Allium cepa (0.5 cc) for a period of 30 days. After 30 days, the rats were weighted and after anesthesia, their testes were taken out and tissue dissec-tions were obtained. T-test was applied for statistical analysis. The results show that the body and testis weight and spermatogenesis increased in the rats. This study shows the anti-oxidant characteristics of Allium cepa, and also its effect on reducing harmful metabolites. It seems that using it in infertile patients has benefi cial effects.
... Several animal and clinical studies have reported beneficial effects of garlic and onions on obesity, hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and cancer [9,[11][12][13]. Garlic increases fibrinolytic activity, regulates blood pressure and vascular function, improves lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and inhibits platelet aggregation [14]. ...
Objectives:
This study investigated the association between habitual consumption of allium vegetables (garlic and onion) and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Methods:
Adult men and women, participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008 to 2012-2014), were recruited. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Demographics, anthropometrics, blood pressure, and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and during follow-up examinations. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate the development of CVD outcomes, HTN, CKD, and T2D in relation to allium vegetable intakes.
Results:
Mean age of participants (44.2% men) was 40.3 ± 14.3 years, at baseline. During an average of 6 years of follow-up, the incidence rate of CVD outcomes, HTN, CKD, and T2D were 3.3, 15.5, 17.9, and 6.7%, respectively. A higher habitual intake of allium vegetables was associated with a 64% reduced risk of CVD outcomes (hazard ratio = 0.36, 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.18-0.71; P for trend = 0.011), 32% lower incidence of CKD (hazard ratio = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.46-0.98; P for trend = 0.11), and 26% decreased HTN development (hazard ratio = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.54-1.00; P for trend = 0.06). No significant association was observed between allium vegetable intakes and the risk of T2D. Allium vegetable intake was related to 6 years' changes of triglyceride levels (β = -0.81, P = 0.01) and creatinine clearance (β = 0.56, P = 0.01).
Conclusion:
Data of the current study support the available mechanistic findings regarding cardiorenal protective properties of allium vegetables.
... The present results clearly indicate that Allium cepa has a good effect on spermatogenesis in rats. The biological activity of an extract of onion or garlic depends on its mode of preparation (Shashikanth et al, 1986; Kleijnen, 1989; Corzo-Martinez et al, 2007). In the present study, the alcohol extract of onion was separately prepared . ...
Allium cepa has been used throughout history as a medicinal drug. It has many compounds mostly contain a sulfu-ric content such as Alicin, Di-alkyl Di-sulfi de (DAS), that caused antioxidant and protective properties. The present study examined body weight and testicular weight and spermatogenesis in mice. All these reactions were performed by using Allium cepa. This study was conducted on 10 adult male rats, ranging from 6 to 8 weeks. Animals were divided in to two groups, a control group and the experimental group that received Allium cepa (0.5 cc) for a period of 30 days. After 30 days, the rats were weighted and after anesthesia, their testes were taken out and tissue dissec-tions were obtained. T-test was applied for statistical analysis. The results show that the body and testis weight and spermatogenesis increased in the rats. This study shows the anti-oxidant characteristics of Allium cepa, and also its effect on reducing harmful metabolites. It seems that using it in infertile patients has benefi cial effects.
... Dietary therapy is the fi rst step in the treatment of cardiac problems (Rahman, 2001). Garlic and onion have been used for millenia in the traditional medical practices of many cultures to treat cardiovascular disease and other disorders (Ali et al., 1999;Banerjee et al., 2002;Bordia et al., 1998;Davison et al., 2012;Kendler, 1987;Kleijnen et al., 1989;Rahman, 2001). Both Allium species, their extracts, and the chemical constituents of these plants have been investigated for combatting cardiovascular disease risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia) and suspected risk factors (platelet aggregation and blood fi brinolytic activity) (Kendler, 1987). ...
Herbs and spices have been used for food and medicinal purposes for centuries – the first recorded evidence of their use dates back to 1500BC and the Ebers Papyrus, which mentioned spices such as anise, mustard, saffron, cinnamon, and cassia. Now, in the 21st century, a variety of secondary compounds produced by plants are used in many fields of industry, such as food production (to improve taste, to provide vitamins and macro- and microelements, and also to inhibit food spoilage caused by foodborne bacteria), in medicine (in the treatment of various diseases; in chemoprevention and cancer therapy; as a source of natural antimicrobials for the treatment of infectious disease), and in pharmacology and cosmetology (in dietary supplements, and as a result of the demand for preservative-free cosmetics, to reduce the risk of methylparaben allergies). The aim of this review is to present the major active compounds in herbs and spices and explore their potential applications in industry.
... When garlic is chopped or crushed, allinase enzyme is activated and acts on alliin to produce allicin. 7 Active sulfur contains compounds of garlic are responsible for different biological functions such as antidiabetic, antibiotic, lipid lowering, fibrinolytic effect 8 , antiviral 9,10 , antibacterial 11 , antifungal 12,13 , antiparasitic 14,15 antioxidative 16,17 , prevent or treat of cardiovascular and several metabolic diseases 18,19,20 , atherosclerosis 21,22,23 , hyperlipidemia 19 , platelet aggregation 24,25,26 , hypertension and diabetes 27,28,29 , protect the reproductive tissues and promote fertility. 30,31 Garlic with pungent organosulphur compounds, allicin, diallyl disulfide , Z-and-E, ajoene due to their possible inhibitory effects on the production of NO, PGE 2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, have potential anti-inflammatory effect 32,33 that has been shown in various studies 34,35,36 and about its effect suggest that organosulphur compounds are more effective than phytochemicals such as flavonoids. ...
Garlic, belongs to the Liliaceae family and Allium sativum species and is native to Asia. Various health benefits, such as reducing blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure, beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, coagulation disorders and antioxidative effects have been recognized since ancient times. It has also been used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. In addition, it is effective used against parasitic, viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Moreover, it has been used to relieve rheumatic pains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) in the formalin test as an experimental model of acute and chronic chemical pain. Forty two male Wistar rats (250�30 g) were used and pain was induced via injection of 2.5% formalin into the rat�s hind paw and pain behaviors were monitored for one hour. The analgesic effect of AEG, with doses of 5 and 2.5 ml/kg via intraperitoneal injection were assessed in formalin test after 15 and 30 min. Analgesic effect of intraperitoneal and oral administration of AEG, during 30 min before formalin test, was also investigated. Results showed that various doses of AEG significantly (P<0.05) reduced pain showing a maximum effect with a dose of 2.5 ml/kg administered 15 min before formalin test. AEG with a dose of 2.5 ml/kg in 15 min before induction of pain has a good pain reliefing effect in formalin test both in acute and chronic phases in the rat. -
... Garlic has been used as a folk remedy for a variety of ailments since ancient times. In various models, it has been found that garlic preparations, including aged garlic, prevented tumour promotion (Dorant et al 1993), cardiovascular diseases (Kleijnen et al 1989), liver damage (Nakagawa et al 1989) and aging (Moriguchi et al 1994), which are considered to be associated with oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation. The intrinsic antioxidant activity of garlic (Rietz et al 1993), garlic extracts (Numagami et al 1996;Prasad et al 1996) and some garlic constituents (Ide et al 1996;Rabinkov et al 1998) has been widely documented in-vivo (Augusti & Sheela 1996;Iqbal & Athar 1998) and in-vitro (Prasad et al 1996;Rabinkov et al 1998). ...
Introduction: The anatomy of arterial bifurcations affects blood
flow and has a significant role in the development of vascular
disease. Therefore, it is important to know the structural
characteristics of the Common Carotid Artery (CCA) and its
branches for early onset of atherosclerosis in newborns.
Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the
characteristics of CCA in newborn cadavers.
Materials and Methods: Eight carotid arteries obtained from
newborn cadavers were used. The outflow to inflow area ratios
was calculated to evaluate vessel diameters. Additionally,
scanning electron and light microscopic investigations were
conducted with tissue samples. The brachial artery of each
cadaver was used as controls. Correlation between area ratios
and atherosclerotic endothelial damage was determined.
Results: Light microscopic investigations demonstrated that
control group sections showed no positivity for Oil red O
staining, while carotid bifurcation regions depicted widespread
occurrence of intimal lipid accumulations. Scanning electron
microscopic examination of control group sections presented
regular endothelial topography, while carotid bifurcation region
topography exhibited numerous blood cells and separated
endothelial cells. Fibrin accumulation on endothelial surface in
low area ratios was another important finding in the examination
of its endothelial surface degeneration.
The above-mentioned morphological findings seemed to be
quite parallel to outflow to inflow area ratio data favouring low
area and degeneration.
Conclusion: The correlation between area ratios and the
histological characteristic of cerebral vessels of newborn
cadavers indicate that early stages of atherosclerosis began in
early embryologic life.
Post COVID pandemic, the demand for a diet enriched with nutrients and bio-functional compounds having therapeutic properties is considerably increased to fight against several non-communicable and lifestyle-based diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, and lower immunity. Furthermore, plant-based specific diet supplements are in higher demand owing to its fewer side effects, toxicity, and are cheaper. Being a strong antioxidant, onion quercetin has the potential to fight against various health ailments such as free radical scavenging, aging, and inflammation. Several herbs-based traditional and folk medicines progressed among different regions, cultures, ethnic groups, and communities that generally dispersed verbally. Being the earliest and oldest domesticated vegetable crop, bulb onion is explored as a folk medicinal and nutraceutical herb globally since antiquity. Onion bulbs are known as protected and functional food items and are most commonly used for culinary purposes almost in all kitchens. For curing sour throat, cold, cough, fever, flu, pain relief, indigestion, antidiabetic, as a powerful antioxidant, anti-asthmatic, and anti-inflammatory, onion bulbs are used and well documented in old literature. With the start of the twenty-first century, immense attention and focus have been directed towards the identification and evaluation of onion genotypes/cultivars for medicinal and therapeutic properties. It could also be suggested that use of herbal nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds is better than to devour synthetically developed drugs against particular diseases or ailments. In the twenty-first century, “Food as Medicine” principle is drawing great attention of researchers across various fields and therefore, the research on onion might undoubtedly play a greater role in future.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, and coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most prominent one among the spectrum of CVD. Conventional CHD drugs pose an increased risk of pharmaceutical interactions. Moreover, the possibility of tainting or substituting other medications also raises concerns. Diet and lifestyle play an important role in preventing and treating heart disease, and certain spices and supplements can help reduce the risk of heart disease and treat it. Spices have been an important part of Indian culture from the dawn of time, valued for both their culinary and medicinal virtues. Indian spices and their bioactive phytoconstituents are reported to play an ameliorating role in treating CHD. Despite the fact that the majority of these spices have an effect on organic components associated with the cardiovascular system, data on their therapeutic effects is sparse. To make the most of the enormous potential of these spices, multidisciplinary research is the need of the hour to establish them as remedies for CVDs. We endeavour to document some ethnopharmacological studies aimed to establish the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the spices and their bioactive phytoconstituents using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these spices with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) practice is increasing worldwide and Malaysia is no exception. Despite the wide use of TCM by the population, there seems to be an issue of not disclosing TCM use to their medical doctor. The aim was to explore the related factors that influence the disclosure of TCM use to medical doctor among respondents in selected longhouses in Sarawak. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 respondents from selected Iban longhouses in Julau, Sarikei District. Data were collected using face-to-face interview based on questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic characteristics, TCM use and disclosure, health profile, healthcare utilization and attitude towards TCM. To determine the factors related to disclosure of TCM use, independent t-test and Chi-square (χ2) test was used to examine the relationship between various variables and disclosure of TCM use. The mean age of studied participants was 45.20 (±14.92) years and 80% were married. The prevalence of ever used of TCM treatment was 70%. The rate of disclosure of TCM use among respondents was 27%. Univariate analyses yielded three main factors that significant associated with the disclosure of TCM use among respondents which were education level, presence of chronic diseases and type of chronic diseases (heart disease). The rate of disclosure of TCM use in this study is very low consistent with other local and foreign studies. Thus, other relevant factors that are not studied need to be further explored for better understanding in order to have better integration between TCM and current health system.
El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, volumen 17, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones.
During the last couple of decades, nanodelivery system has taken an impetus in the field of nanopharmaceuticals not only because of their targeting potential but also for high bioavailability. Recently, nano‐formulations are being used combined with herbal extracts and a variety of phytochemicals. Plants and spices are the richest sources of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids that possess giant antioxidant properties. Therefore, dietary supplementation with bioactive phytochemicals having antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities is currently regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy to combat the disbalance of natural phenomena of the body. Nanodelivery systems such as nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nano‐emulsion, micelles, liposomes, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can have much‐extended self‐life, improved stability, and solubility with superior permeability to improve the cell‐targeting capacity, and minimal toxicity. This chapter provides a brief overview of nanodelivery of plant products that hold antioxidant activity, the antioxidant mechanism, and problems associated with nano‐formulations encapsulating herbal extracts, spices, and dietary constituents, with patent and clinical trials data.
The present study has been designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Allium cepa andAllium sativum extract upon Ochratoxin-induced hepatic toxicity, The study has been conductedon adult male rats during the period extended from February, 2017 to, July 2017. Fifty maturemale Wister rats (aged 90 days and weighted 190±10 g),were divided in to Five randomly equalgroups , the first served as negative control received only normal saline , the second as positive control received with contaminated with Asp. niger in diet as a single dose(2.5 mg/kg b.w). thirdgroup received with contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days withAllium cepa (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube during 42 days. fourthgroup received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days withAllium sativum (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube for 42 days. Fifth group received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days withAllium cepa and Allium sativum together (250,250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally throughstomach tube during 42 days. males were anaesthetized (by injection i/p of 0.3ml ketamine + 0.1ml of xylazine /kg b. w. ip), blood samples were obtained from heart in non-heparinized tubes,Blood serum samples were separated for assessment of GOT, GPT, concentration, andassessment testosterone, FSH in blood serum. Under our experimental conditions, contaminatedwith Asp. niger resulted evidenced by statistically significant ncrease(p>0.05) in the activitiesof GOT, GPT in group 2 of just Ochratoxin compared with the control group, while in the thirdand fourth groups showed statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in GOT, GPT level inBlood serum of contaminated with Asp. niger treated group compared with the control group,while in assessment of hormone shown in contaminated group showed decrease of this hormonesas for as in Allium cepa and Allium sativum groups increase in hormones and in combinationgroups was very high significant in hormones levels. After histological analysis of the groupcontaminated with Asp. niger proved change in the, after the gavage of (Allium cepa and Alliumsativum), and in testicular section was shown the effect of plants extract to repair of tissue. Theresults showed that there was an improvement in liver tissues after treatment with Allium cepaand Allium sativum.In present study we concluded to Allium cepa and Allium sativum together dose 250+250 mg/kgb.w. is better than dose 250mg/kg b.w. alone depending on results in recently study. weconcluded that the administration of (Allium cepa and Allium sativum) together act as antifungaland antioxidant for contaminated with Asp. niger in males rats.
Since times immemorial, spices play an imperative part in the lifestyle of local inhabitants throughout the world. Spices have provided frequent role all the way through history, including as coloring and flavoring agents, preservatives, food additives, and medicine. Spices are also familiar for ample range of therapeutic potentials, like antiseptics, antibiotics, anti-oxygenic utilized by human race throughout the world. Many spices, such as Cardamom, Pepper, Turmeric, Clove, Coriander, Mustard, Ginger, Onion, Garlic, etc. are used in daily food preparations. All of these daily used spices have medicinal properties, such as purgative, laxative, expectorant, carminative, diuretic, etc. However, since last few decades, modern agricultural practices have resulted in decline in production of large varieties of spice crops. Apart from underutilization, few spice crops have been overexploited without employing any conservation strategies. Various environmental factors like local cultivation practices and genetic erosion have threatened diversity of spice crops. In this chapter, we first describe the importance of spice crops and the backdrops of underutilizations. We then explore the utility of biotechnological tools for improving production and cultivation of spice crops.
Functional foods containing physiologically-active components, have been reported to confer several health benefits. Longitudinal cohort studies indicate that certain foods and dietary patterns play an important role in primary prevention of numerous disease conditions and this has led to the identification of putative functional foods. Research is necessary to substantiate the potential health benefits of various functional foods for which the diet–health relationships have yet not been scientifically validated. The term ‘functional foods' may include health/functional health foods, foods fortified with minerals/vitamins, dietary supplements or even the traditional medicines (Zawistowski, 2014).
Fermented black garlic has multiple beneficial biological activities, including cardiovascular protection, anticancer, hepatoprotective and antibacterial properties. In this study, metabolic differences in the properties of black and fresh garlic were investigated via LC-Q/TOF-based metabolomics, leading to the identification of characteristic components. Fermented black garlic samples and their Amadori products (AC) promoted angiogenesis, prevented thrombus formation by rescuing chemical-induced vascular lesions in zebrafish and inhibited H2O2-induced injury of endothelial cells, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. AC suppressed activation of the MAPK pathway through inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, in turn, increasing the availability of c-Fos/c-Jun or c-Jun/c-Jun complexes for apoptotic resistance. Clarification of the associated signaling pathways should therefore provide a solid foundation for optimization of black garlic-based therapies.
The present study has been designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Allium cepa and Allium sativum extract upon Ochratoxin-induced hepatic toxicity, The study has been conducted on adult male rats during the period extended from February, 2017 to, July 2017. Fifty mature male Wister rats (aged 90 days and weighted 190±10 g),were divided in to Five randomly equal groups , the first served as negative control received only normal saline , the second as positive control received with contaminated with Asp. niger in diet as a single dose(2.5 mg/kg b.w). third group received with contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days with Allium cepa (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube during 42 days. fourth group received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days with Allium sativum (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube for 42 days. Fifth group received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days with Allium cepa and Allium sativum together (250,250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube during 42 days. males were anaesthetized (by injection i/p of 0.3ml ketamine + 0.1 ml of xylazine /kg b. w. ip), blood samples were obtained from heart in non-heparinized tubes, Blood serum samples were separated for assessment of GOT, GPT, concentration, and assessment testosterone, FSH in blood serum. Under our experimental conditions, contaminated with Asp. niger resulted evidenced by statistically significant increase(p>0.05) in the activities of GOT, GPT in group 2 of just Ochratoxin compared with the control group, while in the third and fourth groups showed statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in GOT, GPT level in Blood serum of contaminated with Asp. niger treated group compared with the control group, while in assessment of hormone shown in contaminated group showed decrease of this hormones as for as in Allium cepa and Allium sativum groups increase in hormones and in combination groups was very high significant in hormones levels. After histological analysis of the group Journal of Advance Research in Pharmacy & Biological Science contaminated with Asp. niger proved change in the, after the gavage of (Allium cepa and Allium sativum), and in testicular section was shown the effect of plants extract to repair of tissue. The results showed that there was an improvement in liver tissues after treatment with Allium cepa and Allium sativum. In present study we concluded to Allium cepa and Allium sativum together dose 250+250 mg/kg b.w. is better than dose 250mg/kg b.w. alone depending on results in recently study. we concluded that the administration of (Allium cepa and Allium sativum) together act as antifungal and antioxidant for contaminated with Asp. niger in males rats.
Objectives
This study investigated the association between habitual consumption of allium vegetables (raw garlic and onion) and the incidence of insulin resistance (IR), β-cell dysfunction and hyperinsulinemia.
Methods
Adult men and women, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006–2008 to 2009–2011), were recruited. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum insulin (FSI) and fasting glucose were measured at baseline and again after 3 years. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HOMA of β-cell function were calculated. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of IR, β-cell dysfunction and hyperinsulinemia across tertiles of allium vegetable intakes, with adjustment for potential confounding variables.
Results
Mean age of participants was 39.0 ± 11.2 years and 45.5% were men. Baseline mean FSI and HOMA-IR was 8.9 ± 5.0 μU/mL, 1.93 ± 1.22, and 149 ± 86, respectively. Compared to the lowest tertile, the highest category of allium vegetables intake (≥142 vs. <8.0 g/week) was accompanied with a significant decreased risk of IR (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.38–1.00) and hyperinsulinemia (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36-0.96). There was no significant association between allium vegetable intakes and β-cell function.
Conclusion
Higher consumption of allium vegetables may be considered as a nutritional strategy to improve glucose/insulin homeostasis.
It is now recognized that foods contain a wide variety of physiologically active substances, in addition to the macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber components.
The annual sale of botanical products has grown to be a multimillion dollar business. Today we are witnessing a great deal of interest in the use of herbal remedies. Some consumers have become dissatisfied with conventional medicine. They perceive it as impersonal and expensive, and conventional drug therapy often has undesirable side effects. For many Americans, the medicinal use of plant extracts seems to be a more natural, less expensive way, and involving therapies that are more gentle and largely without side effects.
Dietitians work to encourage and support the eating of food that promotes health. In the words of the American Dietetic Association, dietitians serve the public by promoting optimal nutrition and well-being: Dietitians are professionals who provide reliable, objective nutrition information, separate facts from fads, and translate the latest scientific findings into easy-to-understand nutrition information.
Abstract
The present study has been designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Allium cepa and Allium sativum extract upon Ochratoxin-induced hepatic toxicity, The study has been conducted on adult male rats during the period extended from February, 2017 to, July 2017. Fifty mature male Wister rats (aged 90 days and weighted 190±10 g),were divided in to Five randomly equal groups , the first served as negative control received only normal saline , the second as positive control received with contaminated with Asp. niger in diet as a single dose(2.5 mg/kg b.w). third group received with contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days with Allium cepa (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube during 42 days. fourth group received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days with Allium sativum (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube for 42 days. Fifth group received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days with Allium cepa and Allium sativum together (250,250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube during 42 days. males were anaesthetized (by injection i/p of 0.3ml ketamine + 0.1 ml of xylazine /kg b. w. ip), blood samples were obtained from heart in non-heparinized tubes, Blood serum samples were separated for assessment of GOT, GPT, concentration, and assessment testosterone, FSH in blood serum. Under our experimental conditions, contaminated with Asp. niger resulted evidenced by statistically significant increase(p>0.05) in the activities of GOT, GPT in group 2 of just Ochratoxin compared with the control group, while in the third and fourth groups showed statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in GOT, GPT level in Blood serum of contaminated with Asp. niger treated group compared with the control group, while in assessment of hormone shown in contaminated group showed decrease of this hormones as for as in Allium cepa and Allium sativum groups increase in hormones and in combination groups was very high significant in hormones levels. After histological analysis of the group Journal of Advance Research in Pharmacy & Biological Science ISSN: 2208-2360
Volume-4 | Issue-4 | April,2018 1
contaminated with Asp. niger proved change in the, after the gavage of (Allium cepa and Allium sativum), and in testicular section was shown the effect of plants extract to repair of tissue. The results showed that there was an improvement in liver tissues after treatment with Allium cepa and Allium sativum.
In present study we concluded to Allium cepa and Allium sativum together dose 250+250 mg/kg b.w. is better than dose 250mg/kg b.w. alone depending on results in recently study. we concluded that the administration of (Allium cepa and Allium sativum) together act as antifungal and antioxidant for contaminated with Asp. niger in males rats.
Keyword :- Allium cepa, Allium sativum, GOT, GPT, Testosterone and FSH.
Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality worldwide and to prevent the occurrence of these fatal diseases is the basic concern of researchers. The compounds present in fruits and vegetables contain some bioactive compounds that play an important role in protection against cardiovascular diseases.
Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation of other compounds or neutralize free radicals. Spices and herbs are rich sources of antioxidants. They have been used in food and beverages to enhance flavor, aroma and color. Due to their excellent antioxidant activity, spices and herbs have also been used to treat some diseases. In this review article, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of spices and culinary herbs are presented. The content of flavonoids and total polyphenols in different spices and herbs are summarized. The applications of spices and their impacts on human health are briefly described. The extraction and analytical methods for determination of antioxidant capacity are concisely reviewed.
Functional foods containing physiologically-active components, have been reported to confer several health benefits. Longitudinal cohort studies indicate that certain foods and dietary patterns play an important role in primary prevention of numerous disease conditions and this has led to the identification of putative functional foods. Research is necessary to substantiate the potential health benefits of various functional foods for which the diet-health relationships have yet not been scientifically validated. The term 'functional foods' may include health/functional health foods, foods fortified with minerals/ vitamins, dietary supplements or even the traditional medicines (Zawistowski, 2014).
Abstract
This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of garlic, Allium sativum Linnaeus (Amaryllidaceae) essential oil and their principal constituents on Tenebrio molitor. Garlic essential oil, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl sulfide oil were used to compare the lethal and repellent effects on larvae, pupae and adults of T. molitor. Six concentrations of garlic essential oil and their principal constituents were topically applied onto larvae, pupae and adults of this insect. Repellent effect and respiration rate of each constituent was evaluated. The chemical composition of garlic essential oil was also determined and primary compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (19.86%), diallyl disulfide (18.62%), diallyl sulfide (12.67%), diallyl tetrasulfide (11.34%), and 3-vinyl-[4H]-1,2-dithiin (10.11%). Garlic essential oil was toxic to T. molitor larva, followed by pupa and adult. In toxic compounds, diallyl disulfide was the most toxic than diallyl sulfide for pupa > larva > adult respectively and showing lethal effects at different time points. Garlic essential oil, diallyl disulfide and diallyl sulfide induced symptoms of intoxication and necrosis in larva, pupa, and adult of T. molitor between 20-40 h after exposure. Garlic essential oil and their compounds caused lethal and sublethal effects on T. molitor and, therefore, have the potential for pest control.
Plants have played a significant role in maintaining the health and improving the quality of human life for thousands of years. The majority of the earth’s inhabitants rely on traditional medicine for their primary health-care needs, and a major part of this therapy involves the use of plants, plant extracts, or their active principles. For centuries, American Indians have utilized a number of native herbs for medicinal purposes. During the past decade, many more Americans have turned to herbal remedies for the treatment of a variety of medical conditions including coughs and colds, insomnia, digestive problems, headache, premenstrual syndrome, prostate problems, anxiety, and depression. The increasing use of herbs in the United States has been fueled by the high cost of drugs, the fear of side effects experienced with conventional drugs, and the desire to take more personal responsibility for one’ s health in a way that is perceived as more natural.
The effects of garlic on lipid metabolism were examined in White Leghorn pullets that had been fed for 4 weeks either a control diet based on corn and soybean meal or an experimental diet containing either 3.8% garlic paste, a solvent extract (petroleum ether, methanol and water in sequence) of garlic paste, the residue or commercial garlic oil. Significant decreases in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (79-83%), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (43-51%), fatty acid synthetase (17-29%) and in representative pentose-phosphate pathway (23-39%) activities accompanied the feeding of the petroleum ether-, methanol- and water-soluble fractions of garlic. Garlic paste and oil also suppressed these activities. Significant decreases in serum lipids occurred in response to the feeding of these garlic fractions: serum total cholesterol by 20-25%, low density lipoprotein cholesterol by 28-41% and triglycerides by 10-26%; but high density lipoprotein cholesterol failed to respond to these treatments. The residue remaining after solvent fractionation had little influence on these parameters. These findings were substantiated by a second study in which pullets of a commercial broiler line were fed the garlic fractions. The results confirm that garlic oil and odorous components of garlic lower cholesterol levels. An odorless water-soluble component of garlic also has this effect. The mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic action is at the level of the suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis.
A double-blind intervention trial was started in 1965 to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels. It was carried out in 3 European centres - Edinburgh, Budapest, and Prague. Serum cholesterol was to be lowered by the drug clofibrate (ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate) which was considered to be free from serious side effects. Studies were carried out on 15 745 males, aged 30 to 59 at entry, for an average of 5.3 years, accumulating 83 534 years of experience. The treatment group, of about 5000, Group I, was a randomly chosen half of the men in the upper third of the serum cholesterol distribution in some 30 000 volunteers. The comparable control group, Group II, comprised the other 5000 men of the upper third of the cholesterol distribution, and these were given a placebo. A further control group, Group III, of 5000 men, was selected randomly from the lower third of the cholesterol distribution. These numbers were chosen in order to be 90 per cent certain of detecting a 30 per cent reduction in the incidence of ischaemic heart disease should this occur. Subjects with manifest heart or other major disease were excluded from the trial. No attempt was made to correct other 'risk factors' for IHD, but their presence was monitored and considered in the analysis. Investigators and participants in the trial were unaware of the groups to which individual men belonged. A mean reduction of approximately 9 per cent of the initial serum cholesterol levels was achieved in the treatment group (ranging from 7 to 11% in the 3 centres); this was less than the 15 per cent fall expected. In Edinburgh, during treatment, serum triglyceride concentrations in Group I resembled those naturally occurring in Group III. The incidence of IHD was lower by 20 per cent in the clofibrate group compared with the high cholesterol controls (P< 0.05); this fall was confined to non-fatal myocardial infarcts which were reduced by 25 per cent. The incidence of fatal heart attacks was similar in the 2 high cholesterol groups and there was no significant difference in the incidence of angina. Group III showed substantially lower rates of ischaemic heart disease. The reduction of myocardial infarction in the clofibrate-treated group was greatest in men with the highest levels, and greatest reduction in serum cholesterol. Men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit. The numbers of deaths, and crude mortality rates from all causes in the clofibrate-treated group significantly exceeded those in the high cholesterol control group (P < 0.05), though the age-standardised mortality rates did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. The numbers of deaths from 'other.
This chapter introduces us to the development of flavor, odor, and pungency in onion and garlic, which is used as vegetables and spices and home remedies in treatment of illnesses. The chapter briefly describes the sulfur compounds of intact alliurn and biosynthesis of sulfur compounds of AIliurns—such as— alkylcysteines and akylcysteine sulfoxides, which are garlic flavor and odor precursors, y–glutamyl peptides are onion flavor and odor precursors and cysteine, alkylcysteines and alkylcysteine sulfoxides y–glutamyl peptides. The chapter describes the methods of measuring Alliurn pungency, flavor, and aroma. A quantitative method is used to measure pungency and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) method is used to estimate the aroma and flavor. Enzymes in flavor, aroma and pungency development in allium are alliinase and y–glutamyl peptidase and y–glutamyl transpeptidase. The chapter concludes by indicating the need of proper research and various experimental methods to be introduced to maximize the flavor and odor of onion and garlic.
A component of Allium cepa which inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro was isolated. The active compound was identified as alliin, (+)-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. Alliin was synthesized and found to exert the same activity on platelet aggregation as the natural compound.
Synthese de l'ajoene([allyl propene-2sulfinyl-3propenyl] disulfure) a partir de l'allicine (propene-2 thiosulfinate de S-allyle), du diallyl trisulfure et de vinyl-2 dithianne-1,3. Ces 3 composes representent 75% de l'activite anticoagulante de l'extrait d'ail
The effect of an odor-modified liquid garlic extract on blood lipids was evaluated in human subjects over a six month period. Lowering of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density and very low density lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL) with rise of high density lipoprotein (HDL) was observed in the majority of subjects who took garlic extract; the effect was clearly more significant than with subjects taking placebo. Garlic extract did not significantly influence the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in subjects whose initial cholesterol levels were relatively low. Of special interest was the initial rise of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL/VLDL with garlic supplementation, suggesting possible mobilization of tissue lipids into the circulation during this phase of garlic ingestion. This study confirms previous reports of lowering cholesterol and triglycerides using various garlic preparations. Furthermore, it suggests that odor-modified garlic extract may be used in conjunction with dietary modification for control of hyperlipidemia.
This paper reviews research published in recent years concerning the effects of garlic on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. In both animal and human studies, components of garlic have been shown to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Garlic has also been shown to change blood lipoproteins and to affect coagulation parameters. The available data suggest that garlic may be of value in either the prevention or treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Further research in this area is warranted.
Cycloalliin is a natural constituent of onion, sulphur-containing but odourless. It was synthesised for this randomised double-blind study; its effect on fibribolytic activity and platelet aggregability was tested in venous blood from 18 male volunteers. It increased the former to a highly significant degree but had no effect on the latter. It was well tolerated and harmless in the single oral dosage used.
The effect of an aqueous extract of onion was studied on fasting blood sugar and experimentally induced hyperglycemia in man. Graded doses of aqueous extract of onion used in the study, had no effect on fasting blood sugar levels, but reduced the rise in blood sugar in a dose-dependent manner, when administered along with glucose during oral glucose tolerance test. This effect was significantly different from that of the placebo and was comparable to tolbutamide. The blood sugar lowering effect of raw and boiled onion extract was observed to be similar. Onion extract was also found to produce a reduction in blood sugar during intravenous glucose tolerance test and adrenaline induced hyperglycemia.
The effect of raw garlic on normal blood cholesterol level in males of the age group of 18-35 years was studied. The subjects, who never ingested garlic before, were given 10 g of garlic daily with their diet for two months. Fasting blood samples were investigated in respect of cholesterol before and after two months of garlic intake. Initially the blood cholesterol level ranged between 160-250 mg% which decreased significantly in all the subjects of experimental group after two months of ingestion of garlic. The slight decrease or increase in the blood cholesterol level of control group was not significant. The raw garlic can be advocated for daily ingestion in order to lower one's blood cholesterol level even if it is within normal limits.
The effect of essential oil of garlic on serum fibrinolytic activity has been studied in 10 healthy individuals (group I); 10 patients with old myocardial infarction (group II) and in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction (group III). Garlic was administered at the dosage equivalent to the essential oil extracted from 1 g of raw garlic per kg body weight. Groups I and II were administered garlic for a period of three months. Blood samples were collected initially, then monthly for the next 5 months. Group III was followed for 40 days and were allocated to two sub-groups, one receiving garlic and the other a placebo during the first 20 days only. Garlic increased fibrinolytic activity by 130% in group I and by 83% in group II at the end of 3 months. In group III the increase was by 63 and 95.5% above the post-infarction value after 10 and 20 days respectively. In the placebo-treated acute myocardial infarction subgroup the increase was only 24% at the end of 20 days. Thus, garlic is of value in effectively increasing fibrinolytic activity, both during long term use in chronic infarction cases as well as during the critical acute post-infarction period. The possible therapeutic role of essential oil of garlic in coronary artery disease has been discussed.
The administration of allyl propyl disulphide (APDS), a volatile substance contained in onion, to six normal volunteers after a 12 hour fast caused a significant fall in the blood glucose levels and a significant rise in the serum insulin levels during the subsequent 4 hours. It is argued that this effect is due to an insulin sparing action. The expected rise of serum free fatty acid levels after fasting did not occur after APDS administration and this effect is probably related to the simultaneous rise in the insulin levels.
The effect of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia, induced by feeding 100 g butter, has been studied in 10 healthy subjects. The freshly extracted juice of 50 g of garlic or onion, as well as an equivalent amount of their ether-extracted essential oils, was administered randomly on four different days during a one-week period. Garlic and onion have a significant protective action against fat-induced increases in serum cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen and decreases in coagulation time and fibrinolytic activity. The essential oil fraction, which contains all the taste and odour, exactly duplicated the beneficial effects of whole garlic and onion. It is, therefore, concluded that the active principle of garlic and onion is the essential oil, which chemically is a combination of sulphur-containing compounds, mainly allyl propyl disulphide and diallyl disulphide.
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used medicinally for centuries and still is included in the traditional medicine of most cultures. Recently, there has been renewed interest in its role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and its effectiveness in offsetting the risks of such conditions. The results of numerous studies are reviewed; they show that garlic can bring about plasma lipids normalization, enhancement of fibrinolytic activity, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and reductions in blood pressure and blood glucose. It is concluded that garlic has potential in the prevention and control of cardiovascular disorders.
Garlic and onion have been used for millenia in the traditional medical practice of many cultures to treat cardiovascular and other disorders. Both Allium species, their extracts, and the chemical constituents of these plants have been investigated for possible effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors--both definite (hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia) and suspected (platelet aggregation and blood fibrinolytic activity). Action of these Allium species on blood coagulability is more clearly defined than their effect on the other risk factors. While many of the studies have serious methodological shortcomings, there is some evidence to suggest that use of certain formulations of garlic and/or onion is accompanied by favorable effects on risk factors in normal subjects and in patients with atherosclerotic disease. The possibility of toxicity resulting from acute and chronic ingestion of large amounts of these plants or their extracts is unresolved. Accordingly, further clinical and epidemiological studies are required before the role of these plants in the prevention and control of cardiovascular disorders is understood and can be realized. Additional research in this area is recommended.
Ajoene, the major antiplatelet compound derived from garlic, synergistically potentiates the antiaggregatory action of prostacyclin, forskolin, indomethacin and dypiridamole. For collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human PRP, the ID50 for ajoene is 95 +/- 5 microM. However, in the presence of the antiaggregatory drugs mentioned above, the ID50 for ajoene decreases more than what would be predicted on the basis of simple additive effects. Similarly, the ID50 for prostacyclin decreases from 1 nM to 0.15 nM in the presence of 80 microM ajoene. Isobolic curves for the various combinations of ajoene with prostacyclin or indomethacin exhibit departure from linearity, as predicted for a potentiated synergism between ajoene and these drugs. Dypiridamole, which in PRP has very little effect on the dose-response curve for ajoene, when assayed in whole blood decreases the ID50 for ajoene by a factor of four. These results demonstrate that the antithrombotic potential of ajoene is substantially increased in the presence of physiologically and pharmacologically active antiplatelet agents.
The effects of dried garlic on blood lipids, apolipoproteins and blood coagulation parameters in hyperlipemic patients were studies in two controlled, randomized, double-blind studies. Both studies comprised placebo and therapy periods of 6 weeks each. The doses administered were 3 X 198 mg in Study I (34 patients) and 3 X 450 mg in Study II (51 patients). In both studies, the following serum parameters were measured every 3 weeks: total cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein)- and LDL (low density lipoprotein)-cholesterol, triglycerides and several safety parameters. In addition, apolipoproteins A and B, euglobulin lysis time, fibrin split products, prothrombin time, whole blood coagulation time and fibrinogen levels were determined in the second study only. The results indicated that neither dosage of dried garlic showed any significant effect on any of the parameters measured. It is therefore concluded that, if there is any effect of garlic on the parameters measured, it is not apparent when using a dried preparation in the dosage studied.
The antifungal activity of six fractions derived from garlic was investigated in an in vitro system. Ajoene had the strongest activity in these fractions. The growth of both Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans was inhibited by ajoene at less than 20 micrograms/ml.
Alliums have been grown for many centuries for their characteristic, pungent flavor and medicinal properties. The present review, which includes references published up to the middle of 1984, is primarily concerned with the chemical composition, flavor, and physiological properties of these crops, their extracts, and processed products. Special emphasis is placed upon the relationship between the organoleptically and biologically active components of onion and garlic. Following a brief historical introduction, current production of commercially important alliums is described and their botanical origins and interrelationships are explained. Following consideration of the major economic diseases and pests of alliums, the agronomic, husbandry, and practices associated with their cultivation are described, particular emphasis being placed upon the storage and processing of onion and garlic. The detailed, overall chemical composition and nutritional value of members of the genus Allium are presented in Section 7; after an outline of the origin and nature of flavor components and precursors, the flavor volatiles of individual members are presented. The effects of agronomic, environmental, and processing practices on chemical and flavor content and quality are considered in Section 9. The following section deals critically with the human and animal studies which have been conducted into the medical and therapeutic properties of alliums, emphasis being placed upon the studies into the antiatherosclerotic effect of onion and garlic and their essential oils. After a study of antimicrobial properties of alliums and their effects on insects and animals, an overview is presented which highlights unexplored or inadequately studied areas and suggests rewarding areas for future research.
Two fractions with prostaglandin E-like activity were isolated from onion (Allium cepa) by using XAD-2 adsorption, silicic acid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and were characterized as isomeric mixtures of 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid, which are lipoxygenase metabolites of linoleic acid. Bio-assay, for which cascade superfusion was used and the rabbit coeliac and mesenteric arteries and the rat fundus strip were employed as assay organs, was utilized to monitor the bio-active profile throughout the isolation procedures. The activity of 1 microgram of the pharmacologically active fractions T1 and T2 was found to be equivalent to that of respectively 1.33 and 0.63 ng of prostaglandin E2.
Crude methanolic extracts were obtained from minced dehydrated garlic, Allium sativum L., and after the solvent was removed, the extracts were resuspended in water. An oil fraction was obtained from reconstituted minced dehydrated garlic by steam distillation. Both the crude extract and the oil fraction were found to be larvicidal in nature and active against 3rd-stage larvae of Culex peus Speiser, C. tarsalis Coquillett, Aedes aegypti (L.), A. triseriatus (Say), A. sierrensis (Ludlow), and 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae of highly insecticide-resistant strains of A. nigromaculis (Ludlow). An LC50 for 3rd-stage C. tarsalis larvae was obtained with 25 ppm of crude extract and 2 ppm of a partially purified oil fraction, indicating that the active principle was present in the oil of garlic. The partially purified oil fraction was 12.5 times more potent to this species than the crude extract.
Twenty-two convalescent patients at rest were given a fat-enriched breakfast with and without the addition of 60 g. of fried or boiled onions. Both forms of onions were found to prevent the expected decrease in fibrinolytic activity, and indeed the latter was actually increased.
We studied the effect of the methanol extract of garlic bulbs (EOG) and of three pure components isolated from it (F1, F2, F3), on human platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen, thrombin, arachidonate, PAF, and the ionophore A-23187. Incubation of PRP with EOG, either in methanol or in homologous PPP, inhibits platelet aggregation induced by all of the above mentioned agonists. F1, F2, and F3 also inhibit platelet aggregation, however, F3 was about four times more potent. Addition of EOG or F3 to platelets that have already been irreversibly aggregated by 10 microM ADP, induces rapid deaggregation. Inhibition of aggregation was still present after three hours. The inhibitory effect persisted even after the treated platelets were Gel-Filtered (GFP) or separated from plasma through a metrizamide gradient and resuspended in new homologous PPP. Thrombin-induced release of ATP from GFP was inhibited by 75-80% after EOG or F3 treatment. Incorporation of [3-H]-arachidonate by intact platelets was decreased by 50-60% in treated platelets. However, platelets incubated with the inhibitors after incorporation of radiolabeled arachidonate, although did not aggregate, produced, after thrombin activation similar amounts of radiolabeled TXB2 and lipoxygenase products as the controls. Electron microscopy of inhibited platelets, in the presence of thrombin, showed no degranulation but an increase of spherical forms. Our results suggest that the effects described might be mediate by a perturbation of the physicochemical properties of the plasma membrane rather than by affecting arachidonate or calcium metabolism in the cells. Chemical structures of F1, F2 and F3 have been provisionally assigned: F1 is diallytrisulfide, F2 is 2-vinyl-1,3-dithiene, and F3 is most probably allyl 1,5-hexadienyltrisulfide.
The effect of fried and raw garlic on blood fibrinolytic activity has been compared in 20 patients with ischaemic heart disease. Three blood samples were collected on the first day of the study and similarly on the 2nd and 7th days after garlic administration, either in raw or fried form. Fibrinolytic activity increased by 72% and 63% within 6 h of administration of raw or fried garlic, respectively. The elevated levels were maintained up to 12 h. In the second part of the study, raw or fried garlic was administered for 4 weeks to patients with ischaemic heart disease and fibrinolytic activity was measured at weekly intervals. It showed a sustained increase, rising to 84.8% at the end of 28th day when raw garlic was administered. Similarly, with fried garlic the rise was 72%. The study shows that: (i) both raw and fried garlic significantly enhance fibrinolytic activity (FA); (ii) garlic enhances FA within hours of administration; (iii) FA continues to rise with continued administration of garlic; (iv) frying removes the strong acrid smell of garlic, but preserves its useful effect on FA.
The effect of clofibrate on the same subjects in similar test conditions were used as a control to verify the alleged beneficial effects from garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia in normals and in cases with ischemic heart disease. The results showed that clofibrate checked the fat-induced (a) rises of serum triglyceride and plasma fibrinogen, and (b) falls of coagulation time (CT) and blood fibrinolytic activity (BFA). Only garlic had a clofibrate-like effect on CT but both garlic and onion checked the postprandial fall of BFA. Clofibrate, however, increased BFA even above the fasting level. Serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein were not appreciably affected by fat with or without any drug. Thus, surprisingly, the so-called beneficial effects of garlic and onion were not seen in subjects who had shown significant changes after clofibrate.
The study was conducted on two groups of individuals. Group A consisted of 20 healthy volunteers who were fed garlic for 6 months and then followed for another 2 months without garlic. Garlic administration significantly lowered the serum cholesterol and triglycerides while raising the high-density lipoproteins. Group B consisted of 62 patients with coronary heart disease with elevated serum cholesterol. They were randomly divided into two subgroups: B1 was fed garlic for 10 months while B2 served as a control. Garlic decreased the serum cholesterol (p less than 0.05), triglycerides (p less than 0.05) and low density lipoprotein (p less than 0.05) while increasing the high-density fraction (p less than 0.001). The change reached statistically significant levels at the end of 8 months and persisted for the next 2 months of follow-up. Thus, the essential oil of garlic has shown a distinct hypolipidemic action in both healthy individuals and patients of coronary heart disease.
E,2) Ajoene: a potent antithrombotic agent from garlic
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Effect of garlic on serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients suffering from hyperlipoproteinemia
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